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Clinical Oral Investigations Apr 2021To evaluate the efficacy of an edible artificial saliva gel, oral moisturizing jelly (OMJ), and a topical commercial gel (GC dry mouth gel) on Candida colonization and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Efficacy of gel-based artificial saliva on Candida colonization and saliva properties in xerostomic post-radiotherapy head and neck cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy of an edible artificial saliva gel, oral moisturizing jelly (OMJ), and a topical commercial gel (GC dry mouth gel) on Candida colonization and saliva properties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was a secondary analysis of a single-blinded randomized controlled trial conducted in xerostomic post-radiotherapy head and neck cancer patients. Candida colonization, stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR), saliva pH, and buffering capacity (BC) were measured at 0, 1, and 2 months after each intervention. Candida colonization was quantified by colony counts and species identified by Candida Chromagar, polymerase chain reaction, and API 20C AUX system. Statistical significance level was 0.05.
RESULTS
A total of 56 participants in OMJ (N = 30) and GC (N = 26) groups completed the study. OMJ significantly increased saliva pH (p = 0.042) and BC (p = 0.013) after 1-month use, while GC only improved saliva pH (p = 0.027). Both interventions tended to increase SSFR but only GC had a significant increase at 2 months (p = 0.015). GC and OMJ significantly decreased the number of Candida species at 1 and 2 months, respectively. Both groups tended to reduce Candida counts but not significant.
CONCLUSIONS
Both OMJ and GC saliva gels could improve saliva pH and decrease the number of Candida species. OMJ is superior to GC in its buffering capacity, while GC may better improve salivary flow rate. Long-term and large-scale study is warranted to test the efficacy of artificial saliva in oral health improvement.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
OMJ and GC gel could decrease the number of Candida species and improve saliva properties in post-radiation xerostomic patients.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03035825. Date of registration: 25th January 2017.
Topics: Candida; Gels; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Saliva; Saliva, Artificial; Xerostomia
PubMed: 32779011
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03484-1 -
International Journal of Clinical... 2022The objective of the study was to determine and compare flexural strength and microhardness of Cention N with Glass ionomer cement (GIC) (GC Gold Label Type IX Extra)...
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the study was to determine and compare flexural strength and microhardness of Cention N with Glass ionomer cement (GIC) (GC Gold Label Type IX Extra) and Zirconomer improved at a distinctive time period in artificial saliva.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cention N, GC Gold Label Type IX Extra, Zirconomer improved for the fabrication of samples. To determine the physical properties such as flexural strength and microhardness, test samples (n-30) of dimensions 12 mm (length)*4 mm (breadth)*2 mm (thickness) were made and divided into three groups. Every sample was dipped for 28 days in a plastic tube containing 5 mL of artificial saliva. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA with a test, intergroup and intragroup analyses were carried out.
RESULTS
In an intergroup analysis, flexural strength and microhardness of Cention N were substantially higher than Zirconomer improved and GIC (GC Gold Label Type IX Extra), respectively. In intragroup analysis found that there was a significant decrease ( < 0.001) in the level of flexural strength as well as microhardness after samples were immersed in artificial saliva of group A (Cention N), group B (GC Gold Label Type IX Extra), and group C (Zirconomer improved) from 1st day to 28th day in artificial saliva.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that Cention N had the highest flexural strength and microhardness of the three materials tested. Zirconomer improved can be used as a basic filling material in various restorative procedures due to good comparable mechanical properties and is economical for patients.
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
Adsul PS, Dhawan P, Tuli A, Evaluation and Comparison of Physical Properties of Cention N with Other Restorative Materials in Artificial Saliva: An Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(3):350-355.
PubMed: 35991795
DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2383 -
Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2017Saliva substitutes and/or lubricants are commonly employed to lessen dry mouth symptoms by stimulating and/or substituting for the secretion of saliva. In this study, a...
