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Chang Gung Medical Journal Nov 2005Influenza is an old disease but remains vital nowadays. Three types of influenza viruses, namely A, B, C, have been identified; among them influenza A virus has pandemic... (Review)
Review
Influenza is an old disease but remains vital nowadays. Three types of influenza viruses, namely A, B, C, have been identified; among them influenza A virus has pandemic potential. The first outbreak of human illness due to avian influenza virus (H5N1) occurred in 1997 in Hong Kong with a mortality of 30%. The most recent outbreak of the avian influenza epidemic has been going on in Asian countries since 2003. As of March 2005, 44 incidental human infections and 32 deaths have been documented. Human influenza viruses differ with other avian influenza viruses on the choice of cellular receptors. Avian influenza viruses bind to cell-surface glycoproteins or glycolipids containing terminal sialyl-galactosyl residues linked by 2-3-linkage [Neu5Ac(alpha2-3)Gal], whereas human viruses, including the earliest available isolates from the 1957 and 1968 pandemics, bind to receptors that contain terminal 2-6-linked sialyl-galactosyl moieties [Neu5Ac(alpha2-6)Gal]. Recent evidence suggests that human bronchial ciliated epithelial cells contain Neu5Ac(alpha2-3)Gal and can be infected with avian influenza viruses. Nevertheless, avian influenza viruses can not infect non-ciliated bronchial epithelial cells. Hence, adaptation of the avian influenza virus to nonciliated cells is a prerequisite for a pandemic virus to emerge. Biological behaviors of influenza viruses indicate that once a pandemic virus emerges, isolation is not likely to contain this epidemic. A specific vaccine against the pandemic strain will not be available until 6 to 12 months after the inception of the pandemic. Judicious use of antiviral agents and stringent disease control measures are imperative to decrease the impact of a future pandemic.
Topics: Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza in Birds; Influenza, Human; Poultry
PubMed: 16422180
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Veterinary Science Jan 2023The H9N2 avian influenza (AI) has become endemic in poultry in many countries since the 1990s, which has caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry.... (Review)
Review
The H9N2 avian influenza (AI) has become endemic in poultry in many countries since the 1990s, which has caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. Considering the long history of the low pathogenicity H9N2 AI in many countries, once H9N2 AI is introduced, it is more difficult to eradicate than high pathogenicity AI. Various preventive measures and strategies, including vaccination and active national surveillance, have been used to control the Y439 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea, but it took a long time for the H9N2 virus to disappear from the fields. By contrast, the novel Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI was introduced in June 2020 and has spread nationwide. This study reviews the history, genetic and pathogenic characteristics, and control strategies for Korean H9N2 AI. This review may provide some clues for establishing control strategies for endemic AIV and a newly introduced Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea.
Topics: Animals; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype; Influenza in Birds; Phylogeny; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 36560837
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22216 -
Insights from Avian Influenza: A Review of Its Multifaceted Nature and Future Pandemic Preparedness.Viruses Mar 2024Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have posed a significant pandemic threat since their discovery. This review mainly focuses on the epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis,... (Review)
Review
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have posed a significant pandemic threat since their discovery. This review mainly focuses on the epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, and treatments of avian influenza viruses. We delve into the global spread, past pandemics, clinical symptoms, severity, and immune response related to AIVs. The review also discusses various control measures, including antiviral drugs, vaccines, and potential future directions in influenza treatment and prevention. Lastly, by summarizing the insights from previous pandemic control, this review aims to direct effective strategies for managing future influenza pandemics.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Influenza in Birds; Influenza, Human; Pandemic Preparedness; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza A virus; Pandemics
PubMed: 38543823
DOI: 10.3390/v16030458 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2008This paper discusses impacts of climate change on the ecology of avian influenza viruses (AI viruses), which presumably co-evolved with migratory water birds, with virus... (Review)
Review
This paper discusses impacts of climate change on the ecology of avian influenza viruses (AI viruses), which presumably co-evolved with migratory water birds, with virus also persisting outside the host in subarctic water bodies. Climate change would almost certainly alter bird migration, influence the AI virus transmission cycle and directly affect virus survival outside the host. The joint, net effects of these changes are rather unpredictable, but it is likely that AI virus circulation in water bird populations will continue with endless adaptation and evolution. In domestic poultry, too little is known about the direct effect of environmental factors on highly pathogenic avian influenza transmission and persistence to allow inference about the possible effect of climate change. However, possible indirect links through changes in the distribution of duck-crop farming are discussed.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animal Migration; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Birds; Greenhouse Effect; Influenza A virus; Influenza in Birds
PubMed: 18819672
DOI: No ID Found -
MBio Oct 2021Avian influenza viruses pose a continuous threat to both poultry and human health, with significant economic impact. The ability of viruses to reassort and jump the...
Avian influenza viruses pose a continuous threat to both poultry and human health, with significant economic impact. The ability of viruses to reassort and jump the species barrier into mammalian hosts generates a constant pandemic threat. H10Nx avian viruses have been shown to replicate in mammalian species without prior adaptation and have caused significant human infection and fatalities. They are able to rapidly reassort with circulating poultry strains and go undetected due to their low pathogenicity in chickens. Novel detections of both human reassortant strains and increasing endemicity of H10Nx poultry infections highlight the increasing need for heightened surveillance and greater understanding of the distribution, tropism, and infection capabilities of these viruses. In this minireview, we highlight the gap in the current understanding of this subtype and its prevalence across a vast range of host species and geographical locations.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Birds; Chickens; Host Specificity; Humans; Influenza in Birds; Influenza, Human; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Pandemics; Poultry; Swine; Viral Zoonoses
PubMed: 34488450
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01785-21 -
Trends in Ecology & Evolution May 2023Seabirds have recently been experiencing high rates of mortality across wide scales due to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). During breeding, seabird populations...
