-
Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022and dermatophyte infections are difficult to treat due to increasing antifungal drugs resistance such as fluconazole, as well as the emergence of multi-resistance in...
and dermatophyte infections are difficult to treat due to increasing antifungal drugs resistance such as fluconazole, as well as the emergence of multi-resistance in clinical bacteria. Here, we first synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous fruit extracts from subsp. (L.). The characterization of the AgNPs by means of UV, XRD, FTIR, and TEM showed that the AgNPs had a uniform spherical shape with average sizes of 40-50 nm. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed high antioxidant activity when investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The AgNPs displayed strong antibacterial potential expressed by the maximum zone inhibition and the lowest MIC and MBC values. The AgNPs revealed a significant antifungal effect against the growth and biofilm of species. In fact, the AgNPs were efficient against and . The antifungal mechanisms of action of the AgNPs seem to be due to the disruption of membrane integrity and a reduction in virulence factors (biofilm and hyphae formation and a reduction in germination). Finally, the silver nanoparticles also showed important cytotoxic activity against the human multiple myeloma U266 cell line and the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Therefore, we describe new silver nanoparticles with promising biomedical application in the development of novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents.
PubMed: 35564294
DOI: 10.3390/nano12091585 -
EXCLI Journal 2020The increased incidence of invasive infections and the emerging problem of drug resistance particularly for commonly used molecules have prompted investigations for new,...
The increased incidence of invasive infections and the emerging problem of drug resistance particularly for commonly used molecules have prompted investigations for new, safe and more effective microbial agents. Actinomycetes from unexplored habitats appear as a promising source for novel bioactive compounds with a broad range of biological activities. Thus, the present study aimed to isolate effective wetland-derived actinomycetes against major pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Water samples were collected from various locations of Fetzara Lake, Algeria. Thereafter, an actinomycete designated ActiF450 was isolated using starch-casein-agar medium. The antimicrobial potential of the newly isolated actinomycete was screened using the conventional agar cylinders method on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) against various fungal and bacterial pathogens. A wetland-derived sp. Actif450 was identified as based on its physiological properties, morphological characteristics, and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The antimicrobial activity of sp. ActiF450 showed a potent and broad spectrum activity against a range of human fungal pathogens including moulds and yeasts, such as and . In addition, high antibacterial activity was recorded against pathogenic staphylococci. The novel sp. ActiF450 may present a promising candidate for the production of new bioactive compounds with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.
PubMed: 32327957
DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-1124 -
Journal of Veterinary Science Jan 2021is a zoonotic disease that can cause dermatophytosis in animals and humans.
BACKGROUND
is a zoonotic disease that can cause dermatophytosis in animals and humans.
OBJECTIVES
In clinical practice, ketoconazole (KTZ) and other imidazole drugs are commonly used to treat infection, but its molecular mechanism is not completely understood. The antifungal mechanism of KTZ needs to be studied in detail.
METHODS
In this study, one strain of fungi was isolated from a canine suffering with clinical dermatosis and confirmed as by morphological observation and sequencing analysis. The clinically isolated was treated with KTZ and transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in exposed to KTZ compared with those unexposed thereto.
RESULTS
At half-inhibitory concentration (½MIC), compared with the control group, 453 genes were significantly up-regulated and 326 genes were significantly down-regulated ( < 0.05). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis verified the transcriptome results of RNA sequencing. Gene ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that the 3 pathways of RNA polymerase, steroid biosynthesis, and ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes are closely related to the antifungal mechanism of KTZ.
CONCLUSIONS
The results indicated that KTZ may change cell membrane permeability, destroy the cell wall, and inhibit mitosis and transcriptional regulation through CYP51, SQL, ERG6, ATM, ABCB1, SC, KER33, RPA1, and RNP genes in the 3 pathways. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the effective control of infection and the effect of KTZ on fungi.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Dermatomycoses; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Gene Expression Profiling; Ketoconazole; Microsporum; Transcriptome
PubMed: 33522156
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e4 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023Treatment of dermatophytosis is quite challenging. This work aims to investigate the antidermatophyte action of Azelaic acid (AzA) and evaluate its efficacy upon...
Treatment of dermatophytosis is quite challenging. This work aims to investigate the antidermatophyte action of Azelaic acid (AzA) and evaluate its efficacy upon entrapment into transethosomes (TEs) and incorporation into a gel to enhance its application. Optimization of formulation variables of TEs was carried out after preparation using the thin film hydration technique. The antidermatophyte activity of AzA-TEs was first evaluated in vitro. In addition, two guinea pig infection models with () and () were established for the in vivo assessment. The optimized formula showed a mean particle size of 219.8 ± 4.7 nm and a zeta potential of -36.5 ± 0.73 mV, while the entrapment efficiency value was 81.9 ± 1.4%. Moreover, the ex vivo permeation study showed enhanced skin penetration for the AzA-TEs (3056 µg/cm) compared to the free AzA (590 µg/cm) after 48 h. AzA-TEs induced a greater inhibition in vitro on the tested dermatophyte species than free AzA (MIC was 0.01% vs. 0.32% for and 0.032% for . and vs. 0.56%). The mycological cure rate was improved in all treated groups, specially for our optimized AzA-TEs formula in the model, in which it reached 83% in this treated group, while it was 66.76% in the itraconazole and free AzA treated groups. Significant ( < 0.05) lower scores of erythema, scales, and alopecia were observed in the treated groups in comparison with the untreated control and plain groups. In essence, the TEs could be a promising carrier for AzA delivery into deeper skin layers with enhanced antidermatophyte activity.