Saliva substitutes and/or lubricants are commonly employed to lessen dry mouth symptoms by stimulating and/or substituting for the secretion of saliva. In this study, a novel artificial saliva containing inorganic salts, including sodium chloride and potassium chloride, and bactericidal agents, including potassium thiocyanate and lactoperoxidase, was formulated in the form of a solution (DM-sol) or gel (DM-gel). Those in vivo therapeutic efficacies were assessed in terms of saliva secretion and anti-inflammatory activity in rats and mice, respectively. Salivary secretion was promoted by mucosal application of DM-formulations in normal rats. In particular, DM-gel resulted in 2.5- and 1.9-fold greater salivary flow rates compared to normal saline and DM-sol, respectively. In an in vivo efficacy evaluation in diabetic mice with salivary hypofunction, repeated application of DM-formulations alleviated histopathological changes in the buccal mucosa in terms of atrophy and thinning of the epithelium, compared to vehicle, after 4 weeks. Moreover, the DM-sol and DM-gel were comparably effective for relieving periodontal gingivitis, reducing infiltration of inflammatory cells, and normalizing the neutrophil level in the gingival gingiva, after 4 weeks. Therefore, the novel artificial saliva is expected to facilitate salivary secretion and restore physiological conditions in the mouth of patients with salivary hypofunction.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Female; Gingivitis; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Saliva, Artificial; Salivary Glands; Xerostomia
PubMed: 28138222
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S121254 -
Journal of Photochemistry and... Apr 2021Worldwide shortages of personal protective equipment during COVID-19 pandemic has forced the implementation of methods for decontaminating face piece respirators such as...
Worldwide shortages of personal protective equipment during COVID-19 pandemic has forced the implementation of methods for decontaminating face piece respirators such as N95 respirators. The use of UV irradiation to reduce bioburden of used respirators attracts attention, making proper testing protocols of uttermost importance. Currently artificial saliva is used but its comparison to human saliva from the UV disinfection perspective is lacking. Here we characterize UV spectra of human and artificial saliva, both fresh and after settling, to test for possible interference for UV-based disinfection. ASTM 2720 artificial saliva recipe (with either porcine or bovine mucin) showed many discrepancies from average (N = 18) human saliva, with different mucins demonstrating very different UV absorbance spectra, resulting in very different UV transmittance at different wavelength. Reducing porcine mucin concentration from 3 to 1.7 g/L brought UVA in the artificial saliva to that of average human saliva (although not for other wavelengths), allowing 254 nm disinfection experiments. Phosphate saline and modified artificial saliva were spiked with 8.6 log CFU/ml B. subtilis spores (ATCC 6633) and irradiated at dose of up to 100 mJ/cm, resulting in 5.9 log inactivation for a saline suspension, and 2.8 and 1.1 log inactivation for ASTM-no mucin and ASTM-1.7 g/L porcine mucin 2 μL dried droplets, respectively. UVC irradiation of spores dried in human saliva resulted in 2.3 and 1.5 log inactivation, depending on the size of the droplets (2 vs 10 μL, respectively) dried on a glass surface. Our results suggest that in the presence of the current standard dried artificial saliva it is unlikely that UVC can achieve 6 log inactivation of B. subtilis spores using a realistic UV dose (e.g. less than 2 J/cm) and the ATSM saliva recipe should be revised for UV decontamination studies.
Topics: Animals; Bacillus subtilis; Canada; Cattle; Decontamination; Disinfection; Female; Humans; Israel; Male; Mucins; N95 Respirators; Saliva; Specimen Handling; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spores, Bacterial; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 33714723
DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112168 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Apr 2022The persistence of Phi6 (Φ6) bacteriophage on surfaces commonly encountered in consumer-facing environments was evaluated. Φ6 has been utilized as a surrogate for...
The persistence of Phi6 (Φ6) bacteriophage on surfaces commonly encountered in consumer-facing environments was evaluated. Φ6 has been utilized as a surrogate for enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2-the causative agent of COVID-19-due to structural similarities, biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) status, and ease of use. Φ6 persistence on fomites was evaluated by characterizing the impact of the inoculum matrix (artificial saliva, phosphate-buffered saline [PBS], tripartite), inoculum level (low and high), and surface type (nonporous-aluminum, stainless steel, plastic, touchscreen, vinyl; porous-wood). Φ6 was inoculated onto surfaces at low and high inoculum levels for each inoculum matrix and incubated (20.54 ± 0.48°C) for up to 168 h. Φ6 was eluted from the surface and quantified via the double agar overlay assay to determine virus survival over time. For nonporous surfaces inoculated with artificial saliva and PBS, significantly higher values were observed with high inoculum application according to the 95% confidence intervals. In artificial saliva, values ranged from 1.00 to 1.35 h at a low inoculum and 4.44 to 7.05 h at a high inoculum across inoculation matrices and surfaces. values for Φ6, regardless of the inoculum level, were significantly higher in tripartite than in artificial saliva and PBS for nonporous surfaces. In contrast with artificial saliva or PBS, values in tripartite at low inoculum ( values ranging from 45.8 to 72.8 h) were greater than those at high inoculum ( values ranging from 26.4 to 45.5 h) on nonporous surfaces. This study characterized the impact of the inoculum matrix, inoculum level, and surface type on Φ6 survival on various surfaces relevant to fomite transmission in public settings. An important consideration in virus contact transmission is the transfer rate between hands and surfaces, which is driven by several factors, including virus persistence on inanimate surfaces. This research characterized Φ6 persistence on surfaces commonly encountered in public settings based on various factors. The inoculum matrix, which simulates the route of transmission, can impact virus persistence, and three separate matrices were evaluated in this study to determine the impact on Φ6 persistence over time. The number of microorganisms has also been suggested to impact persistence, which was evaluated here to simulate real-world contamination scenarios on six surface types. Results from this study will guide future research utilizing Φ6 or other surrogates for enveloped viruses of public health concern.
