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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020
Topics: Arthropod Vectors; Disease Vectors; Host-Pathogen Interactions
PubMed: 33194846
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.609495 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2021() , along with closely related species, is the etiologic agent of Lyme disease. The spirochete subsists in an enzootic cycle that encompasses acquisition from a...
() , along with closely related species, is the etiologic agent of Lyme disease. The spirochete subsists in an enzootic cycle that encompasses acquisition from a vertebrate host to a tick vector and transmission from a tick vector to a vertebrate host. To adapt to its environment and persist in each phase of its enzootic cycle, wields three systems to regulate the expression of genes: the RpoN-RpoS alternative sigma factor cascade, the Hk1/Rrp1 two-component system and its product c-di-GMP, and the stringent response mediated by Rel and DksA. These regulatory systems respond to enzootic phase-specific signals and are controlled or fine- tuned by transcription factors, including BosR and BadR, as well as small RNAs, including DsrABb and Bb6S RNA. In addition, several other DNA-binding and RNA-binding proteins have been identified, although their functions have not all been defined. Global changes in gene expression revealed by high-throughput transcriptomic studies have elucidated various regulons, albeit technical obstacles have mostly limited this experimental approach to cultivated spirochetes. Regardless, we know that the spirochete, which carries a relatively small genome, regulates the expression of a considerable number of genes required for the transitions between the tick vector and the vertebrate host as well as the adaptation to each.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Arthropod Vectors; Borrelia burgdorferi; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Lyme Disease; Ticks; Transcriptome
PubMed: 33300497
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.223 -
Trends in Parasitology Oct 2020Metabolism influences biochemical networks, and arthropod vectors are endowed with an immune system that affects microbial acquisition, persistence, and transmission to... (Review)
Review
Metabolism influences biochemical networks, and arthropod vectors are endowed with an immune system that affects microbial acquisition, persistence, and transmission to humans and other animals. Here, we aim to persuade the scientific community to expand their interests in immunometabolism beyond mammalian hosts and towards arthropod vectors. Immunometabolism investigates the interplay of metabolism and immunology. We provide a conceptual framework for investigators from diverse disciplines and indicate that relationships between microbes, mammalian hosts and their hematophagous arthropods may result in cost-effective (mutualism) or energetically expensive (parasitism) interactions. We argue that disparate resource allocations between species may partially explain why some microbes act as pathogens when infecting humans and behave as mutualistic or commensal organisms when colonizing arthropod vectors.
Topics: Animals; Arthropod Vectors; Arthropods; Species Specificity
PubMed: 32819827
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.010 -
Annual Review of Entomology Jan 2020Tularemia is a Holarctic zoonosis caused by the gamma proteobacterium and is considered to be a vector-borne disease. In many regions, human risk is associated with the... (Review)
Review
Tularemia is a Holarctic zoonosis caused by the gamma proteobacterium and is considered to be a vector-borne disease. In many regions, human risk is associated with the bites of flies, mosquitoes, or ticks. But the biology of the agent is such that risk may be fomite related, and large outbreaks can occur due to inhalation or ingestion of contaminated materials. Such well-documented human risk factors suggest a role for these risk factors in the enzootic cycle as well. Many arthropods support the growth or survival of the agent, but whether arthropods (ticks in particular) are obligately required for the perpetuation of remains to be demonstrated. As with most zoonoses, our knowledge of the ecology of has been driven with the objective of understanding human risk. In this review, we focus on the role of the arthropod in maintaining , particularly with respect to long-term enzootic persistence.
Topics: Animals; Arthropod Vectors; Biological Evolution; Francisella tularensis; Tularemia
PubMed: 31600457
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025134 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018Studying how arthropod-borne viruses interact with their arthropod vectors is critical to understanding how these viruses replicate and are transmitted. Until recently,... (Review)
Review
Studying how arthropod-borne viruses interact with their arthropod vectors is critical to understanding how these viruses replicate and are transmitted. Until recently, these types of studies were limited in scale because of the lack of classical tools available to study virus-host interaction for non-model viruses and non-model organisms. Advances in systems biology "-omics"-based techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and mass spectrometry can rapidly provide an unbiased view of arbovirus-vector interaction landscapes. In this mini-review, we discuss how arbovirus-vector interaction studies have been advanced by systems biology. We review studies of arbovirus-vector interactions that occur at multiple time and length scales, including intracellular interactions, interactions at the level of the organism, viral and vector populations, and how new techniques can integrate systems-level data across these different scales.
