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Applied Microbiology Jul 1962Numbers and kinds of microflora were determined in 160 samples of barley grown in different regions of the United States; microflora were more abundant in the grains...
Numbers and kinds of microflora were determined in 160 samples of barley grown in different regions of the United States; microflora were more abundant in the grains grown in the central states than in those grown in the western states. During steeping and germination in micromalting equipment, the number of colonies of filamentous fungi increased from two to five times, colonies of yeasts from five to ten times, and bacteria from 50 to more than 100 times the numbers present in the grain before malting. Kiln drying according to a commercial schedule reduced the number of all types of microflora below the number present before kilning, but all were present in larger numbers in the kilned malt than in the original grain. In barley stored at room temperature and at a moisture content of 15 to 18%, members of the Aspergillus glaucus group increased with increasing time and increasing moisture content, and germination percentage of the seeds decreased. Stored free of storage fungi at room temperature, barley with a moisture content just over 15% retained a high germination percentage for 5 months, but at a moisture content of 16% the germination decreased to zero.
Topics: Bacteria; Desiccation; Edible Grain; Fungi; Germination; Hordeum; Seeds
PubMed: 13893856
DOI: 10.1128/am.10.4.331-336.1962 -
Journal of Food Protection May 1977The mold flora of 385 unprocessed soybean samples was determined before and after surface disinfection of the beans with 5% NaOCl. Molds were detected in 99.4% of the...
The mold flora of 385 unprocessed soybean samples was determined before and after surface disinfection of the beans with 5% NaOCl. Molds were detected in 99.4% of the 19,250 non-disinfected soybeans examined, and in 52.8% of the 19,250 surface-disinfected soybeans examined indicating that contamination was primarily at the surface, although internal invasion also was substantial. The mold flora, both before and after surface disinfection, was dominated by species of the Aspergillus glaucus group, Asperigillus flavus , Aspergillus candidus , Penicillium cyclopium , plus species of Alternaria and Cladosporium . The toxicogenic species A. flavus , Aspergillus nidulans , Aspergillus ochaeceus , Aspergillus versicolor , Penicillium citrinum , P. cyclopium , and Pencillium viridicatum were encountered regularly in non-surface-disinfected soybeans. Except for A. flavus and P. cyclopium , the occurrence of toxicogenic species Aspergillus melleus , soybeans was sporadic. The toxicogenic species Aspergillus melleus , Pencillium expansum , and Penicillium urticae were encountered occasionally, but only in non-surface-disinfected soybeans. Penicillium chrysogenum , the penicillin-producing organism, was encountered regularly in non-surface-disinfected soybeans, but less frequently in disinfected soybeans.
PubMed: 30731630
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-40.5.309 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 2014Ribosomal proteins are highly conserved components of basal cellular organelles, primarily involved in the translation of mRNA leading to protein synthesis. However,...
Ribosomal proteins are highly conserved components of basal cellular organelles, primarily involved in the translation of mRNA leading to protein synthesis. However, certain ribosomal proteins moonlight in the development and differentiation of organisms. In this study, the ribosomal protein L44 (RPL44), associated with salt resistance, was screened from the halophilic fungus Aspergillus glaucus (AgRPL44), and its activity was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana tabacum. Sequence alignment revealed that AgRPL44 is one of the proteins of the large ribosomal subunit 60S. Expression of AgRPL44 was upregulated via treatment with salt, sorbitol, or heavy metals to demonstrate its response to osmotic stress. A homologous sequence from the model fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, MoRPL44, was cloned and compared with AgRPL44 in a yeast expression system. The results indicated that yeast cells with overexpressed AgRPL44 were more resistant to salt, drought, and heavy metals than were yeast cells expressing MoRPL44 at a similar level of stress. When AgRPL44 was introduced into M. oryzae, the transformants displayed obviously enhanced tolerance to salt and drought, indicating the potential value of AgRPL44 for genetic applications. To verify the value of its application in plants, tobacco was transformed with AgRPL44, and the results were similar. Taken together, we conclude that AgRPL44 supports abiotic stress resistance and may have value for genetic application.
