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Journal of Digital Imaging Aug 2018The detection of a brain tumor and its classification from modern imaging modalities is a primary concern, but a time-consuming and tedious work was performed by... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The detection of a brain tumor and its classification from modern imaging modalities is a primary concern, but a time-consuming and tedious work was performed by radiologists or clinical supervisors. The accuracy of detection and classification of tumor stages performed by radiologists is depended on their experience only, so the computer-aided technology is very important to aid with the diagnosis accuracy. In this study, to improve the performance of tumor detection, we investigated comparative approach of different segmentation techniques and selected the best one by comparing their segmentation score. Further, to improve the classification accuracy, the genetic algorithm is employed for the automatic classification of tumor stage. The decision of classification stage is supported by extracting relevant features and area calculation. The experimental results of proposed technique are evaluated and validated for performance and quality analysis on magnetic resonance brain images, based on segmentation score, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and dice similarity index coefficient. The experimental results achieved 92.03% accuracy, 91.42% specificity, 92.36% sensitivity, and an average segmentation score between 0.82 and 0.93 demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed technique for identifying normal and abnormal tissues from brain MR images. The experimental results also obtained an average of 93.79% dice similarity index coefficient, which indicates better overlap between the automated extracted tumor regions with manually extracted tumor region by radiologists.
Topics: Algorithms; Brain Neoplasms; Female; Fuzzy Logic; Genetics; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Staging; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 29344753
DOI: 10.1007/s10278-018-0050-6 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Nov 2021Brain tumors are an abnormal growth of cells in the brain, also known as multifactorial groups of neoplasm. Incidence rates of brain tumors increase rapidly, and it has... (Review)
Review
Brain tumors are an abnormal growth of cells in the brain, also known as multifactorial groups of neoplasm. Incidence rates of brain tumors increase rapidly, and it has become a leading cause of tumor related deaths globally. Several factors have potential risks for intracranial neoplasm. To date, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified the ionizing radiation and the N-nitroso compounds as established carcinogens and probable carcinogens respectively. Diagnosis of brain tumors is based on histopathology and suitable imaging techniques. Labeled amino acids and fluorodeoxyglucose with or without contrast-enhanced MRI are used for the evaluation of tumor traces. T2-weighted MRI is an advanced diagnostic implementation, used for the detection of low-grade gliomas. Treatment decisions are based on tumor size, location, type, patient's age and health status. Conventional therapeutic approaches for tumor treatment are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. While the novel strategies may include targeted therapy, electric field treatments and vaccine therapy. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors is an attractive tumor mitigation strategy for advanced-stage cancers; in the future, it may prove to be a useful targeted therapy. The blood-brain barrier poses a major hurdle in the transport of therapeutics towards brain tissues. Moreover, nanomedicine has gained a vital role in cancer therapy. Nano drug delivery system such as liposomal drug delivery has been widely used in the cancer treatment. Liposome encapsulated drugs have improved therapeutic efficacy than free drugs. Numerous treatment therapies for brain tumors are in advanced clinical research.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Brain Neoplasms; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Cranial Irradiation; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neurosurgical Procedures; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34474351
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112119 -
CNS Oncology Jan 2018High-grade gliomas, including glioblastoma, are the most common malignant brain tumors in adults. Despite intensive efforts to develop new therapies for these diseases,... (Review)
Review
High-grade gliomas, including glioblastoma, are the most common malignant brain tumors in adults. Despite intensive efforts to develop new therapies for these diseases, treatment options remain limited and prognosis is poor. Recently, there have been important advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of glioma, leading to refinements in our diagnostic and management approach. There is new evidence to guide the treatment of elderly patients. A multitude of new agents have been investigated, including targeted therapies, immunotherapeutics and tumor-treating fields. This review summarizes the key findings from this research, and presents a perspective on future opportunities to advance the field.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Disease Management; Glioma; Humans; Neoplasm Grading
PubMed: 29241354
DOI: 10.2217/cns-2017-0026 -
Hematology. American Society of... Dec 2017Primary and secondary CNS lymphomas are aggressive brain tumors that pose an immense challenge to define in terms of molecular pathogenesis, as well as to effectively... (Review)
Review