Topics: Bacteriophages; COVID-19; Fomites; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; Saliva, Artificial; Viruses
PubMed: 35285710
DOI: 10.1128/aem.02552-21 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Oct 2022Evaluate the ability of current ion-releasing materials to remineralise bacteria-driven artificial caries lesions.
OBJECTIVES
Evaluate the ability of current ion-releasing materials to remineralise bacteria-driven artificial caries lesions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Standardised class I cavities were obtained in 60 extracted human molars. Specimens underwent a microbiological cariogenic protocol (28 days) to generate artificial caries lesions and then were randomly divided into four restorative groups: adhesive + composite (negative control); glass ionomer cement (GIC); calcium silicate cement (MTA); and resin-modified calcium silicate cement (RMTA). Microhardness analysis (ΔKHN) was performed on 40 specimens (10/group, t = 30 days, 45 days, 60 days in artificial saliva, AS). Micro-CT scans were acquired (3/group, t = 0 days, 30 days, and 90 days in AS). Confocal microscopy was employed for interfacial ultra-morphology analysis (2/group, t = 0 days and 60 days in AS). Additional specimens were prepared and processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR (n = 3/group + control) to analyse the ability of the tested materials to induce apatite formation on totally demineralised dentine discs (60 days in AS). Statistical analyses were performed with a significance level of 5%.
RESULTS
Adhesive + composite specimens showed the lowest ΔKHN values and the presence of gaps at the interface when assessed through micro-CT even after storage in AS. Conversely, all the tested ion-releasing materials presented an increase in ΔKHN after storage (p < 0.05), while MTA best reduced the demineralised artificial carious lesions gap at the interface. MTA and RMTA also showed apatite deposition on totally demineralised dentine surfaces (SEM and FTIR).
CONCLUSIONS
All tested ion-releasing materials expressed mineral precipitation in demineralised dentine. Additionally, calcium silicate-based materials induced apatite precipitation and hardness recovery of artificial carious dentine lesions over time.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Current ion-releasing materials can induce remineralisation of carious dentine. MTA shows enhanced ability of nucleation/precipitation of hydroxyapatite compared to RMTA and GIC, which may be more appropriate to recover severe mineral-depleted dentine.
Topics: Humans; Apatites; Calcium Compounds; Dental Caries; Dentin; Glass Ionomer Cements; Hydroxyapatites; Materials Testing; Minerals; Resin Cements; Saliva, Artificial; Silicates
PubMed: 35670863
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04569-9 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2022This study aimed to prepare a bioactive acrylic material by adding different types of glasses. Commercially available polymerized acrylic resin was mixed with 10% of...
This study aimed to prepare a bioactive acrylic material by adding different types of glasses. Commercially available polymerized acrylic resin was mixed with 10% of four different types of glasses in the powder form and cured. Flexural strength, sorption, and solubility of the samples were tested according to ISO 20795-1:2013. The total number of samples used in the tests were 60. The materials were placed in artificial saliva of pH 4 and 7, and elution was performed for 0, 1, 28, and 42 days. The collected samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry to detect Ca, P, and Si ions and using ion chromatography to detect F ions. The materials obtained after modification with glasses showed lower compressive strength compared with pure polymethyl methacrylate but met the standard requirements. Two glass types showed higher solubility values compared with the value defined by the ISO standard. Biomin C and S53P4 released Ca, P, and Si ions, respectively, after 42 days in artificial saliva. Acrylic resins modified with 10% Biomin C and S53P4 glasses can be a valuable source of Ca and P ions under acid conditions for 28 and 42 days.