Topics: Aspergillus; DNA, Fungal; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Gene Library; Osmotic Pressure; Plants, Genetically Modified; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Ribosomal Proteins; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sodium Chloride; Stress, Physiological; Nicotiana; Transcriptome
PubMed: 24814782
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00292-14 -
Allergologie Select 2024None.
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PubMed: 38756207
DOI: 10.5414/ALX02444E -
Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung. C,... 2011Annonaceae aporphine alkaloids, of which liriodenine is the most abundant, have not been extensively studied from a biological standpoint. The goal of this study was to...
Annonaceae aporphine alkaloids, of which liriodenine is the most abundant, have not been extensively studied from a biological standpoint. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of liriodenine in antimicrobial defense during early developmental stages in Annona diversifolia. The fungi Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus glaucus, which are responsible for seed deterioration, were isolated during imbibition, and their antifungal activity was determined by diffusion, macrodilution, and metabolic inhibition assays using purified liriodenine and alkaloid extracts obtained from embryos, radicles, and roots at early developmental stages. The presence of liriodenine in extracts was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Purified liriodenine and alkaloidal extracts inhibited both fungi, and there was a positive relationship between extract activity and amount of liriodenine contained therein. The quantity of liriodenine present in extracts suggests its importance in controlling other phytopathogens.
Topics: Annona; Antifungal Agents; Aporphines; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fungi; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
PubMed: 21950162
DOI: 10.1515/znc-2011-7-809 -
Journal of Food Protection Sep 1995White and yellow popcorn were stored in different containers at high temperature (35°C) and high relative humidity (85%) conditions for 3 months. Gradual decreases in...
White and yellow popcorn were stored in different containers at high temperature (35°C) and high relative humidity (85%) conditions for 3 months. Gradual decreases in popping volumes with the lengthening of storage time were observed in both white and yellow popcorn. Internal mold infection was quite low in both white (5.7%) and yellow (3.0%) popcorn at the beginning of storage tests. Few differences were found in total infection levels up to 60 days of storage, except that the Aspergillus glaucus group became established in place of field fungi. A gradual increase in mold infection levels was then observed during the remaining 30 days of storage. Visible mold growth was also observed on the tips of some kernels by the end of storage studies. Internal mold infection in white popcorn stored in an open container was lower (18.3%) than white popcorn stored in a closed plastic bag (75.0%) and closed plastic jar (85.3%), whereas the internal mold infection in yellow popcorn stored in an open container was higher (23.3%) than yellow popcorn stored in a closed plastic bag (6.3%) and closed plastic jar (2.6%). The A. glaucus group were the predominant molds found at the end of storage tests. The ability of toxigenic molds to invade the popcorn was determined using a dry spore inoculum. None of the inoculated molds, which included Aspergillus flavus , Penicillium martensii , and Penicillium viridicatum , were able to invade the popcorn during storage. However, the A. glaucus group predominated at the end of storage tests in the inoculated samples.
PubMed: 31137417
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-58.9.1018 -
Applied Microbiology Apr 1975To evaluate the potential for mycotoxin production by molds in dried beans, the mold flora of 114 samples was determined both before and after surface disinfection of...
To evaluate the potential for mycotoxin production by molds in dried beans, the mold flora of 114 samples was determined both before and after surface disinfection of the beans with 5% NaOCl. Surface disinfection substantially reduced mold incidence, indicating that contamination was mainly on the surface. The flora, both before and after disinfection, was dominated by species of the Aspergillus glaucus group, the toxicogenic species A ochracues, Penicillium cyclopium, and P. viridicatum, and species of Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. The toxicogenic species Aspergillus flavis, A. versicolor, Penicillium Citrinum, P. expansum, P. islandicum, and P. urticae were encountered less frequently. Of 209 species of Aspergillus and Penicillium screened for mycotoxin production on sterile rice substrate, 114 produced one or more of the following mycotoxins: A. flavus, aflatoxins; A. ochraceus, ochratoxins; A. nidulans, A. unguis, and A. versicolor, sterigmatocystin; P. cyclopium, penicillic acid; P. citrinum and P. viridicatum, citrinin; P. urticae, patulin and griseofulvin. Sterigmatocystin production by A. unguis is reported for the first time.
