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Animal : An International Journal of... May 2014Despite the widespread adoption of hormonal synchronization protocols that allow for timed artificial insemination (AI), detection of estrus plays an important role in... (Review)
Review
Despite the widespread adoption of hormonal synchronization protocols that allow for timed artificial insemination (AI), detection of estrus plays an important role in the reproductive management program on most dairies in the United States. Increased physical activity is a secondary sign of estrus in dairy cattle, and a new generation of electronic systems that continuously monitor physical activity to predict timing of AI have been developed and marketed to the dairy industry. A variety of management and physiologic challenges inhibit detection of behavioral estrus on farms, but the prevalence of anouvular cows near the end of the voluntary waiting period is particularly problematic. Only 70% of lactating Holstein cows were detected in estrus when using an activity monitoring system, with the remaining 20% of cows classified as anovular and 10% ovulating without showing signs of activity. Mean time of AI in relation to ovulation based on the activity monitoring system was acceptable for most of the cows with increased activity, however, variability in the duration of estrus and timing of AI in relation to ovulation could result in poor pregnancy outcomes in some cows. Use of a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol for submission of cows for first AI has been widely adopted by dairies in the United States, and a combined approach in which AI based on activity is followed by submission of cows not detected with activity to timed AI after synchronization of ovulation may be an effective strategy for submission of cows to first AI. Based on a field trial on a large commercial dairy in the United States, the activity monitoring system detected 70% of cows with increased activity after the second PGF2α injection of a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol, however, cows inseminated to increased activity had fewer pregnancies per AI (P/AI) compared with cows with increased activity after the second PGF2α injection that received timed AI after completing the Presynch-Ovsynch protocol. Based on an economic model comparing reproductive management programs with varying levels of AI to estrus v. timed AI, the rate of estrus detection and the P/AI to inseminations based on AI to detected estrus v. timed AI affected the decision to inseminate based on activity v. timed AI. In conclusion, an activity monitoring system detected increased activity in about 70% of lactating Holstein cows on a large commercial dairy in the United States, however, synchronization of ovulation and timed AI was beneficial to inseminate cows not detected with increased activity by the activity monitoring system.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Dairying; Estrus Detection; Estrus Synchronization; Female; Insemination, Artificial; Lactation; Monitoring, Physiologic; Ovulation; Pregnancy
PubMed: 24680286
DOI: 10.1017/S1751731114000299 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jul 2022The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of nerve growth factor-β (NGF), purified from bulls' seminal plasma and administered at the time of...
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of nerve growth factor-β (NGF), purified from bulls' seminal plasma and administered at the time of artificial insemination (AI), on progesterone post-AI, interferon-stimulated genes (ISG), and pregnancy per AI (P/AI) for lactating Holstein dairy cows enrolled in a timed-AI protocol. We hypothesized that administration of NGF at the time of AI would increase plasma progesterone post-AI, upregulate relative abundance of ISG, and improve P/AI in lactating dairy cows. Holstein cows (n = 557) from a single commercial dairy farm were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to receive an intramuscular injection containing 296 µg of bovine purified NGF at the time of AI, diluted in 2 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (NGF: n = 275), or receive only the 2 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (control: n = 282). Plasma progesterone and corpus luteum size were assessed in a subset of cows (NGF: n = 32; control: n = 36) at d 7, 14, and 19 post-AI. Relative mRNA abundance of ISG (ISG15, MX1, MX2, and RTP4) was assessed in peripheral blood leukocytes on d 19 post-AI. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed at 37 and 65 d post-AI. There was an interaction effect between treatment and parity for plasma progesterone; however, plasma progesterone and ISG did not differ between treatments. There were no effects of NGF for P/AI at 37 d post-AI (NGF = 40.0% vs. control = 41.6%), 65 d post-AI (NGF = 36.0% vs. control = 38.1%), and for pregnancy loss (NGF = 8.4% vs. control = 7.7%). The current study revealed that effects to NGF in lactating Holstein cows were minor and contingent with parity for progesterone, and no improvement in ISG relative abundance and P/AI were observed.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Clinical Trials, Veterinary as Topic; Dinoprost; Estrus Synchronization; Female; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Insemination, Artificial; Lactation; Male; Nerve Growth Factor; Phosphates; Pregnancy; Progesterone
PubMed: 35637004
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21874 -
Journal of Dairy Science Sep 2012Our objective was to compare the economic and reproductive performance of programs combining timed artificial insemination (TAI) and different levels of AI after estrus...
