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Frontiers in Immunology 2022Proallergic type 2 helper T (Th2A) cells are a subset of memory Th2 cells confined to atopic individuals, and they include all the allergen-specific Th2 cells. Recently,... (Review)
Review
Proallergic type 2 helper T (Th2A) cells are a subset of memory Th2 cells confined to atopic individuals, and they include all the allergen-specific Th2 cells. Recently, many studies have shown that Th2A cells characterized by CD3 CD4 HPGDS CRTH2 CD161 ST2 CD49d CD27 play a crucial role in allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma, and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). In this review, we summarize the discovery, biomarkers, and biological properties of Th2A cells to gain new insights into the pathogenesis of allergic diseases.
Topics: Allergens; Dermatitis, Atopic; Eosinophilic Esophagitis; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Rhinitis, Allergic
PubMed: 36003397
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.916778 -
International Journal of... Oct 2011Allergic rhinitis is a respiratory disease caused by an inflammatory process related to IgE mediated reaction versus allergens to which the subject is sensitized.... (Review)
Review
Allergic rhinitis is a respiratory disease caused by an inflammatory process related to IgE mediated reaction versus allergens to which the subject is sensitized. Allergic rhinitis is not an isolated disease because the nasal mucosa inflammation involves paranasal sinuses and lower airways, thus worsening the asthmatic symptoms. Recently, a new classification of allergic rhinitis based on the duration and severity of clinical symptoms has been proposed. This classification takes into consideration both the quality of life and the possible impact of the symptoms on school, work and free-time activities. Children's quality of life is severely compromised by frequent night awakenings, easy fatigue, defects of language and irritability, which can have a negative influence on learning abilities. Allergic rhinitis has a negative impact on the quality of life of the whole family because it can cause interference on social life, and financial costs.
Topics: Child; Environment; Humans; Quality of Life; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
PubMed: 22032783
DOI: 10.1177/03946320110240s406 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2022The prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing globally prior to COVID-19. The pandemic resulted in changes in lifestyle and personal habits such as universal...
Incidence of Asthma, Atopic Dermatitis, and Allergic Rhinitis in Korean Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
The prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing globally prior to COVID-19. The pandemic resulted in changes in lifestyle and personal habits such as universal mask-wearing and social distancing. However, there is insufficient information on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of allergic conditions such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis. We analyzed the incidence rate for self-reported and doctor-diagnosed cases of allergic diseases of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis. A total of 15,469 subjects were registered from a national cohort dataset of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we calculated the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for each disease in 2020 compared to 2019. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age and sex. There were no statistically significant differences between the incidence of doctor-diagnosed and current allergic diseases in 2019 and 2020 (asthma, = 0.667 and = 0.268; atopic dermatitis, = 0.268 and = 0.973; allergic rhinitis, = 0.691 and = 0.942, respectively), and subgroup analysis showed consistent results. Among the Korean population from 2019 to 2020, the incidence of the allergic diseases asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis did not decrease as expected.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Dermatitis, Atopic; Incidence; COVID-19; Pandemics; Nutrition Surveys; Risk Factors; Rhinitis, Allergic; Asthma; Republic of Korea; Prevalence
PubMed: 36361154
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114274 -
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports Feb 2021The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has challenged healthcare system capacities and safety for health care workers, reshaping doctor-patient interaction favoring... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has challenged healthcare system capacities and safety for health care workers, reshaping doctor-patient interaction favoring e-Health or telemedicine. The pandemic situation may make difficult to prioritize patients with allergies diseases (AD), face-to-face evaluation, and moreover concern about the possible COVID-19 diagnosis, since COVID-19 shared many symptoms in common with AD. Being COVID-19 a novel disease, everyone is susceptible; there are some advances on vaccine and specific treatment. We evaluate existing literature on allergic diseases (AD): allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergy, drug allergy, and skin allergy, and potential underlying mechanisms for any interrelationship between AD and COVID-19.
RECENT FINDINGS
There is inconclusive and controversial evidence of the association between AD and the risk of adverse clinical outcomes of COVID-19. AD patients should minimize hospital and face-to-face visits, and those who have used biologics and allergen immunotherapy should continue the treatment. It is essential to wear personal protective equipment for the protection of health care workers. Social distancing, rational use of facemasks, eye protection, and hand disinfection for health care workers and patients deserve further attention and promotion. Teleconsultation during COVID-19 times for AD patients is very encouraging and telemedicine platform can provide a reliable service in patient care.
