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European Journal of Radiology Sep 2022To describe the findings of focal high signal on T2 weighted (T2W) images of the bone marrow in the axial skeleton as assessed by whole-body MRI in healthy and...
OBJECTIVE
To describe the findings of focal high signal on T2 weighted (T2W) images of the bone marrow in the axial skeleton as assessed by whole-body MRI in healthy and asymptomatic children and adolescents.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We assessed the bone marrow of the mandible, shoulder girdle, thorax, spine, and pelvis on water-only Dixon T2W sequences as part of a whole-body MRI protocol in 196 healthy and asymptomatic children aged 5-19 years. Intensity (0-2 scale) and extension (1-4 scale) of focal high signal areas in the bone marrow were scored and divided into minor or major findings, based on intensity and extension to identify the potentially conspicuous lesions in a clinical setting.
RESULTS
We registered 415 areas of increased signal in the axial skeleton whereof 75 (38.3%) were major findings. Fifty-eight (29.6%) individuals had at least one major finding, mainly located in the pelvis (54, 72%). We found no differences according to gender. The number of minor findings increased with age (p = 0.020), but there were no significant differences in the number of major findings. The most conspicuous findings were in the pelvis, spine and sternum.
CONCLUSION
Non-specific bone marrow T2W hyperintensities in the axial skeleton are frequently detected on whole-body MRI in healthy, asymptomatic children. Awareness of this is important as some findings may resemble clinically silent lesions in children with suspected multifocal skeletal disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Bone Marrow; Bone and Bones; Child; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Thorax; Whole Body Imaging
PubMed: 35843014
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110425 -
Journal of Biomechanics May 2022Glenohumeral and scapulothoracic motion combine to generate humerothoracic motion, but their discrete contributions towards humerothoracic axial rotation have not been...
Glenohumeral and scapulothoracic motion combine to generate humerothoracic motion, but their discrete contributions towards humerothoracic axial rotation have not been investigated. Understanding their contributions to axial rotation is important to judge the effects of pathology, surgical intervention, and physiotherapy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematic coupling between glenohumeral and scapulothoracic motion and determine their relative contributions towards axial rotation. Twenty healthy subjects (10 M/10F, ages 22-66) were previously recorded using biplane fluoroscopy while performing arm elevation in the coronal, scapular, and sagittal planes, and external rotation in 0° and 90° of abduction. Glenohumeral and scapulothoracic contributions towards axial rotation were computed by integrating the projection of glenohumeral and scapulothoracic angular velocity onto the humeral longitudinal axis, and analyzed using one dimensional statistical parametric mapping and linear regression. During arm elevation, scapulothoracic motion supplied 13-20° (76-94%) of axial rotation, mainly via scapulothoracic upward rotation. The contribution of scapulothoracic motion towards axial rotation was strongly correlated with glenohumeral plane of elevation during arm elevation. During external rotation, scapulothoracic motion contributed 10° (8%) towards axial rotation in 0° of abduction and 15° (15%) in 90° of abduction. The contribution of scapulothoracic motion towards humerothoracic axial rotation could explain the simultaneous changes in glenohumeral plane of elevation and axial rotation associated with some pathologies and surgeries. Understanding how humerothoracic motion results from the functional coupling of scapulothoracic and glenohumeral motions may inform diagnostic and treatment strategies by targeting the source of movement impairments in clinical populations.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Biomechanical Phenomena; Humans; Humerus; Middle Aged; Range of Motion, Articular; Rotation; Scapula; Shoulder Joint; Young Adult
PubMed: 35367838
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111059 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Dec 2020
Topics: Animals; Atlanto-Axial Joint; Cervical Vertebrae
PubMed: 33299238
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Ortopedica Mexicana 2021A metastasis is the tumor cell capacity to migrate from the primary tumor and implant itself in tissues of an organ at a distance by hematogenous, lymphatic or... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
INTRODUCTION
A metastasis is the tumor cell capacity to migrate from the primary tumor and implant itself in tissues of an organ at a distance by hematogenous, lymphatic or contiguity. The main causes of bone metastases are: breast, prostate and lung cancer. It usually occurs in patients over 50 years of age. There is a predilection for metastasizing to the axial skeleton.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the frequency of tumors that produce bone metastases in our institution.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study, for retrospective analysis of the cases of patients diagnosed with bone metastases.