PubMed: 37107069
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040707 -
Advanced Biomedical Research 2020Dermatophytosis is mostly caused by dermatophytes species, and the diagnosis of disease is very important for early treatment. The aim of this study was to identify the...
BACKGROUND
Dermatophytosis is mostly caused by dermatophytes species, and the diagnosis of disease is very important for early treatment. The aim of this study was to identify the commonly dermatophytes species isolated directly from the clinical samples, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and evaluate both conventional and molecular methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was performed on 115 clinical samples. Dermatophyte isolates were initially identified by conventional method and confirmed by the sequencing molecular method. In this study, the molecular technique is implemented directly on clinical samples. Statistical analysis of the information was performed by the SPSS software, and the results were statistically analyzed.
RESULTS
Our findings demonstrated that the most abundant dermatophyte species by PCR-sequencing were (20%), followed by (10%), (6.7%), (6.7%), , and , (3.3%) for each one.
CONCLUSION
For medical laboratories, routine procedures are still preferred because of their lower cost, and the results are almost the same as the molecular methods. The sensitivity and specificity values for PCR under our laboratory condition were 60% and 87%, respectively. This study shows that molecular results performed better in nails than other samples, by culture results.
PubMed: 33457339
DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_21_20 -
Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii Aug 2022An increase in numbers of cutaneous fungal infections is being observed around the world. Dermatomycoses occur in every age group and can significantly decrease quality...
INTRODUCTION
An increase in numbers of cutaneous fungal infections is being observed around the world. Dermatomycoses occur in every age group and can significantly decrease quality of life. Examining the prevalence and epidemiological trends of cutaneous fungal infections is necessary for developing new effective preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Many factors can influence the growth and patterns of global spread of the different species of fungi.
AIM
To investigate the differences between the prevalence of dermatophytes and cutaneous fungal infections observed at two mycological laboratories and their plausible causes.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Mycological examination was performed in 7324 patients in Gdansk, Poland and in 4729 patients in Grodno, Belarus who exhibited clinical signs and symptoms of cutaneous fungal infections. Direct preparations was made in 20% KOH with 40% DMSO. Additionally cultures were prepared on modified Sabouraud dextrose agar.
RESULTS
Dermatophytes were cultured in 642 (53.58%) cases in Gdansk. The most common species of dermatophytes were (306 cases), (193 cases) and (127 cases). Yeasts were isolated in 531 (44.40%) cases out of which was the most frequently identified in 323 cases. Similarly, dermatophytes were the most common in 1158 (68.72%) cases in Grodno. were isolated in 527 (31.28%) cases. Analysing the localization of dermatomycoses onychomycosis was observed in majority of the infected patients in Gdansk. In Grodno the most common location of superficial cutaneous infection was tinea corporis In the Gdansk region dermatomycoses were observed in 688 female patients and in 508 male patients. In Grodno the prevalence is inverted with the majority of cases observed in 921 males and 764 females.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of superficial fungal infections is higher in Grodno, Belarus when compared to Gdansk, Poland. Similarly, dermatophytes were most commonly observed in both Laboratories.
PubMed: 36090716
DOI: 10.5114/ada.2022.118922 -
Microbial Ecology Aug 2022The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus) frequently colonises areas located close to human life in cities, as these are more suitable nest sites offering an...
The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus) frequently colonises areas located close to human life in cities, as these are more suitable nest sites offering an abundance of food and allowing avoidance of predators. However, urbanisation has a significant impact on the epidemiology of infectious diseases, including dermatophytoses, the primary source of which are wild animals. In this study, we determined the spectrum of dermatophytes isolated from the European hedgehog and assessed their susceptibility profile to antifungal drugs. Symptomatic and asymptomatic dermatophyte infections were observed in 7.7% and 8% of the 182 examined free-living hedgehogs, respectively. In the pool of the isolated dermatophyte strains, Trichophyton erinacei was dominant (29.9%), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (17.9%), Trichophyton benhamiae (13.4%), Nannizzia gypsea (11.9%), Microsporum canis (10.4%), Nannizzia nana (7.5%), Paraphyton cookei (6.0%), and Nannizzia fulva (3.0%). Susceptibility tests revealed the highest activity of luliconazole and the lowest of activity fluconazole among the azole drugs applied. Although terbinafine generally exhibited high efficacy, two Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates showed resistance to this drug (MIC = 2 µg/ml) resulting from missense mutations in the SQLE gene corresponding to the amino acid substitution Leu393Phe. Summarising, our study has also revealed that such wildlife animals as hedgehogs can be a reservoir of pathogenic human dermatophytes, including harmful strains resistant to commonly used antifungal drugs.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Hedgehogs; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poland; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 34536095
DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01866-w -
Dermatology Online Journal Jul 2012Tinea capitis (TC) is a dermatophyte infection that occurs mainly in childhood; but it is uncommon in infants. The aim of this study was to review the clinical and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Tinea capitis (TC) is a dermatophyte infection that occurs mainly in childhood; but it is uncommon in infants. The aim of this study was to review the clinical and mycological profile of TC in infants.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We present a retrospective study; we enrolled all the cases of infant TC over a period of 12 years (1999-2010).
