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Theriogenology Aug 2011The objective was to evaluate the effects of timing of insemination and type of semen in cattle subjected to timed artificial insemination (TAI). In Experiment 1, 420... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The objective was to evaluate the effects of timing of insemination and type of semen in cattle subjected to timed artificial insemination (TAI). In Experiment 1, 420 cyclic Jersey heifers were bred at either 54 or 60 h after P4-device removal, using either sex-sorted (2.1 × 10(6) sperm/straw) or non-sorted sperm (20 × 10(6) sperm/straw) from three sires (2 × 2 factorial design). There was an interaction (P = 0.06) between time of AI and type of semen on pregnancy per AI (P/AI, at 30 to 42 d after TAI); it was greater when sex-sorted sperm (P < 0.01) was used at 60 h (31.4%; 32/102) than at 54 h (16.2%; 17/105). In contrast, altering the timing of AI did not affect conception results with non-sorted sperm (54 h = 50.5%; 51/101 versus 60 h = 51.8%; 58/112; P = 0.95). There was an effect of sire (P < 0.01) on P/AI, but no interaction between sire and time of AI (P = 0.88). In Experiment 2, 389 suckled Bos indicus beef cows were enrolled in the same treatment groups used in Experiment 1. Sex-sorted sperm resulted in lower P/AI (41.8%; 82/196; P = 0.05) than non-sorted sperm (51.8%; 100/193). In addition, there was a tendency for greater P/AI (P = 0.11) when TAI was performed 60 h (50.8%; 99/195) versus 54 h (42.8%; 83/194) after removing the progestin implant. In Experiment 3, 339 suckled B. indicus cows were randomly assigned to receive TAI with sex-sorted sperm at 36, 48, or 60 h after P4 device removal. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed twice daily in all cows to confirm ovulation. On average, ovulation occurred 71.8 ± 7.8 h after P4 removal, and greater P/AI was achieved when insemination was performed closer to ovulation. The P/AI was greatest (37.9%) for TAI performed between 0 and 12 h before ovulation, whereas P/AI was significantly less for TAI performed between 12.1 and 24 h (19.4%) or >24 h (5.8%) before ovulation. In conclusion, sex-sorted sperm resulted in a lesser P/AI than non-sorted sperm following TAI. However, improvements in P/AI with delayed time of AI were possible (Experiments 1 and 3), and seemed achievable when breeding at 60 h following progestin implant removal, compared to the standard 54 h normally used in TAI protocols.
Topics: Animals; Breeding; Cattle; Female; Fertility; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Progesterone; Sex Determination Analysis; Sex Ratio; Time Factors
PubMed: 21497392
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.02.019 -
Journal of Dairy Science Dec 1983Both biological and monetary considerations influence adoption of new breeding technologies. Therefore, genetic, reproductive, and economic factors that determine... (Review)
Review
Both biological and monetary considerations influence adoption of new breeding technologies. Therefore, genetic, reproductive, and economic factors that determine productivity of dairy and beef operations are reviewed. Improved sire evaluation programs, more efficient artificial insemination, and effective natural service are discussed and related to the present and future impact of dairy and beef bulls. Potential benefits of heterosis, artificial control of reproduction, improved bull management, computers, and multidiscipline research also are suggested. The dramatic impact of artificial insemination on genetic improvement and profitability of most commercial dairy herds is outlined. The uncertain expansion of beef artificial insemination is examined. Comparisons of dairy and beef industries indicate that expectation of similar results from the same animal breeding technologies are unwarranted. Dairy artificial insemination is and should continue to be economically feasible for commercial operations. Commercial beef producers will use little artificial insemination and rely on natural service bulls until precise human control of conception in the bovine is cost effective.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Breeding; Cattle; Forecasting; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Reproduction; Semen Preservation
PubMed: 6365995
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)82139-0 -
Reproduction in Domestic Animals =... Jul 2015In the last 30 years, encapsulation technology has been applied to different species to minimize the loss of spermatozoa after artificial insemination. In particular,... (Review)
Review
In the last 30 years, encapsulation technology has been applied to different species to minimize the loss of spermatozoa after artificial insemination. In particular, the vehiculation of boar sperm cells in barium alginate membrane has proved a valid strategy to reduce the risk of polyspermy and optimize in vivo fertilizing yields. Controlled release of male gametes into the female genital tract has reduced the minimum fertilizing dose of spermatozoa. Notwithstanding these results, encapsulation has not yet reached commercial application, largely due to the additional costs of production. However, encapsulation could be useful in advanced reproductive technology, such as sex sorting, to store sorted boar semen. The controlled release of flow cytometrically sorted spermatozoa could be a promising strategy to reduce the number of cells necessary for each insemination and hence allow the widescale use of sex sorting in this species.
