-
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Oct 2016Our study investigated the antimicrobial action of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil (EO) on the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni After confirming the...
Our study investigated the antimicrobial action of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil (EO) on the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni After confirming the clove essential oil's general antibacterial effect, we analyzed the reference strain Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168. Phenotypic, proteomic, and transcriptomic methods were used to reveal changes in cell morphology and functions when exposed to sublethal concentrations of clove EO. The normally curved cells showed markedly straightened and shrunken morphology on the scanning electron micrographs as a result of stress. Although, oxidative stress, as a generally accepted response to essential oils, was also present, the dominance of a general stress response was demonstrated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). The results of RT-PCR and two-dimensional (2D) PAGE revealed that clove oil perturbs the expression of virulence-associated genes taking part in the synthesis of flagella, PEB1, PEB4, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and serine protease. Loss of motility was also detected by a phenotypic test. Bioautographic analysis revealed that besides its major component, eugenol, at least four other spots of clove EO possessed bactericidal activity against C. jejuni Our findings show that clove EO has a marked antibacterial and potential virulence-modulating effect on C. jejuni IMPORTANCE: This study demonstrates that the components of clove essential oil influence not only the expression of general stress genes but also the expression of virulence-associated genes. Based on this finding, alternative strategies can be worked on to control this important foodborne pathogen.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Campylobacter jejuni; Eugenol; Oils, Volatile; Syzygium; Virulence
PubMed: 27520816
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01221-16 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2012Clove bud essential oil (CEO) and its major individual phenolic constituent eugenol were formulated as nanoparticles in water-based microemulsion systems. The oil...
Clove bud essential oil (CEO) and its major individual phenolic constituent eugenol were formulated as nanoparticles in water-based microemulsion systems. The oil titration method was used to incorporate different amounts of the oil and eugenol in the micellar solution of Tween-20. The Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were evaluated using the DPPH* free radical scavenging assay and the agar disc dilution method, respectively. Results showed that microemulsion improved the evaluated activities of CEO and eugenol compared with the crude counterparts. Individual eugenol microemulsion was more effective than CEO microemulsion which contained only 61.7% eugenol among its constituents. The results of this study could have potential applications in water-based disinfectants, preservation and flavoring of food and in personal hygiene products. It may also have promising applications in the nutraceutical and functional beverage field.
Topics: Alcohols; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Emulsions; Eugenol; Flowers; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nanoparticles; Oils, Volatile; Particle Size; Syzygium
PubMed: 23138253
DOI: 10.5650/jos.61.641 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2020Clove essential oil is a phytochemical possessing a vast array of biological activities. Nevertheless, fabricating nano topical delivery systems targeted to augment the...
Novel Clove Essential Oil Nanoemulgel Tailored by Taguchi's Model and Scaffold-Based Nanofibers: Phytopharmaceuticals with Promising Potential as Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors in External Inflammation.
PURPOSE
Clove essential oil is a phytochemical possessing a vast array of biological activities. Nevertheless, fabricating nano topical delivery systems targeted to augment the anti-inflammatory activity of the oil has not been investigated so far. Accordingly, in this study, controlled release nanoparticulate systems, namely nanoemulgel and nanofibers (NFs), of the oil were developed to achieve such goal.
METHODS
The nanoemulsion was incorporated in the hydrogel matrix of mixed biopolymers - chitosan, guar gum and gum acacia - to formulate nanoemulsion-based nanoemulgel. Taguchi's model was adopted to evaluate the effect of independently controlled parameters, namely, the concentration of chitosan (X), guar gum (X), and gum acacia (X) on different dependently measured parameters. Additionally, the nanoemulsion-based NFs were prepared by the electrospinning technique using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer. Extensive in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluations of the aforementioned formulae were conducted.