Our objective was to compare the economic and reproductive performance of programs combining timed artificial insemination (TAI) and different levels of AI after estrus detection (ED) using a daily Markov-chain model. A dairy herd was modeled with every cow following daily probabilistic events of aging, replacement, mortality, pregnancy, pregnancy loss, and calving. The probability of pregnancy depended on the combination of probability of insemination and conception rate (CR). All nonpregnant cows had a probability of pregnancy between the end of the voluntary waiting period and days in milk cutoff for AI. After the cutoff, cows were labeled as do not breed and replaced when milk production was below a minimum milk threshold. A similar model was created to represent a replacement heifer herd to simulate and adjust the supply and demand of replacements. The net value (NV) of a program was the sum of milk income over feed cost, replacement and mortality cost, income from newborns, and reproductive costs. The model was used to compare the NV of 19 programs. One program used 100% TAI (42% CR for first TAI and 30% for second-and-later services), whereas the other programs combined TAI with ED. The proportion of cows receiving AI after ED for the combined programs ranged from 30 to 80%, with levels of CR of 25, 30, and 35%. As the proportion of cows receiving AI after ED increased, the CR of cows receiving TAI decreased. The combined programs with CR of 35% for cows receiving AI after ED had the greatest NV and reproductive performance at all levels of ED. The program using 100% TAI had greater NV and better reproductive performance than all programs with 25% CR after ED inseminations, whereas it had very similar performance to combined programs with up to 60% of cows receiving AI after ED and 30% CR. The factor with the greatest relative contribution to the differences among programs was income over feed cost, followed by replacement and reproductive costs. Adjusting the days in milk cutoff for AI to match the supply and demand of heifer replacements improved the NV of all programs except for those with 25% CR after ED, which had either no change or a decrease in NV. In summary, the economic value of reproductive management programs combining TAI and ED depended on the proportion of cows receiving AI after ED and the resulting CR. Adjusting the heifer supply and demand increased the NV of programs with heifer surplus and decreased the NV of programs with heifer deficit.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Costs and Cost Analysis; Dairying; Estrus Detection; Estrus Synchronization; Female; Insemination, Artificial; Markov Chains; Parity; Pregnancy; Reproduction
PubMed: 22916951
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4972 -
Theriogenology Dec 2011Currently, timed ovulation induction and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in superstimulated donors and synchronization protocols for fixed-time embryo transfer... (Review)
Review
Currently, timed ovulation induction and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in superstimulated donors and synchronization protocols for fixed-time embryo transfer (FTET) in recipients can be performed using GnRH or estradiol plus progesterone/progestin (P4)-releasing devices and prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF2α). The control of follicular wave emergence and ovulation at predetermined times, without estrus detection, has facilitated donor and recipient management. However, because Bos taurus cows have subtle differences in their reproductive physiology compared with Bos indicus cattle, one cannot assume that similar responses will be achieved. The present review will focus on the importance of orchestrating donor and recipient management to assure better logistics of procedures to achieve more desirable results with embryo collection and transfer. In addition, this will provide clear evidence that the use of FTAI in superstimulated donors and FTET in embryo recipients eliminates the need to detect estrus with satisfactory results. These self-appointed programs reduce labor and animal handling, facilitating the use of embryo transfer in beef and dairy cattle.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Embryo Transfer; Estrus Synchronization; Female; Insemination, Artificial; Ovulation Induction; Pregnancy; Seasons; Time Factors
PubMed: 21798580
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.06.006 -
Transgenic Research Aug 2015Artificial insemination (AI) is an assisted reproductive technique that is implemented successfully in humans as a fertility treatment, performed extensively for...
Artificial insemination (AI) is an assisted reproductive technique that is implemented successfully in humans as a fertility treatment, performed extensively for commercial breeding of livestock, and is also successful in laboratory rodents. AI in the mouse may be especially useful for breeding of transgenic or mutant mice with fertility problems, expansion of mouse colonies, and as an alternative to in vitro fertilization. Nonsurgical AI techniques for the mouse have been described previously but are not often implemented due to technical difficulties. Here we compare various protocols for preparation of CD1 recipients prior to AI for naïve (in estrus), ovulation-induced, and superovulated females. Timing of hormone administration relative to sperm delivery is also compared. An improved protocol for nonsurgical AI in mice is described, which incorporates a convenient hormone administration schedule for female recipients and rapid, non-stressful sperm transfer without the need for anesthesia or analgesia.
Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Breeding; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Mice; Ovulation; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 26065409
DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9887-3 -
JNMA; Journal of the Nepal Medical... Aug 2023Intrauterine insemination is often performed as the first-line treatment option in many subfertility cases. Successful intrauterine insemination treatment among...
INTRODUCTION
Intrauterine insemination is often performed as the first-line treatment option in many subfertility cases. Successful intrauterine insemination treatment among indicated couples helps to reduce unnecessary in-vitro fertilisation treatment. Although widely practised, the data on pregnancy after intrauterine insemination treatment is limited. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of pregnancy among women undergoing intrauterine insemination in a centre.
METHODS
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at a centre among women undergoing intrauterine insemination. Data from 15 May 2017 to 15 April 2021 were collected between 16 June 2022 to 1 July 2022 from the hospital records. Ethical approval was taken from the Nepal Health Research Council. Systematic sampling technique was applied to select the appropriate sample. The point estimate was calculated at a 95% Confidence Interval.
RESULTS
Among 225 women undergoing intrauterine insemination, pregnancy was achieved in 23 (10.22%) (6.26-14.18, 95% Confidence Interval). The mean age of pregnant women was 29.17±3.34 years and the mean duration of infertility was 3.93±2.90 years. More than half of the pregnant women 13 (56.52%) had undergone insemination with the husband's semen whereas the remaining 10 women (43.48%) had undergone insemination with donor semen.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of pregnancy among women undergoing intrauterine insemination was similar to other studies done in similar settings.
