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Clinical Autonomic Research : Official... Apr 2019Complex and bidirectional interactions between the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and autonomic nervous system have been well established for cardiovascular regulation... (Review)
Review
Complex and bidirectional interactions between the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and autonomic nervous system have been well established for cardiovascular regulation under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Most research to date has focused on deleterious effects of components of the vasoconstrictor arm of the RAS on cardiovascular autonomic control, such as renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. The recent discovery of prorenin and the prorenin receptor have further increased our understanding of RAS interactions in autonomic brain regions. Therapies targeting these RAS components, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, are commonly used for treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, with blood pressure-lowering effects attributed in part to sympathetic inhibition and parasympathetic facilitation. In addition, a vasodilatory arm of the RAS has emerged that includes angiotensin-(1-7), ACE2, and alamandine, and promotes beneficial effects on blood pressure in part by reducing sympathetic activity and improving arterial baroreceptor reflex function in animal models. The role of the vasodilatory arm of the RAS in cardiovascular autonomic regulation in clinical populations, however, has yet to be determined. This review will summarize recent developments in autonomic mechanisms involved in the effects of the RAS on cardiovascular regulation, with a focus on newly discovered pathways and therapeutic targets for this hormone system.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cardiovascular System; Humans; Renin-Angiotensin System
PubMed: 30413906
DOI: 10.1007/s10286-018-0572-5 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2018Our body not only responds to environmental changes but also anticipates them. The light and dark cycle with the period of about 24 h is a recurring environmental change... (Review)
Review
Our body not only responds to environmental changes but also anticipates them. The light and dark cycle with the period of about 24 h is a recurring environmental change that determines the diurnal variation in food availability and safety from predators in nature. As a result, the circadian clock is evolved in most animals to align locomotor behaviors and energy metabolism with the light cue. The central circadian clock in mammals is located at the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus in the brain. We here review the molecular and anatomic architecture of the central circadian clock in mammals, describe the experimental and observational evidence that suggests a critical role of the central circadian clock in shaping systemic energy metabolism, and discuss the involvement of endocrine factors, neuropeptides, and the autonomic nervous system in the metabolic functions of the central circadian clock.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Circadian Clocks; Circadian Rhythm; Endocrine System; Energy Metabolism; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
PubMed: 30390286
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_5 -
Journal of the American College of... May 1985Digitalis produces many of its effects in intact animals and human beings by modifying the properties of the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic limb of the... (Review)
Review
Digitalis produces many of its effects in intact animals and human beings by modifying the properties of the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic limb of the autonomic nervous system is most sensitive to these effects of digitalis, and its properties are significantly altered with therapeutic concentrations of the drug. These actions are particularly important in mediating the electrophysiologic effects of digitalis. With toxic concentrations of digitalis, stimulation of sympathetic nerve activity may also occur. This latter action may be involved in the arrhythmogenic effects of digitalis. These effects of digitalis on the autonomic nervous system play a major role in determining the pharmacodynamic actions of the drug in patients. The effects of digitalis on the autonomic nervous system also provide a setting for important interactions with other drugs that modify the properties of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Autonomic Nervous System; Calcium Channel Blockers; Digitalis Glycosides; Drug Interactions; Efferent Pathways; Electrophysiology; Heart; Humans; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardium; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Pressoreceptors; Receptors, Drug; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Sympathetic Nervous System; Sympatholytics
PubMed: 3886751
DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(85)80461-7 -
Seminars in Pediatric Neurology Dec 2018The objective of this article is to understand the complex role of the central autonomic nervous system in normal and complicated fetal-neonatal transition and how... (Review)
Review
The objective of this article is to understand the complex role of the central autonomic nervous system in normal and complicated fetal-neonatal transition and how autonomic nervous system dysfunction can lead to brain injury. The central autonomic nervous system supports coordinated fetal transitional cardiovascular, respiratory, and endocrine responses to provide safe transition of the fetus at delivery. Fetal and maternal medical and environmental exposures can disrupt normal maturation of the autonomic nervous system in utero, cause dysfunction, and complicate fetal-neonatal transition. Brain injury may both be caused by autonomic nervous system failure and contribute directly to autonomic nervous system dysfunction in the fetus and newborn. The central autonomic nervous system has multiple roles in supporting transition of the fetus. Future studies should aim to improve real-time monitoring of fetal autonomic nervous system function and in supporting typical autonomic nervous system development even under complicated conditions.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Central Nervous System; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases
PubMed: 30522725
DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2018.05.004 -
Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic &... Dec 2016Mice may now be the preferred animal model for biomedical research due to its anatomical, physiological, and genetic similarity to humans. However, little is known about...
