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Journal of Veterinary Research Jun 2021Dermatophytosis is a common skin disease in cats and dogs caused by and fungi. Species identification and knowledge of their antifungal susceptibility are...
INTRODUCTION
Dermatophytosis is a common skin disease in cats and dogs caused by and fungi. Species identification and knowledge of their antifungal susceptibility are therapeutically and epidemiologically important. This study assessed the prevalence of feline and canine dermatophytosis in Iran, identified the aetiological agents molecularly and tested their antifungal susceptibility.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A total of 308 companion animals (134 dogs and 174 cats) with skin lesions were examined from March 2015 to March 2018. Hair and skin samples were examined by microscopy with 20% KOH and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol. Fungal isolates were confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) r-DNA region. The antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes was tested by broth microdilution assay using standard drugs.
RESULTS
Dermatophytes were found in 130 (42.2%) samples, 62 of them feline and 68 canine. Based on sequencing of all strains, (78.5%, P<0.05), (10.7%), and (10.7%) were the dermatophytes isolated. The non-dermatophyte species was also isolated from two feline dermatomycosis cases. Dogs and cats younger than one year (61.5%) showed a statistically significantly higher prevalence of infection (P<0.05). Caspofungin produced the lowest geometric mean MIC at 0.0018 μg/mL, followed by ketoconazole, terbinafine, itraconazole, miconazole, griseofulvin, clotrimazole and fluconazole, in a 0.038-1.53 μg/mL range.
CONCLUSION
This is the first molecular study to identify the causes of pet dermatophytosis in north-western Iran. ITS-PCR was shown to be a useful and reliable method for the identification of closely related species of dermatophytes in clinical and epidemiological settings. The lowest MIC of caspofungin indicated that this drug was the most potent .
PubMed: 34250302
DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0020 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023The ability of dermatophytes to develop biofilms is possibly involved in therapeutic failure because biofilms impair drug effectiveness in the infected tissues. Research...
The ability of dermatophytes to develop biofilms is possibly involved in therapeutic failure because biofilms impair drug effectiveness in the infected tissues. Research to find new drugs with antibiofilm activity against dermatophytes is crucial. In this way, riparins, a class of alkaloids that contain an amide group, are promising antifungal compounds. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of riparin III (RIP3) against , and strains. We used ciclopirox (CPX) as a positive control. The effects of RIP3 on fungal growth were evaluated by the microdilution technique. The quantification of the biofilm biomass in vitro was assessed by crystal violet, and the biofilm viability was assessed by quantifying the CFU number. The ex vivo model was performed on human nail fragments, which were evaluated by visualization under light microscopy and by quantifying the CFU number (viability). Finally, we evaluated whether RIP3 inhibits sulfite production in . RIP3 inhibited the growth of and from 128 mg/L and from 256 mg/L. The results showed that RIP3 is a fungicide. Regarding antibiofilm activity, RIP3 inhibited biofilm formation and viability in vitro and ex vivo. Moreover, RIP3 inhibited the secretion of sulfite significantly and was more potent than CPX. In conclusion, the results indicate that RIP3 is a promising antifungal agent against biofilms of dermatophytes and might inhibit sulfite secretion, one relevant virulence factor.
PubMed: 36836345
DOI: 10.3390/jof9020231 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Previous studies have shown that natural polyacetylene alcohols, such as falcarindiol (FADOH), have good antifungal effects on plant fungi. While its effect on fungi...
Previous studies have shown that natural polyacetylene alcohols, such as falcarindiol (FADOH), have good antifungal effects on plant fungi. While its effect on fungi that infect humans remains to be explored. In our study, checkerboard microdilution, drop-plate assay, and time-growth method were employed to analyze the interactions between FADOH and itraconazole (ITC) against dermatophytes, including 12 (), 12 (), and 6 (). The results showed that the combination of FADOH and ITC exhibited synergistic and additive activity against 86.7% of all tested dermatophytes. FADOH had an excellent synergistic effect on ITC against and ; the synergistic rates were 66.7% and 58.3%, respectively. On the contrary, FADOH combined with ITC showed poor synergistic inhibitory activity (16.7%) against . Moreover, the additive rates of these two drugs against , , and were 25%, 41.7%, and 33.3%, respectively. No antagonistic interactions were observed. The drop-plate assay and time-growth curves confirmed that the combination of FADOH and ITC had a potent synergistic antifungal effect. The synergistic effect of FADOH and ITC against dermatophytes is reported here for the first time. Our findings suggest the potential use of FADOH as an effective antifungal drug in the combined therapy of dermatophytoses caused especially by and .
