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Frontiers in Immunology 2021Vitamin D is one of the most important nutrients required by the human body. It is a steroid hormone that plays an important role in regulating calcium and phosphorus... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D is one of the most important nutrients required by the human body. It is a steroid hormone that plays an important role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and bone health. Epidemiological studies have revealed a close correlation between vitamin D and many common chronic diseases. Additionally, vitamin D has recently been shown to act as an immunomodulatory hormone, and, accordingly, vitamin D deficiency was uncovered as a risk factor for autoimmune thyroid diseases, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. It is therefore necessary to disclose the role and mechanism of action of vitamin D in the occurrence and development of autoimmune thyroid diseases. This knowledge will help design intervention and early treatment strategies for patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases who present with low levels of vitamin D.
Topics: Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Receptors, Calcitriol; Risk Factors; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamins
PubMed: 33679732
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.574967 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Jun 2016Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a type of autoimmune thyroid disease with an increasing prevalence in past decades. Its diagnosisis mostly based on ultrasonography.... (Review)
Review
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a type of autoimmune thyroid disease with an increasing prevalence in past decades. Its diagnosisis mostly based on ultrasonography. Ultrasonography is a useful and essential tool to make this diagnosis based on the characteristics of the disease. In the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules, ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy is an effective method to distinguish Hashimoto's thyroiditis from other thyroid disorders. One exciting and recent advance is that non-invasive ultrasound-based methods have supplemented fine-needle aspiration to diagnose Hashimoto's thyroiditis under more complex conditions. In this review, we discuss the recent advantages of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Nodule; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 27100487
DOI: 10.2741/4437 -
Annals of Agricultural and... Dec 2021There is a growing interest in a gluten-free diet (GFD) in the management of various autoimmune diseases, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Even medical...
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
There is a growing interest in a gluten-free diet (GFD) in the management of various autoimmune diseases, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Even medical professionals claim that gluten elimination may improve a patient's treatment. Some studies suggest a relationship between gluten intake and HT development or progression. The aim of the study was to analyze and describe available knowledge regarding the effect of gluten or a gluten-free diet on thyroid autoimmunity in HT with or without celiac disease.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE
Potentially applicable records were obtained through review and analysis of the PUBMED (MEDLINE) and Google Scholar database by using the following phrases: 'hypothyroidism gluten', 'Hashimoto gluten' and 'thyroiditis gluten'. If a record focused on the subject by title and abstrakt, the full paper was screened. Authors' scientific achievements and references of eligible records were screened for possibly omitted studies. The review was focused only on human studies.
DISCUSSION
Gluten exclusion might increase the risk of HT development because of the potential nutritional deficiencies related to the low quality of gluten-free products. Gluten intake from crops grown on selenium-depleted soil increases the risk of HT development. Only a few studies suggest that GFD would be beneficial for HT patients, even without the coexistence of CD. The strongest connection between gluten intake and thyroid destruction seems to be based on a mechanism of molecular mimicry between gut and thyroid tissue transglutaminase.
CONCLUSIONS
Studies conducted so far do not support the claim that HT patients should eliminate gluten from their diet. In view of the limited number of studies, with major limitations and ambiguous results, a gluten-free diet is not recommended.
Topics: Glutens; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; Selenium
PubMed: 34969211
DOI: 10.26444/aaem/136523 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is characterized by thyroid dysfunction and deficits in the autoimmune system. Growing attention has been paid toward the field of gut... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is characterized by thyroid dysfunction and deficits in the autoimmune system. Growing attention has been paid toward the field of gut microbiota over the last few decades. Several recent studies have found that gut microbiota composition in patients with AITD has altered, but no studies have conducted systematic reviews on the association between gut microbiota and ATID.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases without language restrictions and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of eight studies, including 196 patients with AITD.
RESULTS
The meta-analysis showed that the alpha diversity and abundance of certain gut microbiota were changed in patients with AITD compared to the controls. Chao1,the index of the microflora richness, was increased in the Hashimoto's thyroiditis group compared to controls (SMD, 0.68, 95%CI: 0.16 to 1.20), while it was decreased in the Graves' disease group (SMD, -0.87, 95%CI: -1.46 to -0.28). In addition, we found that some beneficial bacteria like and were decreased in the AITD group, and harmful microbiota like was significantly increased compared with the controls. Furthermore, the percentage of relevant abundance of other commensal bacteria such as , , and was increased compared with the controls.
CONCLUSIONS
This meta-analysis indicates an association between AITD and alteration of microbiota composition at the family, genus, and species levels.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO, identifier CRD42021251557.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Graves Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Risk Factors; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
PubMed: 34867823
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.774362 -
Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Jan 2018Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is one of the most common causes of noninfectious encephalitis. It can be triggered by tumors, infections, or it may be cryptogenic. The... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is one of the most common causes of noninfectious encephalitis. It can be triggered by tumors, infections, or it may be cryptogenic. The neurological manifestations can be either acute or subacute and usually develop within six weeks. There are a variety of clinical manifestations including behavioral and psychiatric symptoms, autonomic disturbances, movement disorders, and seizures. We reviewed common forms of AIE and discuss their diagnostic approach and treatment.