Primary and secondary CNS lymphomas are aggressive brain tumors that pose an immense challenge to define in terms of molecular pathogenesis, as well as to effectively treat. During the past 10 years improvements in survival have been achieved with the implementation of anti-CD20 immunotherapy and optimization of dose-intensive consolidation strategies. The applications of whole-exome sequencing, comparative genomic hybridization, transcriptional profiling, and examination of the tumor microenvironment, particularly in the context of clinical investigation, provide insights that create a roadmap for the development and implementation of novel targeted agents for this disease. A body of genetic evidence strongly suggested that primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSLs) are likely largely dependent on NF-κB prosurvival signals, with enrichment of mutations involving the B-cell receptor pathway, in particular myeloid differentiation primary response 88 and cluster of differentiation 79B. The first set of early-phase investigations that target NF-κB in PCNSL have now been completed and support the NF-κB hypothesis but at the same time reveal that much work needs to be done to translate these results into meaningful advances in survival for a large fraction of patients. Insights into secondary prosurvival pathways that mediate drug resistance is a priority for investigation. Similarly, further evaluation of the immune-suppressive mechanisms in the CNS lymphoma tumor microenvironment is requisite for progress. Combinatorial interventions that promote the antitumor immune response have significant potential. With increasing availability of targeted agents, there is also a need to develop more sensitive imaging tools, not only to detect this highly invasive brain neoplasm but also potentially to define an evolving molecular phenotype to facilitate precision medicine.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; Immunotherapy; Lymphoma; NF-kappa B; Neoplasm Proteins; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; Rituximab; Signal Transduction; Tumor Microenvironment; Exome Sequencing
PubMed: 29222305
DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2017.1.556 -
Breast Cancer Research : BCR Jan 2016Because of improvements in the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer, the development of brain metastases (BM) has become a major limitation of life... (Review)
Review
Because of improvements in the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer, the development of brain metastases (BM) has become a major limitation of life expectancy and quality of life for many breast cancer patients. The improvement of management strategies for BM is thus an important clinical challenge, especially among high-risk patients such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive and triple-negative patients. However, the formation of BM as a multistep process is thus far poorly understood. To grow in the brain, single tumor cells must pass through the tight blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB represents an obstacle for circulating tumor cells entering the brain, but it also plays a protective role against immune cell and toxic agents once metastatic cells have colonized the cerebral compartment. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that, after passing the BBB, the tumor cells not only require close contact with endothelial cells but also interact closely with many different brain residential cells. Thus, in addition to a genetic predisposition of the tumor cells, cellular adaptation processes within the new microenvironment may also determine the ability of a tumor cell to metastasize. In this review, we summarize the biology of breast cancer that has spread into the brain and discuss the implications for current and potential future treatment strategies.
Topics: Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Endothelial Cells; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis
PubMed: 26781299
DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0665-1 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2012Colorectal cancer is one of the most common digestive tract malignancies in the world. Owing to the newer and more effective systemic therapies, the life of colorectal... (Review)
Review
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common digestive tract malignancies in the world. Owing to the newer and more effective systemic therapies, the life of colorectal cancer patients can be remarkably prolonged, and the incidence of brain metastases is increasing. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of brain metastasis from colorectal cancer. Here we review the tumor microenvironment and metastasis associated molecules in brain metastases from colorectal cancer. A further understanding of these mechanisms will help us to propose better strategies for colorectal cancer patients with brain metastasis and improve their life quality.
Topics: Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 23443093
DOI: 10.3390/ijms131215784 -
CNS Oncology 2015Glioblastoma, the most aggressive of the gliomas, has a high recurrence and mortality rate. The nature of this poor prognosis resides in the molecular heterogeneity and... (Review)
Review
Glioblastoma, the most aggressive of the gliomas, has a high recurrence and mortality rate. The nature of this poor prognosis resides in the molecular heterogeneity and phenotypic features of this tumor. Despite research advances in understanding the molecular biology, it has been difficult to translate this knowledge into effective treatment. Nearly all will have tumor recurrence, yet to date very few therapies have established efficacy as salvage regimens. This challenge is further complicated by imaging confounders and to an even greater degree by the ever increasing molecular heterogeneity that is thought to be both sporadic and treatment-induced. The development of novel clinical trial designs to support the development and testing of novel treatment regimens and drug delivery strategies underscore the need for more precise techniques in imaging and better surrogate markers to help determine treatment response. This review summarizes recent approaches to treat patients with recurrent glioblastoma and considers future perspectives.