Topics: Humans; Itraconazole; Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Trichophyton
PubMed: 37207188
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1128000 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Dec 2017
Topics: Biofilms; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microsporum; Mycelium; Tinea Capitis
PubMed: 28642143
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.06.006 -
Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto... Aug 2023Introduction. Dermatophytoses are superficial fungal infections of the keratinized epithelium like tinea capitis. The latte mainly affects school-vulnerable populations....
Introduction. Dermatophytoses are superficial fungal infections of the keratinized epithelium like tinea capitis. The latte mainly affects school-vulnerable populations. Carpinelo is a peripheral neighborhood in Medellín with poor socioeconomic conditions and where a suspected tinea capitis outbreak took place. Objective. To study and characterize, clinically and microbiologically, patients with suspected dermatophytosis in Carpinelo. Material and methods. We carried out a descriptive and longitudinal study with an active case search of tinea capitis in children and their relatives from the Jardín Educativo Buen Comienzo community in Carpinelo. Patients were clinically evaluated, and samples of scales and hair were taken to perform mycological studies with a 10 % potassium hydroxide and culture in Sabouraud and Mycosel agar. We analyzed the data with the statistical program SPSS™. 25 version. Results. Fifty-seven individuals were studied: 47 were children with a mean age of six years and a ratio of 2:1 male to female. Patients with confirmed diagnosis presented the following clinical forms: tinea capitis (78.95%), tinea faciei (15.79%) or tinea corporis (10.52%). Out of the total, 69.76% of the patients had previous treatment with steroids. The direct test was positive in 53.84% of the samples, and 46.15% had positive cultures. The isolated species were: Microsporum canis (77.77%), Trichophyton spp. (11.11%), Trichophyton rubrum (5.55%), and Malassezia spp. (5.55 %). Conclusion. Tinea capitis was the most common clinical form, and M. canis was the most frequently isolated species. The use of steroids as the first and only option for empiric treatment was worth of notice. The findings of this study point out the importance of microbiological diagnosis in choosing the best treatment for the patients.
PubMed: 37721904
DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6900 -
Archives of Iranian Medicine Aug 2022Dermatophytosis still remains a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries. This study was undertaken to determine the etiological and...
BACKGROUND
Dermatophytosis still remains a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries. This study was undertaken to determine the etiological and epidemiological factors of dermatophyte infections in Tehran, Iran.
METHODS
A total of 1530 patients clinically suspected of cutaneous fungal infections were examined in two hospitals over a period of 10 years (2010-2020). Samples were analyzed using direct microscopic examination and culture. Data regarding age, gender, and clinical manifestations were also recorded.
RESULTS
Out of 1530 cases examined, dermatophytes were detected in 493 (32.2%) patients. Of these patients, 288 (58.4%) were males and 205 (41.6%) were females. The most affected age group was the 25-44 years old (31.6%). Tinea corporis (n=134) was the most prevalent type of ringworm, followed by tinea cruris (n=131), tinea pedis (n=90), tinea manuum (n=65), tinea unguium (n=29), tinea faciei (n=20), tinea capitis (n=18), and tinea barbae (n=2). Both tinea cruris (<0.001) and tinea pedis (=0.002) had a significant association with male gender. As for etiological agents, (29.0%) was the most frequent isolate, followed by T (25.8%), (25.3%), (6.9%), (4.9%), (4.5%), (2.0%), and (1.6%).
CONCLUSION
Dermatophytes are still the prevailing causes of fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails in Iran. Further studies with larger samples sizes and inclusion of diverse locations would yield more accurate results.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Adult; Tinea Pedis; Retrospective Studies; Tinea cruris; Iran; Tinea
PubMed: 37543872
DOI: 10.34172/aim.2022.82 -
New Biotechnology May 2022Keratinases are proteases that can catalyze the degradation of insoluble keratinous biomass. Keratinases in protease family M36 (MEROPS database) are endo-acting...
Keratinases are proteases that can catalyze the degradation of insoluble keratinous biomass. Keratinases in protease family M36 (MEROPS database) are endo-acting proteases. In total, 687 proteases are classified in family M36. In the present study, new keratinolytic enzymes were identified in protease family M36 using the bioinformatics tool Conserved Unique Peptide Patterns (CUPP). Via CUPP, M36 family members were classified into 11 groups, with CUPP group 1 containing the three currently known and sequenced family M36 keratinases (derived from the fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Microsporum canis and Onygena corvina) as well as an additional 71 uncharacterized M36 proteases. In order to assess the relevance of CUPP group 1 categorization to keratinolytic function, four uncharacterized M36 proteases and the known keratinase from F. oxysporum (in CUPP group 1) were selected for recombinant expression and keratinolytic activity assessment. The four hitherto unknown M36 proteases were from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, Aspergillus clavatus, Pseudogymnoascus pannorum and Nectria haematococca, and represent four different fungal taxonomical classes. The genes encoding the selected M36 proteases were individually expressed in Pichia pastoris and all proteases displayed keratinase activity on keratin azure. Additionally, the activity on different keratinase substrates, optimal reaction conditions and thermal stability were determined for the two most active new keratinases. The results validate the applicability of CUPP for function-based discovery of non-characterized keratinases and present new robust keratinases for potential use in keratin upgrading.