Topics: Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis; Diagnosis, Differential; Encephalitis; Female; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Immunotherapy; Male
PubMed: 29364393
DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X20170176 -
Genes Feb 2021Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD), are the most common cause of acquired thyroid disorder during... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD), are the most common cause of acquired thyroid disorder during childhood and adolescence. Our purpose was to assess the main features of AITDs when they occur in association with genetic syndromes. We conducted a systematic review of the literature, covering the last 20 years, through MEDLINE via PubMed and EMBASE databases, in order to identify studies focused on the relation between AITDs and genetic syndromes in children and adolescents. From the 1654 references initially identified, 90 articles were selected for our final evaluation. Turner syndrome, Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome and 18q deletion syndrome were evaluated. Our analysis confirmed that AITDs show peculiar phenotypic patterns when they occur in association with some genetic disorders, especially chromosomopathies. To improve clinical practice and healthcare in children and adolescents with genetic syndromes, an accurate screening and monitoring of thyroid function and autoimmunity should be performed. Furthermore, maintaining adequate thyroid hormone levels is important to avoid aggravating growth and cognitive deficits that are not infrequently present in the syndromes analyzed.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Graves Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Pediatrics; Thyroid Gland
PubMed: 33557156
DOI: 10.3390/genes12020222 -
European Review For Medical and... 2014Recent epidemiological studies recognized a steady increase in the incidence of different autoimmune endocrine disorders, including autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD).... (Review)
Review
Recent epidemiological studies recognized a steady increase in the incidence of different autoimmune endocrine disorders, including autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). The etiology of AITD is multifactorial and involves genetic and environmental factors and apparently with a strong preponderance in females. There are mainly two types of AITD, Graves' disease and Hashimoto's disease and both of these show strong association in age groups above 45-50 years. Among environmental factors smoking and alcohol have significant effects, both protective as well as for aggravating the disease, even though the precise nature of these effects are not clearly known. There are elevated levels of circulating antibodies against the thyroid proteins, mainly thyroid oxidase, thyroglobulin and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, in patients with Graves' disease or Hashimoto's disease. Linkage and association studies in AITD identified several major genes that are relevant for the onset of AITD, including the thyroid-specific genes, thyroglobulin and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and also many immune-regulatory genes. In this review we addressed many aspects of AITD including disease mechanisms, involved thyroid antigens, environmental factors and genetic factors.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Graves Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Male; Receptors, Thyrotropin; Thyroglobulin; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
PubMed: 25535130
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are chronic autoimmune disorders that cause impaired immunoregulation, leading to specific immune responses against thyroid antigens.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are chronic autoimmune disorders that cause impaired immunoregulation, leading to specific immune responses against thyroid antigens. Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) are the major forms of AITDs. Increasing evidence suggests a possible role of microbiota alterations in the pathogenesis and progression of AITDs. This systematic review was designed to address the following question: "Is microbiota altered in patients with AITDs?" After screening the selected studies using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 studies were included in this review (in accordance with PRISMA statement guidelines). A meta-analysis revealed that patients with HT showed significantly higher values of diversity indices (except for the Simpson index) and that patients with GD showed significant tendencies toward lower values of all assessed indices compared with healthy subjects. However, the latter demonstrated a higher relative abundance of and at the phylum level and thus and at the genus level, respectively. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies showed the most significant positive and negative correlations between bacterial levels and thyroid functional parameters. In conclusion, significant alterations in the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota were observed in both GD and HT patients.
Topics: Humans; Hashimoto Disease; Graves Disease; Autoimmune Diseases; Microbiota
PubMed: 36362236
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113450 -
Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.) Oct 2017Since the 1970s, the role of infectious diseases in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD) has been an object of intensive research. The last decade has witnessed many... (Review)
Review
Since the 1970s, the role of infectious diseases in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD) has been an object of intensive research. The last decade has witnessed many studies on Yersinia enterocolitica, Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial organisms and their potential impact on GD. Retrospective, prospective and molecular binding studies have been performed with contrary outcomes. Until now it is not clear whether bacterial infections can trigger autoimmune thyroid disease. Common risk factors for GD (gender, smoking, stress, and pregnancy) reveal profound changes in the bacterial communities of the gut compared to that of healthy controls but a pathogenetic link between GD and dysbiosis has not yet been fully elucidated. Conventional bacterial culture, in vitro models, next generation and high-throughput DNA sequencing are applicable methods to assess the impact of bacteria in disease onset and development. Further studies on the involvement of bacteria in GD are needed and may contribute to the understanding of pathogenetic processes. This review will examine available evidence on the subject.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Autoimmunity; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Graves Disease; Hashimoto Disease; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Microbiota; T-Lymphocytes; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
PubMed: 28689782
DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.001 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2009The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on Hashimoto's thyroiditis and its pathogenesis and to introduce the readers to the basic concept of... (Review)
Review
The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on Hashimoto's thyroiditis and its pathogenesis and to introduce the readers to the basic concept of autoimmune thyroid disease. Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease are different expressions of a basically similar autoimmune process, and the clinical appearance reflects the spectrum of the immune response in a particular patient. During this response, cytotoxic autoantibodies, stimulatory autoantibodies, blocking autoantibodies, or cell-mediated autoimmunity may be observed. Persons with classic Hashimoto's thyroiditis have serum antibodies reacting with thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. These antibodies (particularly antibodies against thyroid peroxidase) are complement-fixing immunoglobulins and may be cytotoxic. In addition, many patients have cell-mediated immunity directed against thyroid antigens. Cell mediated-immunity is also a feature of experimental thyroiditis induced in animals by injection of thyroid antigen with adjuvants. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is predominantly the clinical expression of cell-mediated immunity leading to destruction of thyroid cells, which in its severest form causes thyroid failure. The significance of genetic component and nongenetic risk factors (pregnancy, drugs, age, sex, infection, and irradiation) in the development of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is also reviewed. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the genetic component is important in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, although the pattern of inheritance is non-Mendelian and is likely to be influenced by subtle variations in the functions of multiple genes. Nongenetic risk factors (environmental factors) are also etiologically important, because the concordance rate in monozygotic twins is below 1.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Antibodies; Autoantibodies; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Male; Mice; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Rats; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; T-Lymphocytes; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic; Thyroglobulin; Thyroid Gland
PubMed: 19667753
DOI: No ID Found