Seabirds have recently been experiencing high rates of mortality across wide scales due to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). During breeding, seabird populations are highly spatially structured, while over their lifetimes they spend much time at sea. This makes them unique systems in which to document how movement and interspecies interactions affect eco-epidemiological dynamics.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; Influenza in Birds
PubMed: 36841680
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.02.002 -
PloS One 2017Avian influenza or bird flu is a highly contagious acute viral disease that can occur in epidemics and cross-border forms in poultry and wild birds. The characteristics... (Review)
Review
Avian influenza or bird flu is a highly contagious acute viral disease that can occur in epidemics and cross-border forms in poultry and wild birds. The characteristics of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) allow the emergence of new viral variants, some with zoonotic and pandemic potential. AIVs have been identified in Latin America; however, there is a lack of understanding of these viruses at the regional level. We performed a systematic literature review on serological or molecular evidence of AIVs circulation in Latin America. Methods were designed based on the PRISMA and STROME guidelines. Only peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 to 2015 and data was analysed based on country, viral subtype, avian species, and phylogenetic origins. From 271 studies initially found only twenty-six met our inclusion criteria. Evidence of AIVs infection was found in most Latin American countries, with Mexico as the country with the largest number of conducted studies and reported cases during the period analysed, followed by Chile and Argentina. Most of the AIVs were early reported through surveillance systems and at least 14 different subtypes of influenza viruses were reported in birds, and the presence of both low (92.9%) and high (7.1%) pathogenic AIVs was shown in Latin America. Of the reported AIVs in Latin America, 43.7% belong to migratory birds, 28.1% to local wild birds, and 28.1% to poultry. The migratory bird population mainly comprises families belonging to the orders Anseriformes and Charadriformes. We highlight the importance of epidemiological surveillance systems and the possible role of different migratory birds in the transmission of AIVs within the Americas. Our findings demonstrate the limited information on AIVs in Latin America and highlight the need of more studies on AIVs at the regional level, particularly those focused on identifying the endemic subtypes in regional wild birds.
Topics: Animal Migration; Animals; Animals, Wild; Genotype; Influenza A virus; Influenza in Birds; Latin America; Poultry
PubMed: 28632771
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179573 -
International Journal of Infectious... May 2008Although small in size and simple in structure, influenza viruses are sophisticated organisms with highly mutagenic genomes and wide antigenic diversity. They are... (Review)
Review
Although small in size and simple in structure, influenza viruses are sophisticated organisms with highly mutagenic genomes and wide antigenic diversity. They are species-specific organisms. Mutation and reassortment have resulted in newer viruses such as H5N1, with new resistance against anti-viral medications, and this might lead to the emergence of a fully transmissible strain, as occurred in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. Influenza viruses are no longer just a cause of self-limited upper respiratory tract infections; the H5N1 avian influenza virus can cause severe human infection with a mortality rate exceeding 50%. The case death rate of H5N1 avian influenza infection is 20 times higher than that of the 1918 infection (50% versus 2.5%), which killed 675000 people in the USA and almost 40 million people worldwide. While the clock is still ticking towards what seems to be inevitable pandemic influenza, on April 17, 2007 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine against the avian influenza virus H5N1 for humans at high risk. However, more research is needed to develop a more effective and affordable vaccine that can be given at lower doses.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Disease Outbreaks; Evolution, Molecular; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; Influenza A virus; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza in Birds; Influenza, Human; Vaccination
PubMed: 17913533
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2007.07.002 -
Bulletin of the World Health... Apr 2004
Topics: Animals; Birds; Disease Outbreaks; Global Health; Humans; Influenza A virus; Influenza in Birds; Influenza, Human; Sentinel Surveillance; Zoonoses
PubMed: 15259251
DOI: No ID Found -
Analytica Chimica Acta Aug 2017In the last decade, the control of avian influenza virus has experienced many difficulties, which have caused major global agricultural problems that have also led to... (Review)
Review
In the last decade, the control of avian influenza virus has experienced many difficulties, which have caused major global agricultural problems that have also led to public health consequences. Conventional biochemical methods are not sufficient to detect and control agricultural pathogens in the field due to the growing demand for food and subsidiary products; thus, studies aiming to develop potent alternatives to conventional biochemical methods are urgently needed. In this review, emerging detection systems, their applicability to diagnostics, and their therapeutic possibilities in view of nanotechnology are discussed. Nanotechnology-based sensors are used for rapid, sensitive and cost-effective diagnostics of agricultural pathogens. The application of different nanomaterials promotes interactions between these materials and the virus, which enables researchers to construct portable electroanalytical biosensing analyser that should effectively detect the influenza virus. The present review will provide insights into the guidelines for future experiments to develop better techniques to detect and control influenza viruses.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Influenza A virus; Influenza in Birds; Nanostructures; Nanotechnology
PubMed: 28811028
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.045