Topics: Computational Biology; Endopeptidases; Fungi; Keratins; Peptide Hydrolases
PubMed: 35032710
DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.01.004 -
Biomedical Optics Express Jun 2018We propose to use a single fungus endogenous fluorescence spectrometry base on a hyperspectral fluorescence microscope for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Dermatophyte...
We propose to use a single fungus endogenous fluorescence spectrometry base on a hyperspectral fluorescence microscope for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Dermatophyte samples, including were imaged, and the endogenous fluorescence spectrum of a single fungus was calculated. High contrast fluorescence images and endogenous fluorescence spectrum of the single fungus were used to identify the type of dermatophyte. Morphologically similar and can be distinguished using an endogenous fluorescence spectrum of the single fungus. Meanwhile, our result showed that the sensitivity and specificity of identifying were 95% and 93%, and the sensitivity and specificity of identifying were 94% and 93%.
PubMed: 30258686
DOI: 10.1364/BOE.9.002733 -
ACS Omega Mar 2021The main aims of this investigation were the isolation of dimeric naphthoquinones, a new class of dinaphthodiospyrols (), from chloroform fractions and screening them...
The main aims of this investigation were the isolation of dimeric naphthoquinones, a new class of dinaphthodiospyrols (), from chloroform fractions and screening them for antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant potential. The susceptibility of the isolated compounds, namely, dinaphthodiospyrol A (), dinaphthodiospyrol B (), dinaphthodiospyrol C (), dinaphthodiospyrol D (), dinaphthodiospyrol E (), dinaphthodiospyrol F (), and dinaphthodiospyrol G () was assessed for antibacterial potential using well diffusion methods. The isolated compounds showed excellent antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains, including Gram-positive , , and , and Gram-negative bacteria with the zones of inhibition 6 to 26 nm. The standard drug Imipenem showed a maximum inhibitory zone 30 to 35 nm. Similarly, the isolated compounds were screened for antifungal properties, which showed an excellent reduction in the growth of selected fungal strain including , , , , . Among all the screened compounds, exhibited good activity (3049 mm), followed by compounds and , (3546 mm), while compounds showed a moderate effect (828 mm) against the selected fungal strain against miconazole which showed potent effects (101110.98 mm). The isolated compounds were also screened for 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity. In vitro-based free radical was employed using ascorbic acid as a standard antioxidant. The tested compounds () exhibited significant antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The dinaphthodiospyrol exhibited 97.32% scavenging activity, followed by dinaphthodiospyrol , 92.01%, and compounds and with 89.90 and 88.43% scavenging activity at 100 μg/mL, respectively; ascorbic acid showed 96.45% scavenging effect. Furthermore, docking analysis was performed to know the exact binding mode of the tetra-substituted derivatives of dinaphthodiospyrols to the selected target proteins. From the docking analysis, it was found that the docking results are well correlated with the experimental observations. In conclusion, the dinaphthodiospyrols exhibited excellent antibacterial, antifungal, and free radical scavenging potential.
PubMed: 33681626
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06297 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2018In this study a variety of phloroglucinols were isolated from the plant, and the activity experiment showed that the phloroglucinols had strong antifungal activity,...
In this study a variety of phloroglucinols were isolated from the plant, and the activity experiment showed that the phloroglucinols had strong antifungal activity, especially methylphloroglucinol derivatives such as aspidin PB, dryofragin, aspidinol, aspidin BB, aspidin AB, and albicanol, in which the hydroxyl group of methylphloroglucinol is the active group of compounds, and C-2 or C-6 is the active site. The introduction of different groups in this position could change the properties and bioactivity of the compounds. In this study, different functional groups were introduced to the structure of methylphloroglucinol to obtain methylphloroglucinol derivatives that were synthesized, and antidermatophyte activities on , and were evaluated. Molecular docking verified its ability to combine the protein binding site. The antidermatophyte mechanism of compounds on cytochrome P450 sterol 14a-demethylase, squalene epoxidase, and β-1,3-glucan synthase was investigated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that compounds had an inhibitory effect on four kinds of common dermatophytes in varying degrees, in which compound had the strongest activities, the binding mode of methylphloroglucinol and its derivatives were similar to those of three enzymes, and compounds and had significant effects on the activity of the three enzymes, and compound had a slightly stronger effect than the blank group. Compounds and also had a significant effect on the ergosterol synthesis of . This study could supply some antidermatophyte leading structure and possible mechanism for studying and developing new antifungal agents.
PubMed: 30450082
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02262