RESULTS
193 cases; 121 women and 72 men with an age range of 42 to 84 years. Cancers associated with bone metastases were breast, lung, prostate, cervical and renal cancers; to a lesser extent other such as colon, thyroid, liver and skin. The most affected bones were axial skeleton: lumbar and dorsal spine, and in appendicular skeleton the femur in the diaphysiary region and in the humerus the proximal third. At present it has not been possible to improve the effectiveness of timely detection strategies, so bone pain should begin with a protocol of tumor suspicion.
CONCLUSIONS
More than 80% of the patients came for fracture. All patients had a history of pain greater than 12 months with no prior study protocol.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bone Neoplasms; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Femur; Humans; Humerus; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34731924
DOI: No ID Found -
Orthopaedic Surgery Jun 2021Measure and systematically evaluate the distribution of microhardness in the human skeleton.
OBJECTIVES
Measure and systematically evaluate the distribution of microhardness in the human skeleton.
METHODS
Three fresh corpses were obtained, aged 62 (male), 45 (female), and 58 years (male). Soft tissues were removed, and all axial and unilateral appendicular bones were freshly harvested. All three skeletons were examined by X-ray and computed tomography (CT) to exclude skeletal pathology. Only bones from donors with no known skeletal pathology were included in the study. Axial and unilateral appendicular skeleton bones from each of the three donors were obtained, except for ear ossicles, hyoid bone, tailbone, and 14 phalanges of the foot, for which samples were difficult to obtain. Precision bone specimens with a thickness of 3 mm, which were cut with a Buehler IsoMet 11-1280-250 low-speed diamond saw (Buehler, USA), were obtained from all important anatomic sites in a direction perpendicular to the mechanical axis of each bone. Micro-indentation (the Vickers hardness test) was performed on the surface of each specimen using a microhardness tester with a diamond indenter. Hardness value (HV) was computed for each indentation. Each bone specimen was divided into several regions of interest. Indentations were carefully made and computed. Then we analyzed the data to identify hardness distribution rules at different anatomic sites.
RESULTS
In total, 5360 indentations were made in 1072 regions of interest in each donor. Hardness of the axial and appendicular bones were all inhomogeneous depending on the anatomic sites, but the distribution of microhardness followed certain rules. The mean hardness value ranged from 24.46 HV (HV = hardness value, kgf/mm ) for the sacrum to 53.20 HV for the shaft of the tibia. The diaphysis was harder than the metaphysis, and the proximal and distal epiphysis had lower values (8.85%- 40.39%) than the diaphysis. Among the long bone diaphyses, the tibia cortical bone (51.20 HV) was the hardest, harder than the humerus (47.25 HV), the ulna (43.26 HV), the radius (42.54 HV), and the femur (47.53 HV). However, in some anatomic sites such as the lumbar vertebra (cortical bone 32.86 HV, cancellous bone 31.25 HV), the cortical shells were sometimes not harder than the internal cancellous bones. The lumbar vertebra (32.86 HV) was harder than the cervical vertebra (28.51 HV) and the thoracic vertebra (29.01 HV).
CONCLUSIONS
The distribution of microhardness in the human skeleton follows certain rules. These distribution rules could be used to predict the mechanical properties of bone and progress in this field could provide data for the basis of a new three-dimensional printing technique, which may lead to new perspectives for custom-made implants.
Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone and Bones; Cadaver; Female; Hardness; Humans; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 33973714
DOI: 10.1111/os.12841 -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Sep 2007The axial skeleton in all vertebrates is composed of similar components that extend from anterior to posterior along the body axis: the occipital skull bones and... (Review)
Review
The axial skeleton in all vertebrates is composed of similar components that extend from anterior to posterior along the body axis: the occipital skull bones and cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae. Despite significant changes in the number and size of these elements during evolution, the basic character of these anatomical elements, as well as the order in which they appear in vertebrate skeletons, have remained remarkably similar. Through extensive expression analyses, classic morphological perturbation experiments in chicken and targeted loss-of-function analyses in mice, Hox genes have proven to be critical regulators in the establishment of axial skeleton morphology. The convergence of these studies to date allows an emerging understanding of Hox gene function in patterning the vertebrate axial skeleton. This review summarizes genetic and embryologic findings regarding the role of Hox genes in establishing axial morphology and how these combined results impact our current understanding of the vertebrate Hox code.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Bone Development; Bone and Bones; Cell Lineage; Developmental Biology; Drosophila; Genetics; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Mesoderm; Mice; Models, Biological; Somites; Vertebrates
PubMed: 17685480
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21286 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is a dynamic tissue which is associated with osteoporosis, bone metastasis, and primary bone tumors. The aim of this study is to...
Gender- and Age-Associated Differences in Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Bone Marrow Fat Unsaturation Throughout the Skeleton, Quantified Using Chemical Shift Encoding-Based Water-Fat MRI.
Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is a dynamic tissue which is associated with osteoporosis, bone metastasis, and primary bone tumors. The aim of this study is to determine region-specific variations and age- and gender-specific differences in BMAT and BMAT composition in healthy subjects. In this cross-sectional study, we included 40 healthy subjects (26 male: mean age 49 years, range 22-75 years; 14 female: mean age 50 years, range 29-71) and determined the bone marrow signal fat fraction and bone marrow unsaturation in the spine (C3-L5), pelvis, femora, and tibiae using chemical shift encoding-based water-fat imaging (WFI) with multiple gradient echoes (mGRE). Regions of interest covered the individual vertebral bodies, pelvis and proximal epimetaphysis, diaphysis, and distal epimetaphysis of the femur and tibia. The spinal fat fraction increased from cervical to lumbar vertebral bodies (mean fat fraction ( ± SD or (IQR): cervical spine 0.37 ± 0.1; thoracic spine 0.41 ± 0.08. lumbar spine 0.46 ± 0.01; p < 0.001). The femoral fat fraction increased from proximal to distal (proximal 0.78 ± 0.09; diaphysis 0.86 (0.15); distal 0.93 ± 0.02; p < 0.001), while within the tibia the fat fraction decreased from proximal to distal (proximal 0.92 ± 0.01; diaphysis 0.91 (0.02); distal 0.90 ± 0.01; p < 0.001). In female subjects, age was associated with fat fraction in the spine, pelvis, and proximal femur (ρ = 0.88 p < 0.001; ρ = 0.87 p < 0.001; ρ = 0.63 p = 0.02; ρ = 0.74 p = 0.002, respectively), while in male subjects age was only associated with spinal fat fraction (ρ = 0.40 p = 0.04). Fat fraction and unsaturation were negatively associated within the spine (r = -0.40 p = 0.01), while in the extremities fat fraction and unsaturation were positively associated (distal femur: r = 0.42 p = 0.01; proximal tibia: r = 0.47, p = 0.002; distal tibia: r = 0.35 p = 0.03), both independent of age and gender. In conclusion, we confirm the distinct, age- and gender-dependent, distribution of BMAT throughout the human skeleton and we show that, contradicting previous animal studies, bone marrow unsaturation in human subjects is highest within the axial skeleton compared to the appendicular skeleton. Furthermore, we show that BMAT unsaturation was negatively correlated with BMAT within the spine, while in the appendicular skeleton, BMAT and BMAT unsaturation were positively associated.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone and Bones; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Water
PubMed: 35574007
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.815835 -
PloS One 2022Different hip pathologies can cause geometric variation of the acetabulum and femoral head. These variations have been considered as an underlying mechanism that affects...