Mice may now be the preferred animal model for biomedical research due to its anatomical, physiological, and genetic similarity to humans. However, little is known about accentuated antagonism of chronotropic and dromotropic properties in conscious mice. Accordingly, we describe the complex and interacting influence of the autonomic nervous system on cardiac electrophysiology in conscious mice. Specifically, we report the effects of single and combined cardiac autonomic blockade on measurements of pulse interval (heart rate), atrio-ventricular interval, sinus node recovery time (SNRT), SNRT corrected for spontaneous sinus cycle, and Wenckebach cycle length in conscious mice free of the confounding influences of anesthetics and surgical trauma. Autonomic influences were quantified as the change in parameter induced by its selective blocker (Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Effect) or as the difference between the intrinsic value and the value after a selective blocker (Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Tonus). Sympatho-Vagal Balance (SVB) was assessed as the ratio of control interval to intrinsic interval. SVB suggests slight parasympathetic dominance in the control of cardiac electrophysiology intervals. Furthermore, results documents a complex interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system in the control of cardiac electrophysiology parameters. Specifically, the parasympathetic effect was greater than the parasympathetic tonus in the control of cardiac electrophysiology parameters. In contrast, the sympathetic effect was smaller than the sympathetic tonus in the control of cardiac electrophysiology parameters. Results have important implications because actions of pharmacological agents that alter the autonomic control of cardiac electrophysiology are transformed by these interacting mechanisms.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; Heart; Heart Rate; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscarinic Antagonists; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Telemetry
PubMed: 27594686
DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.017 -
Experimental & Molecular Medicine Apr 2022Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) communicate with peripheral organs largely via the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Through such communications, the... (Review)
Review
Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) communicate with peripheral organs largely via the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Through such communications, the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent divisions of the ANS may affect thermogenesis and blood glucose levels. In contrast, peripheral organs send feedback to the CNS via hormones and autonomic afferent nerves. These humoral and neural feedbacks, as well as neural commands from higher brain centers directly or indirectly shape the metabolic function of autonomic neurons. Notably, recent developments in mouse genetics have enabled more detailed studies of ANS neurons and circuits, which have helped elucidate autonomic control of metabolism. Here, we will summarize the functional organization of the ANS and discuss recent updates on the roles of neural and humoral factors in the regulation of energy balance and glucose homeostasis by the ANS.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Pathways; Central Nervous System; Glucose; Homeostasis; Mice
PubMed: 35474336
DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00705-9 -
Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic &... Dec 2017In this review we describe a series of major concepts introduced during the past 150years that have contributed to our current understanding about how physiological... (Review)
Review
In this review we describe a series of major concepts introduced during the past 150years that have contributed to our current understanding about how physiological processes required for well-being and survival are regulated. One can theorize that hierarchical networks involving input-output relationships continuously orchestrate and learn adaptive patterns of observable behaviors, cognition, memory, mood, and autonomic systems. Taken together, these networks function as "good regulators" determining levels of internal variables and act as if there were homeostatic comparators ("homeostats"). The consequences of models with vs. without homeostats remain the same in terms of allostatic load and the eventual switch from stabilizing negative feedback loops to destabilizing, pathogenic positive feedback loops. Understanding this switch seems important for comprehending senescence-related, neurodegenerative disorders that involve the autonomic nervous system. Our general proposal is that disintegration of homeostatic systems causes disorders of regulation in degenerative diseases and that medical cybernetics can inspire and rationalize new approaches to treatment and prevention.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Cybernetics; Homeostasis; Humans
PubMed: 28918243
DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.09.001 -
The Journal of Manual & Manipulative... Dec 2023Cervical spine mobilizations may differentially modulate both components of the stress response, consisting of the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic pituitary... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Cervical spine mobilizations may differentially modulate both components of the stress response, consisting of the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal-axis, depending on whether the target location is the upper or lower cervical spine. To date, no study has investigated this.
