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Frontiers in Immunology 2021Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is the most common autoimmune disease worldwide, characterized by chronic inflammation and circulating autoantibodies against thyroid...
Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is the most common autoimmune disease worldwide, characterized by chronic inflammation and circulating autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin. Patients require hormone replacement with oral levothyroxine, and if untreated, they can develop serious adverse health effects and ultimately death. There is a lot of evidence that the intestinal dysbiosis, bacterial overgrowth, and increased intestinal permeability favor the HT development, and a thyroid-gut axis has been proposed, which seems to impact our entire metabolism. Here, we evaluated alterations in the gut microbiota in Brazilian patients with HT and correlated this data with dietary habits, clinical data, and systemic cytokines and zonulin concentrations. Stool samples from 40 patients with HT and 53 controls were analyzed using real-time PCR, the serum cytokine levels were evaluated by flow cytometry, zonulin concentrations by ELISA, and the dietary habits were recorded by a food frequency questionnaire. We observed a significant increase ( < 0.05) in the species and a decrease in in samples of patients with HT. In addition, species were higher in patients without thyroid hormone replacement, compared with those who use oral levothyroxine. Regarding dietary habits, we demonstrated that there are significant differences in the consumption of vegetables, fruits, animal-derived proteins, dairy products, saturated fats, and carbohydrates between patients and control group, and an inverse correlation between animal-derived protein and genus was detected. The microbiota modulation by diet directly influences the inflammatory profile due to the generated microbiota metabolites and their direct or indirect action on immune cells in the gut mucosa. Although there are no differences in systemic cytokines in our patients with HT, we detected increased zonulin concentrations, suggesting a leaky gut in patients with HT. These findings could help understand the development and progression of HT, while further investigations to clarify the underlying mechanisms of the diet-microbiota-immune system axis are still needed.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Cytokines; Dysbiosis; Feces; Feeding Behavior; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Haptoglobins; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Intestines; Male; Middle Aged; Permeability; Protein Precursors; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 33746942
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.579140 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Mar 2023Breakdown of self-tolerance to thyroid antigens (thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin and the thyrotropin-receptor) is the driver of thyroid autoimmunity. It has been... (Review)
Review
Breakdown of self-tolerance to thyroid antigens (thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin and the thyrotropin-receptor) is the driver of thyroid autoimmunity. It has been suggested that infectious disease might trigger autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Involvement of the thyroid has been reported during severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, in the form of subacute thyroiditis in subjects with mild coronavirus disease 19 disease (COVID-19) and of painless, destructive thyroiditis in hospitalized patients with severe infection. In addition, cases of AITD, both Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), have been reported in association with (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this review, we focus on the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and occurrence of AITD. Nine cases of GD strictly related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and only three cases of HT associated to COVID-19 infection have been reported. No study has demonstrated a role of AITD as a risk factor for a poor prognosis of COVID-19 infection.
Topics: Humans; Autoimmunity; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Hashimoto Disease; Autoimmune Diseases; Graves Disease
PubMed: 36813660
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101742 -
European Review For Medical and... Jun 2017Clinical evidence suggests that oral supplementation with myo-inositol (MI) and selenium (Se) is useful in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis. The purpose of this... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
Clinical evidence suggests that oral supplementation with myo-inositol (MI) and selenium (Se) is useful in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis. The purpose of this study was to highlight the positive response of Hashimoto's patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) treated with MI and Se (MI-Se) in restoring a normal thyroid function.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A total of 168 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) having Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels between 3 and 6 µIU/ml were randomized into 2 groups: one receiving MI-Se and the other one Se alone.
RESULTS
TSH, anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) and anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb) levels were significantly decreased in patients treated with combined MI-Se after six months of treatment. Also, a significant free serum T4 increase was observed in MI-Se group, along with an amelioration of patients' quality of life.
CONCLUSIONS
The administration of MI-Se is significantly effective in decreasing TSH, TPOAb and TgAb levels, as well as in enhancing thyroid hormones and personal wellbeing. Such treatment restored euthyroidism in patients diagnosed with autoimmune thyroiditis.
Topics: Adult; Autoantibodies; Autoantigens; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Inositol; Iodide Peroxidase; Iron-Binding Proteins; Male; Prodromal Symptoms; Quality of Life; Selenium; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Young Adult
PubMed: 28724185
DOI: No ID Found -
Revue Medicale de Liege May 2022A thyroiditis is an inflammatory disease of the thyroid whether autoimmune, infectious or drug-induced. Autoimmune thyroid diseases (including Hashimoto's thyroiditis...