RESULTS
Both Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) established the complete dispersion of the nanoemulsion in the polymeric matrices of the prepared nanoemulgel and NFs. The ex vivo skin permeation data of clove essential oil from the prepared formulations showed that NFs can sustain its penetration through the skin comparably with nanoemulgel. Topical treatment with NFs (once application) and nanoemulgel (twice application) evoked a marvelous in vivo anti-inflammatory activity against croton oil-induced mouse skin inflammation model when compared with pure clove essential oil along with relatively higher efficacy of medicated NFs than that of medicated nanoemulgel. Such prominent anti-inflammatory activity was affirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations.
CONCLUSION
These results indicated that nanoemulsion-based nanoemulgel and nanoemulsion-based NFs could be introduced to the phytomedicine field as promising topical delivery systems for effective treatment of inflammatory diseases instead of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that possess adverse effects.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Clove Oil; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Emulsions; Inflammation; Kinetics; Male; Mice; Nanofibers; Permeability; Phytochemicals; Rats, Wistar; Skin Absorption; Skin Irritancy Tests; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Syzygium; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 32280213
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S246601 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024Siamese fishing fish () or betta are usually subjected to a special method of transportation for global trade, where they are individually conveyed in plastic bags...
Siamese fishing fish () or betta are usually subjected to a special method of transportation for global trade, where they are individually conveyed in plastic bags containing just enough water to cover their bodies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of transportation on their stress response by measuring hematological values, stress hormone levels, glucose levels, and stress-related gene expression. Betta fish (average body weight 1.91 ± 0.42 g; = 30) were exposed to simulated transport in a water volume of 40 mL for 12, 24, and 48 h. Baseline levels (pre-transport) were measured prior to the experiment. The control group was transported using water without adding clove oil. Two treatment groups were transported using water with the addition of 1 and 3 mg/L concentrations of clove oil, respectively. The results revealed that transportation can be a factor that affects water quality. The pH and dissolved oxygen levels were significantly lower than baseline, while nitrite and total ammonia concentrations significantly increased. Correlating to the stress responses, significantly increasing total red blood cell counts, plasma cortisol levels, and up-regulating the expression of stress-related genes, including , , , and . The addition of 1 mg/L clove oil was found to reduce stress during the transport simulation, as evidenced by a reduction in these stress parameters. Conversely, increasing the concentration of clove oil to 3 mg/L significantly increased plasma cortisol after 12 h of simulated transport, and up-regulated , , and expression. This study revealed that the transport process can stimulates stress in betta fish but adding a concentration of 1 mg/L clove oil to the transport water could mitigate this stress response and promote animal welfare during their transportation.
PubMed: 38840639
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1392413 -
Polymers Dec 2023Tissue accidents provide numerous pathways for pathogens to invade and flourish, causing additional harm to the host tissue while impeding its natural healing and...
Tissue accidents provide numerous pathways for pathogens to invade and flourish, causing additional harm to the host tissue while impeding its natural healing and regeneration. Essential oils (EOs) exhibit rapid and effective antimicrobial properties without promoting bacterial resistance. Clove oils (CEO) demonstrate robust antimicrobial activity against different pathogens. Chitosan (CS) is a natural, partially deacetylated polyamine widely recognized for its vast antimicrobial capacity. In this study, we present the synthesis of four membrane formulations utilizing CS, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and glycerol (Gly) incorporated with CEO and nanobioglass (n-BGs) for applications in subdermal tissue regeneration. Our analysis of the membranes' thermal stability and chemical composition provided strong evidence for successfully blending polymers with the entrapment of the essential oil. The incorporation of the CEO in the composite was evidenced by the increase in the intensity of the band of C-O-C in the FTIR; furthermore, the increase in diffraction peaks, as well as the broadening, provide evidence that the introduction of CEO perturbed the crystal structure. The morphological examination conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the incorporation of CEO resulted in smooth surfaces, in contrast to the porous morphologies observed with the n-BGs. A histological examination of the implanted membranes demonstrated their biocompatibility and biodegradability, particularly after a 60-day implantation period. The degradation process of more extensive membranes involved connective tissue composed of type III collagen fibers, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells, which supported the reabsorption of the composite membranes, evidencing the material's biocompatibility.
