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Children (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2018Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignant tumor that represents the most common form of pediatric soft tissue sarcoma. It arises from mesenchymal origin and forms part of...
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignant tumor that represents the most common form of pediatric soft tissue sarcoma. It arises from mesenchymal origin and forms part of the group of small round blue cell tumors of childhood. It has a constant annual incidence of 4.5 cases per 1,000,000 children. The known histological diagnosis of the two major subtypes (embryonal and alveolar) has been recently enhanced by tumor biological markers and molecular differentiation diagnostic tools that have improved not only the updated classification based on risk stratification, but also the treatment approach based on the clinical group. Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a round cell tumor, highly malignant and poorly differentiated that is currently the second most common malignant bone tumor in children. In rare instances, it develops from an extraskeletal origin, classified as extraosseous Ewing sarcoma (EES). We provide an updated, evidence-based and comprehensive review of the molecular diagnosis, clinical and diagnostic approach and a multidisciplinary medical and surgical management according to the latest standard of care for the treatment of pediatric RMS and EES.
PubMed: 30544742
DOI: 10.3390/children5120165 -
Mayo Clinic Proceedings May 2012Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma are the most common malignant musculoskeletal tumors in children and adolescents. Today, most patients can be cured.... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma are the most common malignant musculoskeletal tumors in children and adolescents. Today, most patients can be cured. Numerous factors have contributed to improved outcome for these patients over the past several decades. These include multidisciplinary care involving oncologists, radiation oncologists, surgeons, pathologists, and radiologists and enrollment of patients in clinical trials. Better understanding of molecular mechanisms of disease have resulted in studies using molecular targets in addition to standard chemotherapeutic agents, which hopefully will lead to better outcomes in the future. Moreover, new orthopedic techniques and devices as well as new technologies in radiation oncology hold promise for better local control of primary tumors and the potential for fewer late adverse effects. Despite this progress, patients must undergo lifelong follow-up for possible late effects of intense chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We review the diagnosis, prognosis, staging, multidisciplinary therapy, new directions in therapy, and long-term complications of treatment for these tumors. For this review, we searched MEDLINE using the terms rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, biology, and humans and limited the search to articles from 2000 to September 2011. Additional references found in these articles were utilized as appropriate, as well as references from the background information in current therapeutic studies of the Children's Oncology Group. The same database and time frame were searched for articles written by leading authorities in the field.
Topics: Adolescent; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Osteosarcoma; Prognosis; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Sarcoma, Ewing; Soft Tissue Neoplasms
PubMed: 22560526
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.01.015 -
Cancer Causes & Control : CCC Jul 2014Previous assessments of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma have indicated maternal and birth characteristics may be associated with tumor development; however, much work remains...
PURPOSE
Previous assessments of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma have indicated maternal and birth characteristics may be associated with tumor development; however, much work remains to identify novel and confirm suspected risk factors. Our objective was to evaluate the associations between maternal and birth characteristics and childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.
METHODS
This case-control study included 322 cases and 322 pair-matched controls. Cases were enrolled in a trial run by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. Population-based controls were identified using random digit dialing and were individually matched to cases on race, sex, and age. Families of the case and control subjects participated in a telephone interview, which captured information on maternal characteristics (birth control use, number of prenatal visits, anemia, and abnormal bleeding during pregnancy) and birth characteristics [birth weight, preterm birth, and type of delivery (vaginal vs. cesarean)]. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each exposure, adjusted for age, race, sex, household income, and parental education. As the two most common histologic types of rhabdomyosarcoma are embryonal (n = 215) and alveolar (n = 66), we evaluated effect heterogeneity of these exposures.
RESULTS
The only characteristic that was associated with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma, and statistically significant, was abnormal vaginal bleeding during pregnancy (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.12-2.74). Birth control use (OR 1.45, 95% CI 0.96-2.18), anemia during pregnancy (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.81-1.99), and preterm birth (OR 2.51, 95% CI 0.74-8.49) were positively associated with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma, but were not statistically significant. Low birth weight [adjusted odds ratios (aOR) 4.46, 95% CI 1.41-14.1] and high birth weight (aOR 2.41, 95% CI 1.09-5.35) were strongly associated with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. However, these factors did not display significant effect heterogeneity between histologic types (p > 0.15 for all characteristics).
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, we found little evidence that these maternal and birth characteristics are strongly associated with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.