Topics: Alginates; Animals; Cell Separation; Female; Glucuronic Acid; Hexuronic Acids; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Membranes, Artificial; Reproduction; Reproductive Techniques; Sex Preselection; Spermatozoa; Swine
PubMed: 26174926
DOI: 10.1111/rda.12538 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Dec 2018The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of post artificial insemination (AI) treatment with intravaginal progesterone device (P4 device) on conception...
Effect of post artificial insemination treatment with two different progesterone intravaginal devices on conception and synchronization of the returning estrus in Japanese Black cows.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of post artificial insemination (AI) treatment with intravaginal progesterone device (P4 device) on conception rate, synchronization of returning estrus and plasma P4 concentration in Japanese Black cows. Nineteen cows were treated with DIB (1.0 g P4) from Day 12 to 19 (Day 0=day of the first AI), 27 cows were treated with a CIDR (1.9 g P4) from Day 12 to 19, and 33 cows were not treated after the first AI (control). Estrous behavior was daily examined between Day 20 and 25, and cows returning to estrus were inseminated (the second AI). On Day 19, plasma P4 concentration was not different among DIB, CIDR and control groups. There was no significant difference in conception rate after the first AI among three groups (DIB: 63.2%, CIDR: 66.7% and control: 72.7%). In non-pregnant cows, there was no significant difference in the proportion of cows showed returning estrus between Day 20 and 25 (DIB: 57.1%, CIDR: 22.2% and control: 44.4%), and day of returning estrus was not synchronized. The overall conception rate after the first and second AI was not different among the groups. In conclusion, post-AI treatment with intravaginal devices containing 1.0 and 1.9 g P4 from Day 12 to 19 neither increased plasma P4 concentration nor improved fertility and synchronization of the returning estrus in Japanese Black cows.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Drug Implants; Estrous Cycle; Female; Fertilization; Insemination, Artificial; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Pregnancy, Animal; Progesterone
PubMed: 30333378
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0094 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2022The objective of this observational study was to evaluate the relationship between genomic daughter pregnancy rate (GDPR) with reproduction parameters such as pregnancy...
The objective of this observational study was to evaluate the relationship between genomic daughter pregnancy rate (GDPR) with reproduction parameters such as pregnancy at first artificial insemination (AI), pregnancy per AI, and pregnancy losses (PL). A total of 12,949 events from 3,499 Holstein cows were included. Cows were enrolled as nulliparous (n = 1,220), primiparous (n = 1,314), or multiparous (n = 965). Cows were bred either after a timed AI protocol, timed embryo transfer (ET), or spontaneous estrus. Most lactating cows were bred following a timed AI protocol based on estradiol and progesterone, and most nulliparous were artificially inseminated following estrus detection. Hair samples were collected from the tail switch and cows were genotyped using a SNP platform (Clarifide, Zoetis). Cows that were bred by timed AI were evaluated for estrous behavior using tail chalk. Tail chalk was applied on the head of the tail 2 d before timed AI and the chalk was evaluated at AI (no estrus: 100% of chalk remaining or ≥50% of chalk remaining; Estrus: <50% of chalk remaining). Pregnancy diagnosis was performed at d 32 and 60 after AI using ultrasonography, and the presence of a heartbeat was considered a positive diagnosis. Pregnancy loss was defined as a pregnant cow on d 32 that was nonpregnant on d 60. As GDPR increased, the odds of pregnancy at first AI increased [odds ratio (OR) = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.20-1.35], the odds of pregnancy per AI increased (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.25-1.36), and the odds of PL decreased (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.60-0.72). Most cows that were bred on the day of the timed AI demonstrated estrus (n = 6,075; 92.9%). The odds of demonstrating estrus on the day of timed AI increased as GDPR increased (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.17-1.48). There was no interaction between GDPR and parity or breeding management for pregnancy at first AI, pregnancy per AI, and PL. In conclusion, the odds of pregnancy at first AI and pregnancy per AI increased as GDPR increased. Moreover, the odds of PL increased as GDPR decreased. Greater GDPR was also associated with greater occurrence of estrus on the day of timed AI. These results suggest that selecting for higher GDPR could result in better reproductive performance, but this would need to be assessed with additional research.
Topics: Animals; Calcium Carbonate; Cattle; Estrus Synchronization; Female; Genomics; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Insemination, Artificial; Lactation; Nuclear Family; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Progesterone; Reproduction
PubMed: 35450716
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21766 -
Journal of Animal Science Jul 2022Recently, interest in supplementing vitamin D (Vit D) to improve aspects of health, mainly in human fertility, has emerged. Still, supplementation of Vit D above the...