Topics: Aflatoxins; Aspergillus; Caproates; Citrinin; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Fungi; Fusarium; Griseofulvin; Mitosporic Fungi; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxins; Patulin; Penicillium; Species Specificity; Vegetables
PubMed: 1168442
DOI: 10.1128/am.29.4.522-526.1975 -
Journal of Clinical Pathology Aug 1997The microscopic examination of lesions of patients with suspected mycotic infections using slides purchased from foreign countries often showed hyphae. The slides and...
The microscopic examination of lesions of patients with suspected mycotic infections using slides purchased from foreign countries often showed hyphae. The slides and their wrappings were cultured successfully on Sabouraud dextrose-agar medium. A heavy growth of suspected aspergillus colonies was obtained. These colonies were investigated further by culturing them on both Czapek's solution agar and Malt extract agar. After macroscopic and microscopic examination the fungus was identified as Aspergillus chevalieri from the Aspergillus glaucus group.
Topics: Aspergillus; Equipment Contamination; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Microscopy; Mycoses
PubMed: 9301558
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.50.8.699 -
Applied Microbiology Dec 1968The predominant spoilage fungi of dried and high-moisture prunes were members of the Aspergillus glaucus group and Xeromyces bisporus. Chrysosporium spp. were also...
The predominant spoilage fungi of dried and high-moisture prunes were members of the Aspergillus glaucus group and Xeromyces bisporus. Chrysosporium spp. were also important. At the mean pH of prune flesh (3.8) and at 25 C, X. bisporus grew at water activities (a(w)) down to 0.605, and Chrysosporium fastidium grew to 0.686. Germination was always followed by growth, but within the 120-day incubation period, the minimum a(w) permitting asexual sporulation was usually higher than that permitting germination. Sexual sporulation often required an even higher a(w). The water requirements of aspergilli were appreciably greater at this pH than near neutrality, no species germinating below 0.738 a(w). This was probably a consequence of a high spore-death rate during incubation at low a(w) and pH.
PubMed: 16349827
DOI: 10.1128/am.16.12.1853-1858.1968 -
Journal of Food Protection Aug 1986The incidence of mycotoxins and the interrelations among ecological variables in western Canadian common and durum wheat and barley were determined using 440 railway car...
The incidence of mycotoxins and the interrelations among ecological variables in western Canadian common and durum wheat and barley were determined using 440 railway car samples collected during 1981-83. The 41 Prairie Crop Districts represented by the samples were ranked according to the incidence of fungal infection, mite infestation and other grain quality loss critera and grouped according to climatic subdivisions. Principal component analyses determined linear relationship patterns of ecological variables; ranking of the crop districts was done by Kendall's ranking approximation technique using the first (C) and second (C) principal components. Only five samples originating from Saskatchewan, Alberta and Manitoba contained ochratoxin A, with levels of 10-51 ppb. None of the samples contained aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, or penicillic acid. All samples containing ochratoxin A had established contamination of species in the Aspergillus glaucus group (10-86% infection level), and Penicillium spp. (20-80% infection level). Most of these samples had low germinability, high fat acidity levels and were infested by stored-product mites including, Acarus siro complex, Lepidoglyphus destructor (Shrank) and Tarsonemus granarius Lindquist. In wheat, the C accounted for 24% of the variability indicating that poorly germinated wheat was associated with the presence of Penicillium , Aspergillus glaucus group, Wallemia sp., and the fungivorous mites, T. granarius and A. siro . The C accounted for 10% of the variability indicating that an increase in free fatty acids was correlated with a high incidence of Aspergillus flavus and A. versicolor . Pronounced C interrelations for wheat were most common in crop districts lying in the Sub-humid Prairie, the northern part of the Dry Belt and the southern part of the Humid regions. Similar relationships for durum wheat and barley were also defined and ranked on maps.
PubMed: 30959693
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-49.8.608