Topics: Birth Order; Birth Weight; Case-Control Studies; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Maternal Age; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Risk Factors
PubMed: 24831857
DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0390-6 -
International Journal of Clinical and... 2015Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most frequent soft tissue sarcoma in children. We have retrospectively explored the treatment results of childhood RMS and identified...
PURPOSE
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most frequent soft tissue sarcoma in children. We have retrospectively explored the treatment results of childhood RMS and identified prognostic factors in multicenter in China, in order to lay the foundation for further multicenter study.
METHODS
This retrospective study was carried out analyzing the medical records of 161 patients with the pathological diagnosis of RMS from January, 2001 to February, 2014 at 5 large cancer centers in China. The data was reviewed clinico-epidemiological factors. Age, gender, histology type, primary site, tumor size, intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study (IRS) group and results of treatments were evaluated. Patients were followed up to Dec 31, 2014.
RESULTS
The median age of our patients was 51 months. 10.5% of our patients were infants. The genitourinary system was the most common primary site of tumor (43.5%). The proportion of primary site of head and neck except parameningeal, at 28.2% (42 cases), while the proportion of parameningeal region was 4.6% (7 cases). The histological findings were as follows: 130 cases (80.7%) with embryonal, 19 cases (11.9%) with alveolar and 5 cases (3.1%) with botryoid type. According to the classification system of the IRS group, 1 case (0.6%) was group I, 54 cases (33.5%) were group II, 46 cases (28.6%) were group III and 60 cases (37.3 %) were group IV. 149 patients were treated and followed-up regularly, Patients in Beijing children's hospital (n=95) were enrolled in IRS-II/COG-D9803, D9802 protocols. while the other patients (n=54) started on treatment according to Chinese Anti-cancer Association protocol. There were median time of 51 months for following up, 60 occurred event. The ten-year event free survival rate was 53.4±5.1%, overall survival was 65.3±6.3%. The relations between outcome and age (0.046), primary site (0.022), pathologic subtype (0.013), tumor size (0.008) and IRS group (P=0.000) were associated significantly with event free survival. Among the variables, age (P=0.028) and IRS group (P=0.000) were associated significantly with overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed that overall survival for RMS was dependent on IRS group (P=0.026).
CONCLUSIONS
The epidemiological characteristics of our patients are quite similarly to the worldwide data. Except for the higher prevalence of group IV in our patients and the higher percentage of patients with primary tumor site in the genitourinary system, this study showed that overall survival for RMS is depended on disease group.
PubMed: 26770312
DOI: No ID Found -
Cancer Medicine Apr 2023Few studies have investigated the seasonal patterns of embryonal tumours. Based on data from the French National Registry of Childhood Cancers, the present study aimed...
Few studies have investigated the seasonal patterns of embryonal tumours. Based on data from the French National Registry of Childhood Cancers, the present study aimed to investigate seasonal variations in embryonal tumour incidence rates by month of birth and by month of diagnosis. The study included 6635 primary embryonal tumour cases diagnosed before the age of 15 years over the period 2000-2015 in mainland France. Assuming monthly variations in incidence rates were homogeneous over 2000-2015, we used a Poisson regression model to test for overall heterogeneity in standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) by month of birth or diagnosis. The seasonal scan statistic method was used to detect monthly excesses or deficits of embryonal tumour cases over the whole study period. The annual reproducibility of the observed monthly variations was formally tested. An overall heterogeneity in incidence rates by month of birth was observed for rhabdomyosarcoma in boys only. Based on the month of diagnosis, a seasonality was evidenced for unilateral retinoblastoma, with a lower incidence rate in the summer (SIR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.52-0.87), whilst the incidence rate of rhabdomyosarcoma tended to be lower in August (SIR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.52-0.89). No seasonality was detected for the other embryonal tumour groups by month of birth or month of diagnosis. This study is one of the largest to have investigated the seasonality of childhood embryonal tumours. The study showed a seasonal variation in the incidence rates by month of diagnosis for unilateral retinoblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Our findings are likely to reflect a delay in consultation during the summer months. However, the role of seasonally varying environmental exposures cannot be ruled out.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adolescent; Retinoblastoma; Reproducibility of Results; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Incidence; France; Retinal Neoplasms
PubMed: 36726302
DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5624 -
Journal of the National Cancer Institute Jun 2023Relative to other pediatric cancers, survival for rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has not improved in recent decades, suggesting the need to enhance risk stratification....
BACKGROUND
Relative to other pediatric cancers, survival for rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has not improved in recent decades, suggesting the need to enhance risk stratification. Therefore, we conducted a genome-wide association study for event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) to identify genetic variants associated with outcomes in individuals with RMS.