KEYWORDS
artificial insemination; Nepal; pregnancy rate.
Topics: Humans; Pregnancy; Female; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fertilization in Vitro; Insemination, Artificial; Infertility; Pregnancy Rate
PubMed: 38289818
DOI: 10.31729/jnma.8234 -
Fertility and Sterility Jul 2004Correct timing of insemination remains a controversial aspect of IUI cycles associated with ovarian hyperstimulation. Although it is currently believed that insemination... (Review)
Review
Correct timing of insemination remains a controversial aspect of IUI cycles associated with ovarian hyperstimulation. Although it is currently believed that insemination at 32-38 hours after hCG administration provides the best results, clinical evidence supporting this conclusion is scarce. Double insemination might be an alternative, effective strategy, but studies on this topic are few, heterogeneous, and controversial.
Topics: Female; Humans; Insemination, Artificial; Time Factors
PubMed: 15236981
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.01.028 -
Fertility and Sterility May 1981
Topics: Canada; Ethics, Medical; Humans; Insemination, Artificial; Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous; Internationality; Legislation, Medical; Male; Spermatozoa; Tissue Donors; United States
PubMed: 7227565
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45489-0 -
Journal of Dairy Science Aug 2022Dairy cattle must allocate energy to milk production and reproduction. Therefore, understanding the environmental factors that affect conception rates in nulliparous and...
Dairy cattle must allocate energy to milk production and reproduction. Therefore, understanding the environmental factors that affect conception rates in nulliparous and primiparous cows is helpful in appropriate feeding management strategies before and after calving. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of environmental factors before and after the first calving on the conception rate, representing the starting point of milk production. The records of the first artificial insemination (AI) from Holstein nulliparous cows (n = 533,672) and primiparous cows (n = 516,710) in Hokkaido, Japan, were analyzed using separate multivariable logistic regression models. The mean conception rates for nulliparous and primiparous cows from 2012 to 2018 were 55.2 and 39.2%, respectively. In both nulliparous and primiparous cows, the conception rate of crossbreeding using Japanese Black (JB) semen was significantly higher than that for purebred Holstein breeding. The conception rate using sexed semen decreased in the warmer months only in nulliparous cows. Moreover, we grouped primiparous cows according to milk yield during peak lactation (PY; < 25, 25-30, 30-35, ≥35 kg) and the interval from calving to first insemination (CFI; < 60, 60-79, 80-99, ≥100 d), and evaluated their combined effect on the conception rate. Both PY and CFI strongly affected the conception rate in primiparous cows, which decreased with an increase in PY, even for the group with CFI ≥100 d; however, the conception rate increased for a CFI ≥60 d regardless of PY. Taken together, this study demonstrates the long-term effect of PY and an independent effect of CFI on the conception rate of cows. These results provide guidance for management to execute appropriate AI implementation strategies before and after lactation.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Insemination, Artificial; Lactation; Milk; Parity; Plant Breeding; Pregnancy; Reproduction
PubMed: 35773035
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21948 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jul 2001The objective was to examine the effects of presynchronization and bovine somatotropin (bST) on pregnancy rates to a timed artificial insemination protocol in lactating...
The objective was to examine the effects of presynchronization and bovine somatotropin (bST) on pregnancy rates to a timed artificial insemination protocol in lactating dairy cows. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 543) were assigned randomly in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment in which cows received a presynchronization treatment or not, and were treated with bST (500 mg) at 63 +/- 3, 73 +/- 3, or 147 +/- 3 d postpartum. The latter group was used as a control. Presynchronization treatment consisted of two injections of PGF2alpha (25 mg) given 14 d apart, with the second injection of PGF2alpha being administered 12 d before initiation of the timed artificial insemination protocol. All cows received GnRH (100 microg) at 63 +/- 3 d postpartum, an injection of PGF2alpha (40 mg) 7 d later, a GnRH injection at 48 h after PGF2alpha and were inseminated 16 to 20 h later. Cows were resynchronized if determined to be nonpregnant at ultrasonography at 32 d after insemination with a GnRH injection (100 microg), an injection of PGF2alpha (40 mg) 7 d later, and a GnRH injection at 48 h after PGF2alpha and were inseminated 16 to 20 h later. Cows were examined for pregnancy at 32 d and reexamined at 74 d after insemination. No differences in pregnancy rates were observed between cows receiving bST treatment at 63 +/- 3 d postpartum or at 73 +/- 3 d postpartum. An interaction between presynchronization and bST treatment indicated that pregnancy rates were increased for cows treated with bST when cows were presynchronized. When anestrous cows were excluded from the analyses, both an effect of bST and of presynchronization were observed, indicating that bST increased pregnancy rates regardless of presynchronization treatment and that presynchronization also increased pregnancy rates independently of bST treatment. Presynchronization and bST treatment may be used to increase first-service pregnancy rates to a timed artificial insemination protocol.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Dinoprost; Female; Growth Hormone; Insemination, Artificial; Lactation; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Random Allocation; Reproduction; Time Factors
PubMed: 11467815
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74600-0