Recently, interest in supplementing vitamin D (Vit D) to improve aspects of health, mainly in human fertility, has emerged. Still, supplementation of Vit D above the minimum required levels has yet to be explored in cattle despite evidence for Vit D receptors in reproductive tissues. The objective of this study was to establish if a dose-response relationship exists between Vit D exposure and success of in vitro production (IVP) of embryos and, if acute supplementation of Vit D improves pregnancy rates during timed artificial insemination (TAI) of dairy cows. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were obtained from ovaries acquired from a local abattoir and cultured in five different IVP treatments from three separate collections (Control, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ng/mL of 1,25(OH)2D3; n = 20-30 COCs/group). In Experiment 2, dairy breed cows (n = 100) were synchronized for TAI with the PresynchOvsynch protocol. Cows received 150,000 IU of Vit D (n = 48) or castor oil as control (n = 53) along with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 24 h before TAI. Serum samples were collected before and 24 h after treatment. A small cohort of cows (n = 4) received the same treatments in two separate cycles and follicular fluid (FF) was collected after 24 h for calcidiol (25OHD) analyses. Increased concentrations of Vit D resulted in decreased rates of maturation of COC (150 and 200 ng/mL vs. control and 50 ng/mL; P = 0.01). Supplementation with 50 ng/mL resulted in greater numbers of early blastocyst and blastocyst stage embryos (P < 0.009). Pregnancy at first breeding did not differ (P = 0.13) between groups, but serum 25OHD increased in treated females after 24 h (P = 0.002). The FF 25OHD levels were reflective of serum levels, however, the observed increase in the treatment cycle (P = 0.04) was parallel to an overall increase in serum 25OHD during the entire second cycle, likely due to increased environmental sunlight exposure (March, control vs. May, treatment). A similar increase in the serum 25OHD in the lactating commercial herd maintained in covered housing was not observed, although experiments were conducted during a similar timeframe. This herd had levels of 25OHD near the low end of sufficiency according to National Research Council (NRC) guidelines. We conclude mild Vitamin D supplementation with concentrations at the higher end of NRC guidelines can improve maturation rates of recovered COCs. However, longer term supplementation may be needed to appreciate any benefits on fertility.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Dinoprost; Estrus Synchronization; Female; Fertility; Fertilization; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Insemination, Artificial; Lactation; Ovulation; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Vitamin D
PubMed: 35772760
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac168 -
Fertility and Sterility Feb 1984
Topics: Confidentiality; Female; Humans; Insemination, Artificial; Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous; Insemination, Artificial, Homologous; Male; Pregnancy; Semen Preservation
PubMed: 6698213
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)47589-8 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... May 2011The present study investigated the infiltration of leukocyte subpopulations in the utero-tubal junction (UTJ) and each part of the oviducts at about 24 hr after...
Infiltration of local immune cells in the sow reproductive tracts after intra-uterine and deep intra-uterine insemination with a reduced number of spermatozoa is less than conventional artificial insemination.
The present study investigated the infiltration of leukocyte subpopulations in the utero-tubal junction (UTJ) and each part of the oviducts at about 24 hr after intra-uterine insemination (IUI) and deep intra-uterine insemination (DIUI) compared to conventional artificial insemination (CAI) in sows. Fifteen crossbred Landrace x Yorkshire multiparous sows were used (CAI, n=5; IUI, n=5; DIUI, n=5). The sperm dose contained 3,000 × 10(6) (100 ml), 1,000 × 10(6) (50 ml) and 150 × 10(6) (5 ml) motile spermatozoa for CAI, IUI and DIUI, respectively. The sows were inseminated with extended fresh semen at 6 to 8 hr prior to the expected time of ovulation. At 25.2 ± 1.6 hr after insemination, the oviducts and the UTJ were collected. The tissue samples of UTJ, caudal isthmus, cranial isthmus and ampulla were transversely cut to a thickness of 5 µm and stained with H&E. The total numbers of lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils and plasma cells were determined under light microscope. It was found that the numbers of lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages after CAI, IUI and DIUI were not significantly different (P>0.1) in both epithelial and sub-epithelial connective tissue layer of the UTJ, caudal isthmus, cranial isthmus and ampulla. Intra-epithelial neutrophils in the UTJ were higher than cranial isthmus (P<0.05) and ampulla (P<0.05). In the UTJ, the intra-epithelial neutrophil in the CAI group was higher than DIUI group (P<0.01). Plasma cells in sub-epithelial layer of the endosalpinx in the CAI group were higher than DIUI group (P<0.05) and tended to be higher than the IUI group (P=0.08). In conclusion, compared to CAI, IUI and DIUI do not influence the infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages and eosinophils in the UTJ and the oviduct prior to fertilization. But a lower number of neutrophils in the intra-epithelial layer of the UTJ and plasma cells in the sub-epithelial layers of the oviduct was observed in the DIUI group compared to CAI.