A thyroiditis is an inflammatory disease of the thyroid whether autoimmune, infectious or drug-induced. Autoimmune thyroid diseases (including Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease) are the most frequent of all autoimmune pathologies. The clinical presentation and history are often revealing of the pathology and its etiology. Complementary examinations allow to confirm the diagnosis and to follow the evolution of the disease. Sometimes the disease could have a mixed presentation associating two different causes (like a mixed autoimmunity for Graves and Hashimoto diseases). In these cases, the treatment options are not always straightforward and may need to be adapted with the clinical evolution.
Topics: Graves Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Thyroiditis
PubMed: 35657195
DOI: No ID Found -
Nutrients Jul 2023Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune disease affecting the thyroid gland, characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, damage to thyroid cells, and... (Review)
Review
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune disease affecting the thyroid gland, characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, damage to thyroid cells, and hypothyroidism, and often requires lifetime treatment with levothyroxine. The disease has a complex etiology, with genetic and environmental factors contributing to its development. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to a higher prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in certain populations, including children, adolescents, and obese individuals. Moreover, vitamin D supplementation has shown promise in reducing antithyroid antibody levels, improving thyroid function, and improving other markers of autoimmunity, such as cytokines, e.g., IP10, TNF-α, and IL-10, and the ratio of T-cell subsets, such as Th17 and Tr1. Studies suggest that by impacting various immunological mechanisms, vitamin D may help control autoimmunity and improve thyroid function and, potentially, clinical outcomes of HT patients. The article discusses the potential impact of vitamin D on various immune pathways in HT. Overall, current evidence supports the potential role of vitamin D in the prevention and management of HT, although further studies are needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic benefits.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adolescent; Vitamin D; Hashimoto Disease; Autoimmunity; Thyroxine; Vitamins
PubMed: 37513592
DOI: 10.3390/nu15143174 -
Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2023Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is a common autoimmune disease that causes thyroid dysfunction. Clinical symptoms in Hashimoto thyroiditis patients were improved after oral...
BACKGROUND
Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is a common autoimmune disease that causes thyroid dysfunction. Clinical symptoms in Hashimoto thyroiditis patients were improved after oral administration of dioscin. However, the mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effect remain unclear.
METHODS
The protective effects and potential mechanisms of dioscin for autoimmune thyroiditis were explored in a rat model of thyroglobulin-induced autoimmune thyroiditis. Firstly, the rat model of AIT was obtained by subcutaneous injection of thyroglobulin and drinking the sodium iodide solution, followed by gavage administration for 8 weeks. Rats were sacrificed after anaesthesia, serum and thyroid samples were preserved. Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyrotropin (TSH), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) expressions were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Morphological changes were observed by H&E staining. Next, we used transcriptomics techniques to find the potential therapeutic target of dioscin. Finally, we validated the transcriptomic results by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC-P), respectively.
RESULTS
Animal experiments showed that dioscin regulated T3, T4, FT3, TSH, TgAb, TPOAb, and TRAb and alleviated the pathological process in a dose-dependent manner, with the high-dose group showing optimal efficacy. In the transcriptome, the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway was identified by KEGG enrichment analysis and validated by RT-PCR and IHC-P. The relative expression of NF-κB, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA and protein were decreased in the dioscin-treated group compared to the AIT model group.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that dioscin treatment improved thyroid function and downregulated TGAb, TPOAb and TRAb levels in rat models of AIT, which may alleviate the pathological process and suppress the inflammatory response by inhibiting mTOR and TLR4/NF-κB pathways.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Autoantibodies; Hashimoto Disease; NF-kappa B; Thyroglobulin; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Toll-Like Receptor 4; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Triiodothyronine
PubMed: 37551407
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S410901 -
European Thyroid Journal Oct 2023A vicious cycle between circadian disruption and escalating immune responses has been described in diverse inflammatory disease. The current study aimed to explore the...
OBJECTIVE
A vicious cycle between circadian disruption and escalating immune responses has been described in diverse inflammatory disease. The current study aimed to explore the role of circadian clock disruption in autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT).
