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Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews May 2022Current knowledge on the general somatic health of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is very limited. Here, we critically review the emerging... (Review)
Review
Current knowledge on the general somatic health of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is very limited. Here, we critically review the emerging literature on the topic. Rapidly accumulating evidence indicates an association between OCD and autoimmune diseases, which is not limited to streptococcus-related conditions. Similarly, an association with metabolic and circulatory system diseases has been reported, which is at least partially independent from psychiatric comorbidities and familial confounders. Preliminary results also suggest potential links with dementia, insomnia, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, migraine, and chronic pain, but replication is warranted. The risk of death by suicide in OCD is now well established. OCD has also been associated to increased mortality due to natural causes, but more research on specific causes of death is needed. Clarification of the mechanisms behind the observed associations will be critical to inform the rational design of prevention efforts. In the meantime, while OCD symptom reduction remains a priority, clinicians should also focus on monitoring the general health and promoting healthy lifestyles of persons with OCD.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Comorbidity; Humans; Morbidity; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
PubMed: 35271916
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104602 -
Clinical and Experimental Immunology Jul 2023Adjuvants, as the name indicates, are adjoined material aimed to assist in functioning as when added to vaccines they are meant to boost the effect and strongly... (Review)
Review
Adjuvants, as the name indicates, are adjoined material aimed to assist in functioning as when added to vaccines they are meant to boost the effect and strongly stimulate the immune system. The response of the immune system can be unpredictable, and the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) was developed to address possible adverse reactions of an autoimmune and inflammatory type that may be caused by adjuvants. While ASIA, as a syndrome, was coined and defined in 2011; reports describing patients with vague and nonspecific clinical symptoms following vaccinations appeared much earlier. In other words, ASIA came to define, arrange, and unite the variety of symptoms, related to autoimmunity, caused not by the vaccine itself, rather by the adjuvant part of the vaccine such as aluminum, among others. Accordingly, the introduction of ASIA enabled better understanding, proper diagnosis, and early treatment of the disorder. Furthermore, ASIA was shown to be associated with almost all body systems and various rheumatic and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and systemic sclerosis. In addition, the correlation between COVID-19 and ASIA was noticed during the pandemic. In this review, we summarized the reported effects of adjuvants and medical literature before and after ASIA was defined, the several ways ASIA can manifest and impact different systems of the body, and the incidences of ASIA during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to clarify, that vaccines are among, if not the, most effective means of fighting infectious diseases however, we believe that vaccines manufacturing is not above criticism, particularly when it comes to added substances possessing a risk of side effects.
Topics: Humans; Pandemics; COVID-19; Autoimmune Diseases; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Vaccines
PubMed: 36881788
DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad033 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2022Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are commonly comorbid with allergic and autoimmune diseases in children. The aim of...
Associations between Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder within Families: A Population-Based Cohort Study.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are commonly comorbid with allergic and autoimmune diseases in children. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between children's and first-degree relatives' (i.e., mother, father, and full sibling) allergic and autoimmune diseases and children's ASD and ADHD. We enrolled participants from Taiwan's Maternal and Child Health Database. We used the Cox regression model to examine the associations of familial, siblings' and children's allergic and autoimmune diseases with children's ASD and/or ADHD. In total, we included 1,386,260 children in the current study. We found the significant association between familial allergic or autoimmune disease and development of ASD or ADHD among children. We also identified the predominant impact of familial aggregation on the above associations. The associations between some parental diagnoses of autoimmune or allergic diseases in children's ASD and/or ADHD were stronger in mothers than those in fathers. Early assessment of the possibility of ASD and ADHD is required for children who have a parent with an allergic or autoimmune disease.