RESULTS
Thirty-five infants (21 boys, 14 girls) with a mean age of 20.16 months were diagnosed with TC among a total number of 881 cases of TC (3.9%). Scalp scaling and alopecia were the most frequent clinical features. Microsporic tinea (21 cases) was the most frequent followed by Trichophytic tinea (9 cases) and inflammatory tinea (5 cases). Direct microscopy of hair was positive in 33 cases (94.2%). Culture positivity was found in 82.8 percent of infants (29 cases). Four species of dermatophytes were isolated; Microsporum canis in 18 cases (62%) followed by Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton verrucosum. Twenty-nine infants were treated successfully with griseofulvin.
DISCUSSION
TC is rare in infants. The diagnosis of TC should be considered if scaling and/or alopecia are present and should be confirmed by mycology testing prior to initiation of treatment.
Topics: Alopecia; Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Female; Griseofulvin; Humans; Infant; Male; Retrospective Studies; Tinea Capitis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 22863638
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022It has long been recognized that inflammation to dermatophyte infection is different among various hosts, but the mechanism underlying is still not well understood....
INTRODUCTION
It has long been recognized that inflammation to dermatophyte infection is different among various hosts, but the mechanism underlying is still not well understood. Toll-like receptor (TLR2), mediates the innate immune response against dermatophyte infection and is very important to trigger the inflammatory response to dermatophytes. Considering the different amino acid sequences and structures of TLR2, we speculated that TLR2 from different hosts will activate the downstream signal pathways to varying degrees, resulting in different inflammatory responses to dermatophytes.
METHODS
In this study, we constructed the mice-human fusion TLR2 expressed HaCaT (mhTLR2-HaCaT) by replacing the extracellular ligand recognition region of human TLR2 with that of the mouse. Then hTLR2-HaCaT cells and mhTLR2-HaCaT cells were infected with T. rubrum and M. canis for 24 h followed by immunoblotting to asses associated proteins of p38 and JNK signal pathway.
RESULTS
Compared with that of human TLR2 expressed HaCaT (hTLR2-HaCaT), levels of phosphorylated p38 protein were increased in mhTLR2-HaCaT cells stimulated by T. rubrum for 24 h, and levels of phosphorylatedJNK and c-Jun protein were increased in mhTLR2-HaCaT cells whenstimulated with M. canis for 24 h.
DISCUSSION
Compared with hTLR2-HaCaT cells, p38 and JNK signal pathwayswere activated in mhTLR2-HaCaT after being infected by Trichophyton rubrumand Microsporum canis, respectively. Since p38 and JNK are the mainpathways that transduce the signal for host recognition of dermatophytes andmediate the downstream inflammatory response, it suggested that theinterspecific difference of TLR2 ectodomain may be one of the reasons for thedifferent inflammatory manifestations between humans and mice infected bythese two dermatophytes. Quite especially, the mouse-derived TLR2extracellular recognition region is more effective in recognizing T. rubrum andM. canis to activate the downstream signal pathways, resulting in a tenserinflammatory response against these two dermatophytes.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Arthrodermataceae; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Signal Transduction; Dermatomycoses
PubMed: 36713403
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063443 -
Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii Feb 2021Dermatophytoses are the most common superficial fungal infections in paediatric population. Its pathogen pattern has changed over years.
INTRODUCTION
Dermatophytoses are the most common superficial fungal infections in paediatric population. Its pathogen pattern has changed over years.
AIM
To analyse the spectrum of dermatophytoses in children living in Southwestern Poland, in the years 2011-2016.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A total of 1705 patients were diagnosed with fungal skin infection in the Mycological Laboratory, Dermatology Department of the Wroclaw Medical University. Of them, 163 were under 18 years of age.
RESULTS
In 105 cases, dermatophytoses were detected. The collected specimens were examined using direct microscopy examination, staining, culture on specific media and PCR technique. The most common dermatophytes were and (31.4% each), followed in the descending order by (21.9%), (13.3%) and (1.9%). The most commonly affected body sites were glabrous skin of the trunk and extremities (41.7%), followed by face (22.2%), scalp (15.7%) and toe nails (14.8%).
CONCLUSIONS
This study revealed the most common types of dermatophytoses and their pathogens in children in Southwestern Poland. In comparison to earlier data obtained from this region, new epidemiological trends have been revealed. We observed the shift towards anthropophilic dermatophyte infections and an increasing number of onychomycosis in children. Because of climatic variations, migration, and changing lifestyle practices, further studies on dermatophytoses are necessary to improve our knowledge on the epidemiology of fungal infections.
PubMed: 34408573
DOI: 10.5114/ada.2021.104283