Topics: Asthma; Biological Products; COVID-19; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatitis, Atopic; Desensitization, Immunologic; Disease Management; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Hypersensitivity; Food Hypersensitivity; Health Personnel; Humans; Infection Control; Pandemics; Personal Protective Equipment; Physical Distancing; Rhinitis, Allergic; SARS-CoV-2; Telemedicine
PubMed: 33560451
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-021-00989-x -
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North... May 2020This literature review collates and summarizes recent literature to explore the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and allergy. The relationship between... (Review)
Review
This literature review collates and summarizes recent literature to explore the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and allergy. The relationship between CRS and allergy is not fully understood. However, current evidence suggests a relationship between allergy and specific endotypes of CRS with nasal polyposis, including allergic fungal rhinosinusitis and central compartment atopic disease. Specific endotypes of CRS with nasal polyps seem to have an association with allergy. More evidence is necessary to better characterize this relationship. Level of evidence: 5.
Topics: Animals; Chronic Disease; Cytokines; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Nasal Polyps; Rhinitis; Rhinitis, Allergic; Sinusitis; Th2 Cells
PubMed: 32278445
DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.12.010 -
International Archives of Allergy and... 2018Allergic diseases are of great concern because of their high prevalence, which is still rising in several regions, their impact on patients' physical and psychological... (Review)
Review
Allergic diseases are of great concern because of their high prevalence, which is still rising in several regions, their impact on patients' physical and psychological health, the huge burden they place on patients' quality of life, as well as the socioeconomic consequences that they cause. Recent research has provided new data on both genetic and environmental risk factors of atopic/allergic diseases. The application of new technologies such as "omics" has allowed a better understanding of the pathogenesis and has helped with the identification of therapeutic targets. Immense progress has been made in developing and applying novel, targeted therapies, for example for asthma and urticaria. Intensive efforts are being made to find biomarkers that help to classify patients, to identify their potential responsiveness to specific therapies, and to monitor the disease severity. Based on recent insights in the pathogenesis of food allergy and drug hypersensitivity, novel strategies for diagnostics, allergen avoidance, and induction of tolerance have been developed. Here, we summarize important findings in the field of clinical allergy and immunology with a special focus on asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, urticaria, angioedema, and drug hypersensitivity.
Topics: Allergy and Immunology; Angioedema; Animals; Asthma; Dermatitis, Atopic; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Omalizumab; Quality of Life; Rhinitis, Allergic
PubMed: 30399611
DOI: 10.1159/000494931 -
Journal of the Chinese Medical... Mar 2015Probiotics are proprietary formulations of specific microorganisms and quantified populations of live bacteria that are intended to confer a health benefit on the host.... (Review)
Review
Probiotics are proprietary formulations of specific microorganisms and quantified populations of live bacteria that are intended to confer a health benefit on the host. These different strains and combinations of microorganisms have a wide and varying range of clinical and immunologic capacities that can modify intestinal microbial populations in ways that can benefit the host. The enhanced presence of probiotic bacteria in the intestinal microbiota has been found to correlate with protection against atopy. The prevalence of allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis has increased sharply over the past 2-3 decades in many countries, and allergies are now the most common chronic disease among children throughout the world. In the past few years, probiotics have been advocated for the management of allergic diseases in many parts of the world. So far, probiotics have shown more promise, albeit limited, in the primary prevention of allergic disease rather than in the treatment of established disease.
Topics: Asthma; Dermatitis, Atopic; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Intestines; Probiotics; Rhinitis, Allergic
PubMed: 25575754
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcma.2014.08.015 -
Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory... Feb 2012Allergic rhinitis is a global health problem that causes major illness and disability worldwide. Although nasal and nonnasal symptoms are directly attributable to... (Review)
Review
Allergic rhinitis is a global health problem that causes major illness and disability worldwide. Although nasal and nonnasal symptoms are directly attributable to inflammation in the upper respiratory tract, individuals also experience generalized symptoms that include fatigue, mood changes, depression, anxiety and impairments of work and school performance, and cognitive function. Health-related quality of life focuses on patients' perceptions of their disease and measures impairments that have a significant impact on the patient. The burden of disease, as the patient perceives it, forms the basic motivation to seek medical aid or to undergo therapy. Adherence to therapy requires changes in health, perceived by patients as relevant and outweighing eventual disadvantages of intervention. Because so many factors are involved in health-related quality of life, there are multiple ways in which it can be measured. A variety of validated and standardized questionnaires have been developed including assessments of school performance, work performance, productivity, and other parameters that quantify the impact of allergic rhinitis and its treatment on quality of life. The aim of this review is to highlight the impact of allergic rhinitis on the quality of life and to analyze the most commonly used health-related quality of life instruments.