Topics: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Autoimmune Diseases; Child; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Mothers
PubMed: 35457368
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084503 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2023Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common organ-specific autoimmune disorder clinically presented as Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD). The... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common organ-specific autoimmune disorder clinically presented as Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD). The pathogenesis of AITD is caused by an inappropriate immune response related to genetic, non-genetic, and environmental factors. Pregnancy is one of the factors that have a great influence on the function of the thyroid gland because of the increased metabolic demand and the effects of hormones related to pregnancy. During pregnancy, an adaptation of the maternal immune system occurs, especially of the innate immune system engaged in maintaining adaptive immunity in the tolerant state, preventing the rejection of the fetus. Pregnancy-related hormonal changes (estrogen, progesterone, hCG) may modulate the activity of innate immune cells, potentially worsening the course of AITD during pregnancy. This especially applies to NK cells, which are associated with exacerbation of HD and GD. On the other hand, previous thyroid disorders can affect fertility and cause adverse outcomes of pregnancy, such as placental abruption, spontaneous abortion, and premature delivery. Additionally, it can cause fetal growth retardation and may contribute to impaired neuropsychological development of the fetus. Therefore, maintaining the thyroid equilibrium in women of reproductive age and in pregnant women is of the highest importance.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Hashimoto Disease; Placenta; Thyroid Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Graves Disease; Immunity, Innate
PubMed: 37895126
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015442 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBD) are paradigms of autoantibody-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disorders that involve skin and/or mucous membranes. Compared to... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBD) are paradigms of autoantibody-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disorders that involve skin and/or mucous membranes. Compared to other autoimmune diseases, the pathogenicity of autoantibodies in AIBD is relatively well described. Pemphigus is a potentially lethal autoantibody driven autoimmune disorder with a strong HLA class II association. It is mainly characterized by IgG against the desmosomal adhesion molecules desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) and Dsg1. Several murine pemphigus models were developed subsequently, each allowing the analysis of a characteristic feature, such as pathogenic IgG or Dsg3-specific T or B cells. Thus, the models can be employed to preclinically evaluate potentially novel therapies. We here thoroughly summarize past and recent efforts in developing and utilizing pemphigus mouse models for pathomechanistic investigation and therapeutic interventions.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Pemphigus; Autoantibodies; Skin; Autoimmune Diseases; Blister; Disease Models, Animal; Immunoglobulin G
PubMed: 37180099
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169947 -
Chinese Medical Journal Dec 2017Congenital heart block (CHB) is a rare but life-threatening disorder. More than half of CHB cases are associated with maternal autoimmune, which are termed as... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Congenital heart block (CHB) is a rare but life-threatening disorder. More than half of CHB cases are associated with maternal autoimmune, which are termed as autoimmune-associated CHB. This review summarized the recent research findings in understanding autoimmune-associated CHB, discussed the current diagnostic approaches and management strategies, and summarized the problems and future directions for this disorder.
DATA SOURCES
We retrieved the articles published in English from the PubMed database up to January 2017, using the keywords including "Autoimmune-associated", "Autoimmune-mediated", and "Congenital heart block".
STUDY SELECTION
Articles about autoimmune-associated CHB were obtained and reviewed.
RESULTS
Observational studies consistently reported that transplacental maternal antibodies might recognize fetal or neonatal antigens in various tissues and result in immunological damages, but the molecular mechanisms underlying CHB pathogenesis still need illuminated. Multiple factors were involved in the process of atrioventricular block development and progression. While several susceptibility genes had been successfully defined, how these genes and their protein interact and impact each other remains to be explored. With currently available diagnostic tools, fetal ultrasound cardiography, and fetal magnetocardiography, most of CHB could be successfully diagnosed and comprehensively evaluated prenatally. The efficacy of current approaches for preventing the progression and recurrence of CHB and other autoimmune-mediated damages was still controversial.
CONCLUSIONS
This review highlighted the relationships between autoimmune injuries and CHB and strengthened the importance of perinatal management and therapy for autoimmune-associated CHB.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Heart Block; Humans; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care
PubMed: 29176145
DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.219160 -
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory... 2006Bullous skin diseases represent a group of organ-specific autoimmune disorders characterised by binding of circulating autoantibodies to adhesion molecules of the... (Review)
Review
Bullous skin diseases represent a group of organ-specific autoimmune disorders characterised by binding of circulating autoantibodies to adhesion molecules of the epidermis and the dermo-epidermal basement membrane zone. Binding of these autoantibodies to their antigenic targets results in loss of adhesion between epidermal keratinocytes and at the level of the basement membrane zone. Chronic blisters and secondary painful erosions are the clinical hallmark of autoimmune bullous disorders. Histopathology reveals the location of blister formation and helps to classify the subtype of the bullous skin disorder. Immunofluorescence is crucial for diagnosing autoimmune bullous skin disorders. Tissue-bound autoantibodies are detected by direct immunofluorescence of perilesional skin. Circulating autoantibodies can be visualised by indirect immunofluorescence using tissue substrates such as monkey oesophagus and sodium chloride-split human skin. Most of the autoantigens are available as recombinant proteins, which allows for autoantibody screening by ELISA or immunoblot analysis to confirm the primary diagnosis and, importantly, for immunoserological follow-up of patients.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous
PubMed: 16475898
DOI: 10.1515/CCLM.2006.027 -
Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis :... Jun 2023Since the description of the first case with gray platelet syndrome (GPS) in 1971, this rare inherited platelet disorder has been the focus of extensive clinical and... (Review)
Review
Since the description of the first case with gray platelet syndrome (GPS) in 1971, this rare inherited platelet disorder has been the focus of extensive clinical and basic research. These studies have not only increased our knowledge about the clinical manifestations of GPS but also deepened our understanding of the biogenesis of platelet α-granules and their pathophysiology in hemostasis and thrombosis. The discovery of the causal gene, neurobeachin-like 2, in 2011 was a milestone in hematology. Following this was the rapid diagnosis and phenotyping of many new patients and the further development of experimental models to characterize the pathophysiological relevance of neurobeachin-like 2 in hemostasis and immunity. The impact of altered protein function on cells other than platelets became apparent, including defects in the granules of neutrophils and monocytes and changes in the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of other immune cells such as T lymphocytes. Besides the previously recognized clinical manifestations of macrothrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, and early-onset bone marrow fibrosis, we now recognize that immunologic abnormalities, including autoimmune diseases and recurrent infections, affect a proportion of patients with GPS. There is a proinflammatory signature of the plasma in GPS, with quantitative alterations of multiple proteins, including many produced by the liver. This review will cover the classical features of GPS and then focus on additional clinical manifestations of immune dysregulation and cellular defects beyond platelets in patients with this rare disorder.