METHODS
The study included 920 individuals with newly diagnosed RMS who were enrolled in Children's Oncology Group protocols. To assess the association of each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with EFS and OS, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for clinical covariates. All statistical tests were two sided. We also performed stratified analyses by histological subtype (alveolar and embryonal RMS) and carried out sensitivity analyses of statistically significant SNPs by PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusion status and genetic ancestry group.
RESULTS
We identified that rs17321084 was associated with worse EFS (HR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.59 to 2.53, P = 5.39 × 10-9) and rs10094840 was associated with worse OS (HR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.48 to 2.27, P = 2.13 × 10-8). Using publicly available data, we found that rs17321084 lies in a binding region for transcription factors GATA2 and GATA3, and rs10094840 is associated with SPAG1 and RNF19A expression. We also identified that CTNNA3 rs2135732 (HR = 3.75, 95% CI = 2.34 to 5.99, P = 3.54 × 10-8) and MED31 rs74504320 (HR = 3.21, 95% CI = 2.12 to 4.86, P = 3.60 × 10-8) were associated with worse OS among individuals with alveolar RMS.
CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrated that common germline variants are associated with EFS and OS among individuals with RMS. Additional replication and investigation of these SNP effects may further support their consideration in risk stratification protocols.
Topics: Child; Humans; Genome-Wide Association Study; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar; Proportional Hazards Models; Germ Cells; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; Mediator Complex
PubMed: 36951526
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad055 -
Pediatric Blood & Cancer May 2020Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of adolescence and childhood. Although most patients with localized RMS are cured, outcome of those with... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of adolescence and childhood. Although most patients with localized RMS are cured, outcome of those with metastatic disease remains unsatisfactory. RMS with bone marrow (BM) metastasis accounts for approximately 6% of all cases with RMS and has a 3-year event-free survival of 14%. Our study aims to describe our institution's experience of patients with metastatic RMS with BM involvement.
METHODS
This was a single-institution retrospective study from Memorial Sloan Kettering Kids, a tertiary pediatric oncology center. Patients with RMS who were diagnosed with BM metastasis between 1998 and 2018 were identified from pathology reports.
RESULTS
For patients with RMS and BM positivity at diagnosis (N = 27), the median survival was 1.5 years. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year overall survival (OS) were 81%, 32%, and 20%, respectively. There is one long-term (defined as >4 year) survivor who is still alive 14.9 years after diagnosis despite two metastatic recurrences. An Oberlin status of 4 that included BM metastasis portended a 3-year OS of 0%.
CONCLUSIONS
Although most patients will respond to initial therapy, BM metastasis at the time of diagnosis lends a near-fatal diagnosis in pediatric patients with RMS. Novel therapies are desperately needed to consolidate their initial remission.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bone Marrow Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease-Free Survival; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Retrospective Studies; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Survival Rate
PubMed: 32100935
DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28219 -
Indian Journal of Pathology &... 2022Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Anaplasia is a rare phenomenon seen in childhood RMS. The most common histologic subtype was...
BACKGROUND
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Anaplasia is a rare phenomenon seen in childhood RMS. The most common histologic subtype was Embryonal followed by Alveolar and spindle subtype.
DESIGN
A total of 11 cases of pediatric RMS were selected from January 2017 to June 2019 presenting at various sites. Out of 11 cases, 2 were further diagnosed as Embryonal, 2 as Alveolar, 2 as Pleomorphic, 1 as Spindle subtype and rest 4 as RMS-NOS based on morphology. All cases were positive for Desmin. The presence of cells with lobated, hyperchromatic nuclei at least three times larger than the tumor cell (anaplastic cells) was selected as the main criterion to diagnose Anaplasia.
RESULTS
Out of the total 11 cases, anaplasia was seen in 7 cases. Out of these seven, five cases showed Focal Anaplasia (FA) (71.4%) and 2 cases showed Diffuse Anaplasia (DA) (28.6%). Out of 2 cases of Embryonal RMS one exhibited focal anaplasia (50%). One case of Spindle RMS showed diffuse anaplasia, 2 cases of pleomorphic RMS showed focal anaplasia. Out of 3 cases of RMS- NOS, 2 exhibited focal anaplaisa and one displayed Diffuse anaplasia. Both Alveolar RMS had no features of anaplasia.
CONCLUSION
Presence of Anaplasia is a frequent observation in pediatric RMS. Anaplasia is often under reported in pediatric RMS. Pathologist should be more aware of this rare phenomenon.