Topics: Acrylic Resins; Materials Testing; Polymethyl Methacrylate; Powders; Saliva, Artificial
PubMed: 36198737
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20840-1 -
Dental Materials Journal Jun 2020This study aimed to evaluate the effects of artificial saliva contamination on a glass ionomer cement (GIC), a resin-modified GIC (RMGIC), and a composite resin (CR)...
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of artificial saliva contamination on a glass ionomer cement (GIC), a resin-modified GIC (RMGIC), and a composite resin (CR) that was used with two different etching adhesive systems. Three surface conditions were created on bovine teeth using artificial saliva: control (group I), mild saliva contamination (group II), and severe saliva contamination (group III). The microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of CR with dentin was significantly lower in group III than in group I. However, the μTBS of GIC and RMGIC with both enamel and dentin showed no significant intergroup differences. Moreover, CR exhibited significantly greater microleakage on cementum in group III than in group I, whereas both GIC and RMGIC showed no significant differences for both enamel and cementum. Thus, GIC and RMGIC may be suitable for preventing secondary caries after class V restorative treatments when contamination by saliva cannot be avoided.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Leakage; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dentin; Glass Ionomer Cements; Materials Testing; Resin Cements; Saliva, Artificial
PubMed: 31969546
DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-032 -
Journal of Dentistry Mar 2022To prepare experimental composites with bioactive glass (BG) and investigate their release of calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO), and fluoride (F), as well as pH changes and...
OBJECTIVES
To prepare experimental composites with bioactive glass (BG) and investigate their release of calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO), and fluoride (F), as well as pH changes and apatite precipitation after immersion.
METHODS
Experimental composites were prepared with 0, 10, or 20 wt% of either BG 45S5 or a customized low-Na F-containing BG. Three commercial ion-releasing materials were used for reference. Material specimens were immersed in lactic acid (pH = 4.0) and artificial saliva (pH = 6.4). Ion concentrations (atomic absorption spectrometry for Ca, UV-vis spectrometry for PO, and ion-selective electrode for F) and pH were measured after 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 days. After immersion, composite specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
RESULTS
Material-dependent concentrations of Ca, PO, and F were measured in the lactic acid solution, while a decrease of Ca and PO concentrations was observed in artificial saliva. The uptake of ions from artificial saliva indicates their precipitation on specimen surfaces, which was supported by the results of SEM and FTIR investigations. In experimental composites functionalized with both bioactive glass types and a commercial "alkasite" material, apatite was precipitated not only in artificial saliva but also in the lactic acid solution.
CONCLUSIONS
Experimental BG-containing composites and selected commercial restorative materials demonstrated the potential for releasing multiple ion types and increasing pH.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The observed effects can be beneficial for preventing demineralization and promoting remineralization of dental hard tissues, while apatite precipitation can additionally help in sealing marginal discontinuities.
Topics: Composite Resins; Durapatite; Fluorides; Glass; Materials Testing; Saliva, Artificial
PubMed: 35026355
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.103950 -
Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.) Mar 1996Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is a common complaint that may be caused by several conditions, which include side effects of a wide variety of drugs, such as antidepressants,... (Review)
Review
Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is a common complaint that may be caused by several conditions, which include side effects of a wide variety of drugs, such as antidepressants, therapeutic radiation to the head and neck, dehydration, diabetes, and diseases involving salivary glands, such as Sjögren's syndrome. The complaint of dry mouth may or may not be associated with decreased salivary gland function. Individuals with xerostomia complain of problems with eating, speaking, swallowing, and wearing dentures. Some people also complain of salivary gland enlargement or changes in taste. Lack of saliva may predispose one to oral infections, such as candidiasis, and increase the risk of dental caries. Management of the individual patient with xerostomia includes assessment of salivary gland function, replacement therapy, and prevention of caries and oral candidiasis. Early recognition and management of xerostomia may prevent devastating dental disease and help to improve the quality of life.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Deglutition; Dehydration; Dental Caries; Dentures; Diabetes Complications; Eating; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Hypertrophy; Mouth Diseases; Radiotherapy; Saliva, Artificial; Salivary Gland Diseases; Salivary Glands; Speech; Taste Disorders; Xerostomia
PubMed: 8723427
DOI: No ID Found