Different hip pathologies can cause geometric variation of the acetabulum and femoral head. These variations have been considered as an underlying mechanism that affects the tribology of the natural hip joint and changes the stress distribution on the articular surface, potentially leading to joint degradation. To improve understanding of the damage mechanisms and abnormal mechanics of the hip joint, a reliable in-vitro methodology that represents the in vivo mechanical environment is needed where the position of the joint, the congruency of the bones and the loading and motion conditions are clinically relevant and can be modified in a controlled environment. An in vitro simulation methodology was developed and used to assess the effect of loading on a natural hip joint. Porcine hips were dissected and mounted in a single station hip simulator and tested under different loading scenarios. The loading and motion cycle consisted of a simplified gait cycle and three peak axial loading conditions were assessed (Normal, Overload and Overload Plus). Joints were lubricated with Ringer's solution and tests were conducted for 4 hours. Photographs were taken and compared to characterise cartilage surface and labral tissue pre, during and post simulation. The results showed no evidence of damage to samples tested under normal loading conditions, whereas the samples tested under overload and overload plus conditions exhibited different severities of tears and detachment of the labrum at the antero-superior region. The location and severity of damage was consistent for samples tested under the same conditions; supporting the use of this methodology to investigate further effects of altered loading and motion on natural tissue.
Topics: Acetabulum; Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Femur Head; Hip Joint; Swine; Weight-Bearing
PubMed: 35980907
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272264 -
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za... May 2019To summarize the clinical application and research status of open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO). (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To summarize the clinical application and research status of open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO).
METHODS
Relevant literature at home and abroad was reviewed, and the clinical application, effectiveness and complications, technical comparison, and surgical skills of OWHTO were summarized and analyzed.
RESULTS
OWHTO is an effective treatment for mild to moderate medial compartment osteoarthritis due to knee varus. This method can delay the injury process of medial compartment of the knee, delay the time of total knee arthroplasty, and even avoid joint replacement surgery by adjusting the axial alignment of the lower extremity to the non-pathological lateral compartment through osteotomy and orthopedic. OWHTO has the advantages of small incision, dynamic adjustment of the axial alignment of the lower extremity, accurate correction of malformation, and rapid postoperative recovery.
CONCLUSION
With the development of surgical instruments and techniques, OWHTO once again enter the sight of orthopedic surgeons. This technique can solve the pain symptoms of arthritis, correct the tibial varus deformity and reconstruct the axial alignment of the lower extremity, and satisfactory clinical results has been obtained.
Topics: Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Humans; Knee Joint; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Osteotomy; Tibia
PubMed: 31090361
DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201901014 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Jul 2022Captive specimens in museum collections facilitate study of rare taxa, but the lifestyles, diets, and lifespans of captive animals differ from their wild counterparts....
Captive specimens in museum collections facilitate study of rare taxa, but the lifestyles, diets, and lifespans of captive animals differ from their wild counterparts. Trabecular bone architecture adapts to in vivo forces, and may reflect interspecific variation in ecology and behavior as well as intraspecific variation between captive and wild specimens. We compared trunk vertebrae bone microstructure in captive and wild xenarthran mammals to test the effects of ecology and captivity. We collected μCT scans of the last six presacral vertebrae in 13 fossorial, terrestrial, and suspensorial xenarthran species (body mass: 120 g to 35 kg). For each vertebra, we measured centrum length; bone volume fraction (BV.TV); trabecular number and mean thickness (Tb.Th); global compactness (GC); cross-sectional area; mean intercept length; star length distribution; and connectivity and connectivity density. Wild specimens have more robust trabeculae, but this varies with species, ecology, and pathology. Wild specimens of fossorial taxa (Dasypus) have more robust trabeculae than captives, but there is no clear difference in bone microstructure between wild and captive specimens of suspensorial taxa (Bradypus, Choloepus), suggesting that locomotor ecology influences the degree to which captivity affects bone microstructure. Captive Tamandua and Myrmecophaga have higher BV.TV, Tb.Th, and GC than their wild counterparts due to captivity-caused bone pathologies. Our results add to the understanding of variation in mammalian bone microstructure, suggest caution when including captive specimens in bone microstructure research, and indicate the need to better replicate the habitats, diets, and behavior of animals in captivity.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Mammals; Spine
PubMed: 34677912
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24817