Topics: Child; Humans; Anaplasia; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Sarcoma; Soft Tissue Neoplasms; Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar
PubMed: 36308195
DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_178_21 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2020The objective of this study was to estimate overall survival in children with extremity rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). In addition, we attempted to construct a nomogram to...
The objective of this study was to estimate overall survival in children with extremity rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). In addition, we attempted to construct a nomogram to predict the prognosis in such patients using a population-based cohort. The national Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry was used to identify a cohort of childhood RMS patients. A total of 197 patients with RMS were ultimately included. Multivariable analysis identified age group, N classification, M classification, and treatment combinations as independent predictive factors for patient overall survival. Candidate variables such as age group, N classification, M classification, and treatment combinations were used to fit the model. For overall survival, the bootstrap-adjusted c-index was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.73-0.80) for the nomogram. Furthermore, we performed recursive partitioning analysis for risk stratification according to overall survival, and 3 prognostic subgroups were generated (low, intermediate and high risk). Finally, we evaluated multimodal treatment based on the risk stratification according to the nomogram and IRSG prognostic stratification model. With regard to the entire cohort, overall survival in patients who received surgery and radiation was superior to that in patients who received surgery or radiation (p = 0.001). Regarding RPA and IRSG prognostic stratification, we found that the differences remained significant (p < 0.05) in patients with low-intermediate risk. However, the difference disappeared in patients with high risk (p > 0.05). We performed a population-based analysis of data from the SEER registry in an effort to identify prognostic factors and develop a nomogram in children with extremity RMS. The nomogram appears to be suitable for the survival stratification of children with RMS and will help clinicians identify patients who may be at a reduced probability of survival and assist them in making treatment and surveillance decisions. More studies concerning overall survival in children with RMS are needed to confirm and update our findings.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Combined Modality Therapy; Extremities; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Nomograms; Probability; Prognosis; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Risk Factors; SEER Program
PubMed: 32231229
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62656-x -
Ecancermedicalscience 2023While factors influencing outcomes of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in developed countries have evolved from clinical characteristics to molecular profiles, similar data from...
Outcome and prognostic variables in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) with emphasis on impact of FOXO1 fusions in non-metastatic RMS: experience from a tertiary cancer centre in India.
While factors influencing outcomes of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in developed countries have evolved from clinical characteristics to molecular profiles, similar data from developing countries are scarce. This is a single-centre analysis of outcomes in treated cases of RMS, with emphasis on prevalence, risk-migration and prognostic impact of Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) in non-metastatic RMS. All children with histopathologically proven RMS, treated between January 2013 and December 2018 were included. Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study-4 risk stratification was used, with treatment based on a multimodality-regimen with chemotherapy (Vincristine/Ifosfamide/Etoposide and Vincristine/Actinomycin-D/Cyclophosphamide) and appropriate local therapy. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were tested using Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction for FOXO1-fusions (PAX3(P3F); PAX7(P7F)). A total of 221 children (Cohort-1) were included, of which 182 patients had non-metastatic disease (Cohort-2). Thirty-six (16%), 146 (66%), 39 (18%) patients were low-risk (LR), intermediate-risk (IR) and high-risk, respectively. FOXO1-fusion status was available in 140 patients with localised RMS (Cohort 3). P3F and P7F were detected in 25/49 (51%) and 14/85 (16.5%) of alveolar and embryonal variants, respectively. The 5-year-event-free survival (EFS)/overall survival (OS) of Cohorts 1, 2 and 3 was 48.5%/55.5%, 54.6%/62.6% and 55.1%/63.7%, respectively. Amongst the localised RMS, presence of nodal metastases and primary tumour size > 10 cms were adverse prognostic factorvs ( < 0.05). On incorporating fusion-status in risk-stratification, 6/29 (21%) patients migrated from LR (A/B) to IR. All patients who re-categorised as LR (FOXO1 negative) had a 5-year EFS/OS of 80.81%/90.91%. FOXO1-negative tumours had a better 5-year relapse-free survival (58.92% versus 44.63%; = 0.296) with a near-significant correlation in favourable-site tumours (75.10% versus 45.83%; = 0.063). While FOXO1-fusions have superior prognostic utility compared to histology alone in localised, favourable-site RMS, traditional prognostic factors (tumour size and nodal metastases) impacted outcome the most in this subset. Strengthening of early referral systems in community and timely local intervention can help in improving outcome in resource-constrained countries.
PubMed: 37138963
DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2023.1539