METHODS
A randomized, crossover trial investigated the effects of upper versus lower cervical mobilization on both components of the stress response simultaneously. The primary outcome was salivary cortisol (sCOR) concentration. The secondary outcome was heart rate variability measured with a smartphone application. Twenty healthy males, aged 21-35, were included. Participants were randomly assigned to block-AB (upper then lower cervical mobilization, = 10) or block-BA (lower than upper cervical mobilization, = 10), separated by a one-week washout period. All interventions were performed in the same room (University clinic) under controlled conditions. Statistical analyses were performed with a Friedman's Two-Way ANOVA and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.
RESULTS
Within groups, sCOR concentration reduced thirty-minutes following lower cervical mobilization ( = 0.049). Between groups, sCOR concentration was different at thirty-minutes following the intervention ( = 0.018).
CONCLUSION
There was a statistically significant reduction in sCOR concentration following lower cervical spine mobilization, and between-group difference, 30 min following the intervention. This indicates that mobilizations applied to separate target locations within the cervical spine can differentially modulate the stress response.
Topics: Humans; Male; Adult; Cross-Over Studies; Neck; Cervical Vertebrae; Manipulation, Spinal; Autonomic Nervous System; Hydrocortisone
PubMed: 36794952
DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2023.2177071 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Sep 2018Bones provide both skeletal scaffolding and space for hematopoiesis in its marrow. Previous work has shown that these functions were tightly regulated by the nervous... (Review)
Review
Bones provide both skeletal scaffolding and space for hematopoiesis in its marrow. Previous work has shown that these functions were tightly regulated by the nervous system. The central and peripheral nervous systems tightly regulate compact bone remodeling, its metabolism, and hematopoietic homeostasis in the bone marrow (BM). Accumulating evidence indicates that the nervous system, which fine-tunes inflammatory responses and alterations in neural functions, may regulate autoimmune diseases. Neural signals also influence the progression of hematological malignancies such as acute and chronic myeloid leukemias. Here, we review the interplay of the nervous system with bone, BM, and immunity, and discuss future challenges to target hematological diseases through modulation of activity of the nervous system.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Bone Marrow; Bone Remodeling; Bone and Bones; Hematologic Neoplasms; Hematopoiesis; Homeostasis; Humans
PubMed: 29500307
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031344 -
Current Cardiology Reports Mar 2019This review aims to describe the latest advances in autonomic neuromodulation approaches to treating cardiac arrhythmias, with a focus on ventricular arrhythmias. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review aims to describe the latest advances in autonomic neuromodulation approaches to treating cardiac arrhythmias, with a focus on ventricular arrhythmias.
RECENT FINDINGS
The increasing understanding of neuronal remodeling in cardiac diseases has led to the development and improvement of novel neuromodulation therapies targeting multiple levels of the autonomic nervous system. Thoracic epidural anesthesia, spinal cord stimulation, stellate ganglion modulatory therapies, vagal stimulation, renal denervation, and interventions on the intracardiac nervous system have all been studied in preclinical models, with encouraging preliminary clinical data. The autonomic nervous system regulates all the electrical processes of the heart and plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias. Despite recent advances in the clinical application of cardiac neuromodulation, our comprehension of the anatomy and function of the cardiac autonomic nervous system is still limited. Hopefully in the near future, more preclinical data combined with larger clinical trials will lead to further improvements in neuromodulatory treatment for heart rhythm disorders.
Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Autonomic Denervation; Autonomic Nervous System; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Kidney
PubMed: 30887264
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-019-1120-1