Topics: Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Glioblastoma; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
PubMed: 25768333
DOI: 10.2217/cns.14.55 -
Chinese Journal of Cancer Jan 2014Gliomas are malignant primary brain tumors and yet incurable. Palliation and the maintenance or improvement of the patient's quality of life is therefore of main... (Review)
Review
Gliomas are malignant primary brain tumors and yet incurable. Palliation and the maintenance or improvement of the patient's quality of life is therefore of main importance. For that reason, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has become an important outcome measure in clinical trials, next to traditional outcome measures such as overall and progression-free survivals, and radiological response to treatment. HRQoL is a multidimensional concept covering physical, psychological, and social domains, as well as symptoms induced by the disease and its treatment. HRQoL is assessed by using self-reported, validated questionnaires. Various generic HRQoL questionnaires, which can be supplemented with a brain tumor- specific module, are available. Both the tumor and its treatment can have a negative effect on HRQoL. However, treatment with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and supportive treatment may also improve patients' HRQoL, in addition to extending survival. It is expected that the impact of HRQoL measurements in both clinical trials and clinical practice will increase. Hence, it is important that HRQoL data are collected, analyzed, and interpreted correctly. Methodological issues such as selection bias and missing data may hamper the interpretation of HRQoL data and should therefore be accounted. In clinical trials, HRQoL can be used to assess the benefits of a new treatment strategy, which should be weighed carefully against the adverse effects of that treatment. In daily clinical practice, HRQoL assessments of an individual patient can be used to inform physicians about the impact of a specific treatment strategy, and it may facilitate the communication between the physicians and the patients.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Glioma; Health Status; Humans; Neoplasm Grading; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Quality of Life; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 24384239
DOI: 10.5732/cjc.013.10214 -
Acta Neuropathologica Communications Jul 2022DNA methylation is increasingly used for tumour classification and has expanded upon the > 100 currently known brain tumour entities. A correct diagnosis is the...
DNA methylation is increasingly used for tumour classification and has expanded upon the > 100 currently known brain tumour entities. A correct diagnosis is the basis for suitable treatment for patients with brain tumours, which is the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. DNA methylation profiling is required for diagnosis of certain tumours, and used clinically for paediatric brain tumours in several countries. We therefore evaluated if the methylation-based classification is robust in different locations of the same tumour, and determined how the methylation pattern changed over time to relapse. We sampled 3-7 spatially separated biopsies per patient, and collected samples from paired primary and relapse brain tumours from children. Altogether, 121 samples from 46 paediatric patients with brain tumours were profiled with EPIC methylation arrays. The methylation-based classification was mainly homogeneous for all included tumour types that were successfully classified, which is promising for clinical diagnostics. There were indications of multiple subclasses within tumours and switches in the relapse setting, but not confirmed as the classification scores were below the threshold. Site-specific methylation alterations did occur within the tumours and varied significantly between tumour types for the temporal samples, and as a trend in spatial samples. More alterations were present in high-grade tumours compared to low-grade, and significantly more alterations with longer relapse times. The alterations in the spatial and temporal samples were significantly depleted in CpG islands, exons and transcription start sites, while enriched in OpenSea and regions not affiliated with a gene, suggesting a random location of the alterations in less conserved regions. In conclusion, more DNA methylation changes accumulated over time and more alterations occurred in high-grade tumours. The alterations mainly occurred in regions without gene affiliation, and did not affect the methylation-based classification, which largely remained homogeneous in paediatric brain tumours.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Child; CpG Islands; DNA Methylation; Humans; Mutation; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
PubMed: 35842717
DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01406-8 -
Korean Journal of Radiology 2016Among the currently available brain tumor imaging, advanced MR imaging techniques, such as diffusion-weighted MR imaging and perfusion MR imaging, have been used for... (Review)
Review
Among the currently available brain tumor imaging, advanced MR imaging techniques, such as diffusion-weighted MR imaging and perfusion MR imaging, have been used for solving diagnostic challenges associated with conventional imaging and for monitoring the brain tumor treatment response. Further development of advanced MR imaging techniques and postprocessing methods may contribute to predicting the treatment response to a specific therapeutic regimen, particularly using multi-modality and multiparametric imaging. Over the next few years, new imaging techniques, such as amide proton transfer imaging, will be studied regarding their potential use in quantitative brain tumor imaging. In this review, the pathophysiologic considerations and clinical validations of these promising techniques are discussed in the context of brain tumor characterization and treatment response.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multimodal Imaging; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27587949
DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2016.17.5.598