Topics: Animals; Epithelial Cells; Fallopian Tubes; Female; Insemination, Artificial; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Male; Neutrophils; Spermatozoa; Uterus
PubMed: 21206176
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0295 -
Journal of Animal Science Oct 2022The objective of this study was to characterize the associations between body condition score (BCS) and BCS change (∆BCS), determined by an automated camera system...
The objective of this study was to characterize the associations between body condition score (BCS) and BCS change (∆BCS), determined by an automated camera system during early lactation and close to artificial insemination (AI), and the subsequent pregnancy loss (PL) in Holstein cows. A secondary objective was to determine the impact of disease on PL, considering multiple time periods relative to AI. Data from 9,430 lactations in 6,884 Holstein cows in a commercial dairy operation located in Colorado, USA were included in this retrospective observational study. Cows were subject to first AI at about 80 DIM (primiparous) and 60 DIM (multiparous), following a double OvSynch protocol. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed via transrectal ultrasonography on day 32 ± 3 after AI and reconfirmed on day 80 ± 3 after AI. Cameras mounted on the sorting gate at each exit (n = 2) of the milking parlor generated BCS on a five-point scale with 0.1 increments. The BCS at calving (BCS1), 21 DIM (BCS21), 56 DIM (BCS56), AI resulting in pregnancy (BCSAI), and 90 d post AI (BCSAI90) were selected for the analyses and subsequently categorized as low (≤ lower quartile), moderate (interquartile range), and high (≥ upper quartile). Changes in BCS were calculated by periods of interest as change from calving to 21 DIM; change from calving to 56 DIM; change from 56 DIM to AI; and change from AI to 90 d post AI and assigned into categories to facilitate the analysis. Data were examined using logistic regression, considering parity category, season at calving and AI, DIM at AI, milk yield up to 60 DIM, and occurrence of disease as covariables. The logistic regression analyses indicated that the odds of PL were greater in cows in the low BCS category relative to cows in the high BCS category at 56 DIM (OR 95% CI = 1.41 [1.12-1.79]), AI (1.31 [1.05-1.65]), and 90 d post AI (1.38 [1.10-1.74]). Likewise, cows with large loss in BCS between calving and 21 DIM (1.46 [1.10-1.94]) and loss in BCS between AI and 90 d post AI (1.44 [1.15-1.81]) had greater odds of PL compared with cows with no loss of BCS within the same period. Occurrence of disease at all the time periods considered in the analysis had a consistent detrimental impact on maintenance of the pregnancy, supporting the concept that pre and postconceptional disease affects embryonic survival. Overall, low BCS, more pronounced reductions in BCS occurring closer to AI, and occurrence of disease resulted in greater PL in this Holstein population.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Pregnancy; Insemination, Artificial; Lactation; Milk; Parity; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35973819
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac266 -
JBRA Assisted Reproduction Jan 2019IUI has been practiced for five decades but only three unconvincing trials attempted to demonstrate the superiority of IUI over sexual intercourse (SI). In the absence... (Review)
Review
IUI has been practiced for five decades but only three unconvincing trials attempted to demonstrate the superiority of IUI over sexual intercourse (SI). In the absence of evidence of its effectiveness, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommended IVF over IUI after 2 years of unprotected SI. High-quality recent data in well-constructed studies suggest that biases against IUI procedures and in favour of IVF are invalid. It is unethical to continue to misinform patients and stakeholders. The well-constructed randomised controlled trials (RCT) show IUI procedure to be efficient, with minimal risk, and above all improved cost-effectiveness when compared to IVF for live birth. IUI as first-line treatment should be offered to most patients, while funding agencies and stakeholders need to be urgently informed of the cost-benefit in offering IUI. Fertility clinics, IVF interest groups, and regulatory bodies should amend their patient information and guidance to state that IUI should be the first line treatment and that IVF should be offered only when essential. Reappraising and promoting IUI based on evidence enhances patient autonomy, choices, and trust, while allowing the fertility industry to operate within an ethical and acceptable framework not seen as exploitative toward vulnerable patients.
Topics: Cost-Benefit Analysis; Evidence-Based Practice; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infertility; Insemination, Artificial; Live Birth; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Pregnancy, Multiple; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30277707
DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20180073