Topics: Attitude to Health; Global Health; Humans; Inflammation; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Compliance; Quality of Life; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 22032987
DOI: 10.1177/1753465811424425 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and... 2010Among cockroaches (CR) that live in people's homes, two species, i.e., German CR (Blattella germanica) and American CR (Periplaneta americana) predominate in temperate... (Review)
Review
Among cockroaches (CR) that live in people's homes, two species, i.e., German CR (Blattella germanica) and American CR (Periplaneta americana) predominate in temperate and tropical areas, respectively. CR is an important source of inhalant indoor allergens that sensitize atopic subjects to (localized) type I hypersensitivity or atopy including allergic rhinitis and atopic asthma. In Thailand the predominant CR species is P. americana. CR allergens are found throughout CR infested houses; the number found in kitchens correlates with the degree of CR infestation while sensitization and reactivation of the allergic morbidity are likely to occur in the living room and bedroom. Levels of the CR allergens in homes of CR allergic Thais, measured by using locally made quantification test kits, revealed that the highest levels occur in dust samples collected from the wooden houses of urban slums and in the cool and dry season. CR allergens are proteins that may be derived from any anatomical part of the insect at any developmental stage. The allergens may be also from CR secretions, excretions, body washes or frass. The proteins may be the insect structural proteins, enzymes or hormones. They may exist as dimers/multimers and/or in different isoforms. Exposure to CR allergens in infancy leads to allergic morbidity later in life. Clinical symptoms of CR allergy are usually more severe and prolonged than those caused by other indoor allergens. The mechanisms of acute and chronic airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) have been addressed including specific IgE- and non-IgE-mediated mechanisms, i.e., role of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). Participation of various allergen activated-CD4+ T cells of different sublineages, i.e., Th2, Th17, Th22, Th9, Th25, Tregs/Th3 as well as invariant NKT cells, in asthma pathogenesis have been mentioned. The diagnosis of CR allergy and the allergy intervention by CR population control are also discussed.
Topics: Air Pollution, Indoor; Allergens; Animals; Asthma; Cockroaches; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Insect Proteins; Population Control; Receptor, PAR-2; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Thailand
PubMed: 21038777
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immunity and provide defensive inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. Located within the plasma... (Review)
Review
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immunity and provide defensive inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. Located within the plasma membranes of cells and also intracellular endosomes, TLRs can detect a range of pathogen associated molecular patterns from bacteria, viruses and fungi. TLR activation on dendritic cells can propagate to an adaptive immune response, making them attractive targets for the development of both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. In contrast to conventional adjuvants such as aluminium salts, TLR agonists have a clear immunomodulatory profile that favours anti-allergic T lymphocyte responses. Consequently, the potential use of TLRs as adjuvants in Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) for allergic rhinitis and asthma remains of great interest. Allergic Rhinitis is a Th2-driven, IgE-mediated disease that occurs in atopic individuals in response to exposure to otherwise harmless aeroallergens such as pollens, house dust mite and animal dander. AIT is indicated in subjects with allergic rhinitis whose symptoms are inadequately controlled by antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids. Unlike anti-allergic drugs, AIT is disease-modifying and may induce long-term disease remission through mechanisms involving upregulation of IgG and IgG4 antibodies, induction of regulatory T and B cells, and immune deviation in favour of Th1 responses that are maintained after treatment discontinuation. This process takes up to three years however, highlighting an unmet need for a more efficacious therapy with faster onset. Agonists targeting different TLRs to treat allergy are at different stages of development. Synthetic TLR4, and TLR9 agonists have progressed to clinical trials, while TLR2, TLR5 and TLR7 agonists been shown to have potent anti-allergic effects in human experiments and in animal studies. The anti-allergic properties of TLRs are broadly characterised by a combination of enhanced Th1 deviation, regulatory responses, and induction of blocking antibodies. While promising, a durable effect in larger clinical trials is yet to be observed and further long-term studies and comparative trials with conventional AIT are required before TLR adjuvants can be considered for inclusion in AIT. Here we critically evaluate experimental and clinical studies investigating TLRs and discuss their potential role in the future of AIT.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Allergens; Animals; Asthma; Desensitization, Immunologic; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Rhinitis, Allergic; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 33281825
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599083