PubMed: 38232016
DOI: 10.3390/polym15234595 -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2019The plant kingdom is rich with a numerous number of plants with various medical properties which can be used to treat various medical issues. Sri Lanka is a country full... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The plant kingdom is rich with a numerous number of plants with various medical properties which can be used to treat various medical issues. Sri Lanka is a country full of biodiversity which is gifted with many plant resources. It has a rich history of traditional medicine systems consisting of Ayurveda, Unani, and Deshiya Chikitsa, where these plant resources are used as remedies for the diseases. In the traditional medicine system, various plant parts such as leaves, roots, fruits, flowers, and bark are used to treat disease conditions. Although less attention is paid to the medicinal importance of the flowers, some of them have been used to treat many diseases from the ancient time. Some properties of the flowers may differ from the properties of the other plant parts. For example, (Katuru murunga) flowers have shown anticancer properties against various cell models whereas some flowers have shown antispermatogenic properties. Flowers of (Militta) are added as fermenting agents in the preparation of Arishtas in Ayurveda. Also the most popular Clove oil is obtained from the flower buds of (Karabu-neti) which is used to treat toothaches since it has antibiotic and antiseptic properties. This article gives an overview of herbal flowers used in the traditional medicine system of Sri Lanka and their pharmacological importance.
METHOD
A comprehensive literature survey was done on the medicinally important flowers in Sri Lanka. Data was collected from Libraries of Ayurveda in Sri Lanka and from scientific databases.
RESULTS
According to the survey many flowers are used as astringent, cardiac tonic, and febrifuge. Also some flowers are used to treat dysentery, diarrhoea, and indigestion. Some flowers are useful in the treatment of bleeding piles while some are useful in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis.
CONCLUSION
It was revealed that there are many flowers with valuable therapeutic effects. Traditional medicine systems prevailing in Sri Lanka have made use of these flowers with therapeutic effects to cure so many diseases. The review of medicinally important herbal flowers provides knowledge and pharmacological leads which will help for the wellbeing of the human beings. Although there are phytochemical studies done to identify the chemical compounds on some flowers, chemical composition of many flowers remains unrevealed. So further studies need to be done to identify the chemical composition of these flowers.
PubMed: 31263504
DOI: 10.1155/2019/2321961 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2022Eugenol, 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol, is the main constituent of clove essential oil and has demonstrated relevant biological activity, namely anticancer activity. Aiming to...
Eugenol, 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol, is the main constituent of clove essential oil and has demonstrated relevant biological activity, namely anticancer activity. Aiming to increase this activity, we synthesized a series of eugenol β-amino alcohol and β-alkoxy alcohol derivatives, which were then tested against two human cancer cell lines, namely gastric adenocarcinoma cells (AGS) and lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549). An initial screening was performed to identify the most cytotoxic compounds. The results demonstrated that three β-amino alcohol derivatives had anticancer activity that justified subsequent studies, having been shown to trigger apoptosis. Importantly, the most potent molecules displayed no appreciable toxicity towards human noncancer cells. Structure-activity relationships show that changes in eugenol structure led to enhanced cytotoxic activity and can contribute to the future design of more potent and selective drugs.
Topics: Alcohols; Amino Alcohols; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Clove Oil; Eugenol; Humans
PubMed: 35409123
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073759 -
Polymers Aug 2019The combined effects of nano titanium dioxide (TiO-N) and clove oil (CO) on the physico-chemical, biological and structural properties of chitosan (CH)/starch (ST) films...
The combined effects of nano titanium dioxide (TiO-N) and clove oil (CO) on the physico-chemical, biological and structural properties of chitosan (CH)/starch (ST) films were investigated by using a solvent casting method. Results indicated that the incorporation of TiO-N could improve the compactness of the film, increase the tensile strength (TS) and antioxidant activity, and decrease the water vapour permeability (WVP). As may be expected, the incorporation of CO into the film matrix decreased TS but increased the hydrophobicity as well as water vapour barrier antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data supported intermolecular interactions between TiO-N, CO and the film matrix. Use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that TiO-N and CO were well dispersed and emulsified in the film network. Thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves demonstrated that TiO-N and CO were well embedded in the film matrix, hence this blend film system could provide new formulation options for food packaging materials in the future.