METHODS
Thirty AIT patients and 30 controls were enrolled and biopsied for thyroid tissues. Alterations of core clock genes expression in AIT thyroid tissues, and its association with serum and tissue inflammatory biomarkers were assessed. For animal studies, C57BL/6J mice administered with porcine thyroglobulin or PBS (as control) combined with adjuvants were sacrificed at four time points to investigate the circadian characteristic of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT). Light shift (LS) conditions were used to explore the influence of external circadian disturbance on EAT.
RESULTS
The expression of clock genes BMAL1 and PER2 was significantly reduced in thyroid tissues from AIT patients and was negatively correlated to levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies. In mouse models, diurnal fluctuations of proinflammatory cytokines were demonstrated, and further exposing mice to LS led to overproduction of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. Circadian analysis revealed significant oscillations of Bmal1, Clock, Per2, Cry1, Ror, and Rev-erb, which was broadly disturbed in EAT, LS, and EAT + LS groups.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that expression pattern of clock genes was disrupted in AIT thyroid, and chronic circadian disruption may aggravate the inflammatory responses in AIT. Whether maintaining a regular circadian rhythm can alleviate autoimmune thyroid diseases warrants further research.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Swine; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Circadian Clocks; ARNTL Transcription Factors; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Hashimoto Disease
PubMed: 37548297
DOI: 10.1530/ETJ-23-0035 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Mar 2023Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) are prevalent autoimmune disorders, representing opposite ends of the clinical spectrum of autoimmune thyroid... (Review)
Review
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) are prevalent autoimmune disorders, representing opposite ends of the clinical spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). The pathogenesis involves a complex interplay between environment and genes. Specific susceptibility genes have been discovered that predispose to AITD, including thyroid-specific and immune-regulatory genes. Growing evidence has revealed that genetic and epigenetic variants can alter autoantigen presentation during the development of immune tolerance, can enhance self-peptide binding to MHC (major histocompatibility complex), and can amplify stimulation of T- and B-cells. These gene-driven mechanistic discoveries lay the groundwork for novel treatment targets. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of key AITD susceptibility genes (Tg, TSHR, HLA-DR3, and CD40) and their translational therapeutic potential.
Topics: Humans; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Autoimmune Diseases; Graves Disease; Epigenesis, Genetic; Thyroid Diseases
PubMed: 35459628
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2022.101661 -
Hormone and Metabolic Research =... Dec 2023The human microbiome plays an integral role in health. In particular, it is important for the development, differentiation, and maturation of the immune system, 70% of... (Review)
Review
The human microbiome plays an integral role in health. In particular, it is important for the development, differentiation, and maturation of the immune system, 70% of which resides in the intestinal mucosa. Microbiome studies conducted to date have revealed an association between disturbances in the microbiota (dysbiosis) and various pathological disorders, including changes in host immune status. Autoimmune thyroid diseases are one of the most common organ-specific autoimmune disorders, with a worldwide prevalence higher than 5%. The predominant autoimmune thyroid diseases are Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Grave's disease. Several factors, such as genetic and environmental ones, have been studied. In accordance with recent studies, it is assumed that the gut microbiome might play a significant role in triggering autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland. However, the exact etiology has not yet been elucidated. The present review aims to describe the work carried out so far regarding the role of gut microflora in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases and its involvement in the appearance of benign nodules and papillary thyroid cancer. It appears that future work is needed to elucidate more precisely the mechanism for gut microbiota involvement in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Thyroid Diseases; Hashimoto Disease; Autoimmune Diseases; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 37820693
DOI: 10.1055/a-2190-3847 -
Revista de Neurologia Jun 2018Autoimmune encephalitis are a new category of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system mediated by antibodies that attack neurotransmitter or protein...
Autoimmune encephalitis are a new category of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system mediated by antibodies that attack neurotransmitter or protein receptors on the surface of neurons. The clinical syndromes are complex and are associated with manifestations that vary according to the type of antibody that is associated. The autoimmune response can start due to the presence of a tumour or viral infection, but in many case the cause remains unknown. In paediatrics, the most frequent autoimmune encephalitis is that associated with NMDA glutamate receptor antibodies (or anti-NMDA encephalitis). In children and teenagers, the initial symptoms are usually different from those of adults and the disease is rarely associated with tumours. In this article, in addition to anti-NMDA encephalitis, the general aspects of autoimmune encephalitis are reviewed and the most common questions asked about treatment of these diseases are addressed.
Topics: Encephalitis; Hashimoto Disease; Humans
PubMed: 29876905
DOI: No ID Found