Topics: Animals; Arboviruses; Arthropod Vectors; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Host Microbial Interactions; Mass Spectrometry; Systems Biology
PubMed: 30666300
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00440 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Jul 2015
Topics: Animals; Arthropod Vectors; Culicidae; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Humans; Malaria; Tick-Borne Diseases; Ticks
PubMed: 25936580
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.016 -
Current Opinion in Virology Dec 2015Arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses infect hematophagous arthropods (vectors) to maintain virus transmission between vertebrate hosts. The mosquito vector actively controls... (Review)
Review
Arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses infect hematophagous arthropods (vectors) to maintain virus transmission between vertebrate hosts. The mosquito vector actively controls arbovirus infection to minimize its fitness costs. The RNA interference (RNAi) pathway is the major antiviral response vectors use to restrict arbovirus infections. We know this because depleting RNAi gene products profoundly impacts arbovirus replication, the antiviral RNAi pathway genes undergo positive, diversifying selection and arboviruses have evolved strategies to evade the vector's RNAi responses. The vector's RNAi defense and arbovirus countermeasures lead to an arms race that prevents potential virus-induced fitness costs yet maintains arbovirus infections needed for transmission. This review will discuss the latest findings in RNAi-arbovirus interactions in the model insect (Drosophila melanogaster) and in specific mosquito vectors.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Arthropod Vectors; Culicidae; DNA, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immunity, Innate; Models, Animal; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; RNA, Viral; Virus Replication
PubMed: 26629932
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.10.001 -
Trends in Immunology Nov 2018Recent scientific breakthroughs have significantly expanded our understanding of arthropod vector immunity. Insights in the laboratory have demonstrated how the immune... (Review)
Review
Recent scientific breakthroughs have significantly expanded our understanding of arthropod vector immunity. Insights in the laboratory have demonstrated how the immune system provides resistance to infection, and in what manner innate defenses protect against a microbial assault. Less understood, however, is the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on microbial-vector interactions and the impact of the immune system on arthropod populations in nature. Furthermore, the influence of genetic plasticity on the immune response against vector-borne pathogens remains mostly elusive. Herein, we discuss evolutionary forces that shape arthropod vector immunity. We focus on resistance, pathogenicity and tolerance to infection. We posit that novel scientific paradigms should emerge when molecular immunologists and evolutionary ecologists work together.
Topics: Animals; Arthropod Vectors; Arthropods; Biological Evolution; Ecology; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Immunity; Mammals; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 30301592
DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.09.003 -
Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi Jun 2017The main aim of managing arthropod vectors that carry the disease agents is interrupting the infection cycle. Therefore, the management of the disease implies that all... (Review)
Review
The main aim of managing arthropod vectors that carry the disease agents is interrupting the infection cycle. Therefore, the management of the disease implies that all precautions related to all elements (i.e., human, arthropod vector, and reservoir) in the infection cycle need to be taken. There are important points that need to be considered while dealing with sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), which in many regions worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas, are vectors of diseases such as leishmaniasis and sand fly fever and are the arthropods of the infection cycle. Because the larval control of the sand flies is very difficult and almost impossible, the management is mainly conducted for the adults. The most effective strategy for reducing both sand fly fever and leishmaniasis is managing sand flies, particularly in areas where humans are located. In this review, the morphology, biology, and taxonomy of sand flies; the integrated fighting and management methods such as insecticide-impregnated bed nets and use of curtains, zooprophylaxis, indoor and outdoor residual applications, larvicides, repellents, and insecticide-impregnated dog collars; and data regarding many issues such as insecticide resistance in sand flies have been emphasized on in the review.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Insect Control; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Larva; Leishmaniasis; Psychodidae
PubMed: 28695834
DOI: 10.5152/tpd.2017.5296 -
Viruses Jul 2015Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) circulate in nature between arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. Arboviruses often cause devastating diseases in vertebrate... (Review)
Review
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) circulate in nature between arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. Arboviruses often cause devastating diseases in vertebrate hosts, but they typically do not cause significant pathology in their arthropod vectors. Following oral acquisition of a viremic bloodmeal from a vertebrate host, the arbovirus disease cycle requires replication in the cellular environment of the arthropod vector. Once the vector has become systemically and persistently infected, the vector is able to transmit the virus to an uninfected vertebrate host. In order to systemically infect the vector, the virus must cope with innate immune responses and overcome several tissue barriers associated with the midgut and the salivary glands. In this review we describe, in detail, the typical arbovirus infection route in competent mosquito vectors. Based on what is known from the literature, we explain the nature of the tissue barriers that arboviruses are confronted with in a mosquito vector and how arboviruses might surmount these barriers. We also point out controversial findings to highlight particular areas that are not well understood and require further research efforts.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Culicidae; Humans; Insect Vectors; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 26184281
DOI: 10.3390/v7072795