Topics: Humans; Megakaryocytes; Gray Platelet Syndrome; Autoimmunity; Proteomics; Blood Platelets; Autoimmune Diseases; Cytoplasmic Granules
PubMed: 37028650
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.03.032 -
Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 2012Autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD), as the most common organ‑specific autoimmune disorder, is frequently accompanied by other organ- and nonorgan‑specific autoimmune... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD), as the most common organ‑specific autoimmune disorder, is frequently accompanied by other organ- and nonorgan‑specific autoimmune diseases. Although the exact pathogenic mechanism of the coexistence of autoimmune disorders has not been clearly defined, genetic and environmental factors, immune defects, and hormonal changes, may play a key role in polyautoimmunity. The role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, HLA-B8 and -DR3, in the overlapping of autoimmune disorders was well supported by higher frequency of these haplotypes in primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS) and ATD. In addition, polymorphisms of the cytotoxic T lymphocytic antigen 4 gene have been reported to be associated with many autoimmune disorders especially those coexisting with ATD. Definite noncasual association of ATD has been clearly documented in patients with PSS, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Possible association with ATD is also considered in systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis. Many authors documented a significantly higher prevalence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in ATD patients in comparison with controls; however, the clinical significance of ANAs in this group is still unknown. The presence of other non‑organ‑specific antibodies has not been convincingly demonstrated. On the other hand, the prevalence of antithyroid antibodies as well as ATD is higher in patients with systemic connective tissue disease compared with the general population. Basedon these data, there is no evidence for the utility of ANA testing in patients with ATD, but because of the high prevalence of ATD and antithyroid autoantibodies, it is clinically important to screen patients with autoimmune rheumatic disorders for the presence of thyroid autoimmunity.
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Humans; Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System; Sjogren's Syndrome; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
PubMed: 23222800
DOI: No ID Found -
Bipolar Disorders Sep 2010Clinic-based studies of immune function, as well as comorbidity of autoimmune diseases, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, suggest a possible autoimmune etiology....
OBJECTIVE
Clinic-based studies of immune function, as well as comorbidity of autoimmune diseases, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, suggest a possible autoimmune etiology. Studies of non-affective psychosis and schizophrenia suggest common etiologies. The objective was to determine the degree to which 30 different autoimmune diseases are antecedent risk factors for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and non-affective psychosis.
METHODS
A cohort of 3.57 million births in Denmark was linked to the Psychiatric Case Register and the National Hospital Register. There were 20,317 cases of schizophrenia, 39,076 cases of non-affective psychosis, and 9,920 cases of bipolar disorder.
RESULTS
As in prior studies, there was a range of autoimmune diseases which predicted raised risk of schizophrenia in individuals who had a history of autoimmune diseases, and also raised risk in persons whose first-degree relatives had an onset of autoimmune disease prior to onset of schizophrenia in the case. These relationships also existed for the broader category of non-affective psychosis. Only pernicious anemia in the family was associated with raised risk for bipolar disorder (relative risk: 1.7), suggesting a small role for genetic linkage. A history of Guillain-Barré syndrome, Crohn's disease, and autoimmune hepatitis in the individual was associated with raised risk of bipolar disorder.
CONCLUSIONS
The familial relationship of schizophrenia to a range of autoimmune diseases extends to non-affective psychosis, but not to bipolar disorder. The data suggest that autoimmune processes precede onset of schizophrenia, but also non-affective psychosis and bipolar disorder.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Autoimmune Diseases; Bipolar Disorder; Cohort Studies; Denmark; Female; Humans; Male; Psychotic Disorders; Registries; Young Adult
PubMed: 20868462
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00853.x