PubMed: 31470594
DOI: 10.3390/polym11091418 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2019is a zoonotic pathogen that is currently considered an emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR). Increasing antibiotic resistance can lead to the unsuccessful treatment of...
is a zoonotic pathogen that is currently considered an emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR). Increasing antibiotic resistance can lead to the unsuccessful treatment of infection. Recently, many investigations of medicinal plants were conducted for the treatment of infection as a result of the increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aims of this study were to determine the chemical composition of essential oil from (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry and the antibacterial activities of clove oil on MDR . Using gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer, eugenol (97.76%) was found to be the major active ingredient of clove oil. antibacterial activities of clove oil against MDR were evaluated. Using the agar disc diffusion test, the clove oil showed a maximum zone of inhibition at 15% (v/v) oil concentration. In a broth microdilution method, the minimum bactericidal concentration of clove oil against all MDR isolates was 0.1% (v/v). A time-kill analysis was performed, and the killing kinetics of clove oil showed that MDR was completely reduced after 15 min of exposure to clove oil. In addition, clove oil exhibited a strong antibacterial activity at all pH values applied following incubation of MDR in pH-adjusted media with clove oil. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy revealed the nonviable isolates clearly showed atypical form and cell membrane lysis after incubation with clove oil. This study confirms the efficacy of clove oil as a natural antimicrobial against MDR and suggests the possibility of employing it as a promising alternative product for control of infectious diseases caused by in animal and human patients.
PubMed: 31877814
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010014 -
PloS One 2018The effectiveness of clove oil and cautery disbudding on horn growth was evaluated in goat kids. The study used 243 Saanen doe kids (4±1 days old; mean±SD) on two goat...
The effectiveness of clove oil and cautery disbudding on horn growth was evaluated in goat kids. The study used 243 Saanen doe kids (4±1 days old; mean±SD) on two goat farms that were disbudded with either (i) clove oil injection (CLOVE), (ii) a cautery iron and bud removed (BUDOFF), or (iii) a cautery iron with bud left intact (BUDON). Each kid received a different treatment per bud, which were balanced between buds (left/right) and randomly allocated. A trained observer monitored bud growth following treatment for 3 months recording either: N: no growth, H: normal horn, S: abnormal horn (scur), or SC: soft, fibrous lump (scorn). After the final observation, buds were assessed for the probability of detecting (i) success (no growth), (ii) scurs, (iii) horns or (iv) scorns [with 95% CI]. The probability of success for BUDOFF (0.77 [0.63, 0.87]) was higher than for BUDON (0.20 [0.11, 0.34]) and CLOVE (0.09 [0.04, 0.18]; P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the probability of success for BUDON was higher than for CLOVE (P ≤ 0.05). The probability of scurs was higher for CLOVE (0.72 [0.63, 0.80]) than BUDOFF (0.25 [0.17, 0.34]) and BUDON (0.30 [0.21, 0.39]; P ≤ 0.05). There was no difference in the probability of scurs for BUDOFF and BUDON (P > 0.05). The probability of horns was higher for CLOVE (0.21 [0.15, 0.29]) than BUDON (0.02 [0.01, 0.06]; P ≤ 0.05); horns were not observed for BUDOFF. The probability of scorns for BUDON, the only treatment that led to scorns, was 0.41 (0.25, 0.60). These results suggest that BUDOFF was more effective at preventing growth than CLOVE and BUDON and appears the most effective method, of the methods tested, for disbudding kids. Future research should explore other alternatives to cautery disbudding that may be both efficacious and cause less pain.
Topics: Animals; Cautery; Clove Oil; Female; Goats; Horns; Pain; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30427945
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198229