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Schizophrenia Bulletin Jan 2018Sex is considered an understudied variable in health research. Schizophrenia is a brain disorder with known sex differences in epidemiology and clinical presentation. We... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Sex is considered an understudied variable in health research. Schizophrenia is a brain disorder with known sex differences in epidemiology and clinical presentation. We systematically reviewed the literature for sex-based differences of diffusion properties of white matter tracts in schizophrenia. We then conducted a meta-analysis examining sex-based differences in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia. Medline and Embase were searched to identify relevant papers. Studies fulfilling the following criteria were included: (1) included individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, (2) included a control group of healthy individuals, (3) included both sexes in the patient and the control groups, (4) used diffusion tensor imaging, and (5) involved analyzing metrics of white matter microstructural integrity. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was used as the measure of interest in the meta-analysis. Of 730 studies reviewed, 75 met the inclusion criteria. Most showed no effect of sex, however, those that did found either that females have lower FA than males, or that the effect of disease in females is larger than that in males. The findings of the meta-analysis in the corpus callosum supported this result. There is a recognized need for studies on schizophrenia with a sufficient sample of female patients. Lack of power undermines the ability to detect sex-based differences. Understanding the sex-specific impact of illness on neural circuits may help inform development of new treatments, and improvement of existing interventions.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Corpus Callosum; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Schizophrenia; Sex Factors; White Matter; Young Adult
PubMed: 28449132
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx049 -
Medical Ultrasonography Dec 2018To explore the value of Omniview (OV) technology in assessing the fetus corpus callosum. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
AIM
To explore the value of Omniview (OV) technology in assessing the fetus corpus callosum.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
For the ultrasound examination of 189 fetuses (gestational week range 19-28 weeks), two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound imaging and Omniview technology were used by two physicians (A and B). The acquisition time and the quality of images were recorded.
RESULTS
The acquisition time of Omniview technology was shorter comparing with the aquisition time of 2D ultrasound imaging (A2D vs. AOV: 159.44±27.09 s vs. 73.90±18.99 s, p<0.01; B2D vs. BOV: 120.22±21.89 s vs. 74.19±14.86 seconds, p<0.01). 2D ultrasound examination was performed in a longer time by the junior physician, compared with the senior physician (A2D vs. B2D: 159.44±27.09 s vs. 120.22±21.89 s, p<0.01). The intra- and inter-observer reliability of acquisition time using Omniviewtechnology was good (LoA: ‒11.8 to +12.4s, and ‒41.9 to +43.3s, respectively). The success rate of junior and senior physicians with the Omniview technique was 76.2% and 80.4%, respectively. There was good consistency between the Omniview technique and 2D ultrasound imaging in terms of image quality (Kappa = 0.782, 95% CI: 0.586-0.977).
CONCLUSION
Omniview technique can not only obtain corpus callosum images more effectively but also can achieve better quality images. Therefore, it is a reliable method to image the fetal corpus callosum.
Topics: Adult; Corpus Callosum; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Pregnancy; Reproducibility of Results; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 30534658
DOI: 10.11152/mu-1555 -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Apr 2017To characterize corpus callosum development in neonates born very preterm from early in life to term-equivalent age and its relationship with neurodevelopmental outcome...
AIM
To characterize corpus callosum development in neonates born very preterm from early in life to term-equivalent age and its relationship with neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 months corrected age.
METHOD
In a prospective cohort of 193 neonates born preterm, 24 to 32 weeks' gestation, we used magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging acquired early in life (n=193) and at term-equivalent age (n=159) to measure corpus callosum development: mid-sagittal area (including corpus callosum subdivisions) and length, and fractional anisotropy from the genu and splenium. We examined the association of (1) intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and white matter injury (WMI) severity, and (2) neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 months corrected age with corpus callosum development.
RESULTS
Severe WMI and severe IVH were strongly associated with reduced corpus callosum area (both p<0.001) and WMI with lower fractional anisotropy (p=0.002). Mild WMI predicted smaller corpus callosum area only posteriorly; mild IVH predicted smaller area throughout. Adverse motor outcome was associated with smaller corpus callosum size in the posterior subdivision (p=0.003). Abnormal cognitive outcomes were associated with lower corpus callosum fractional anisotropy (p=0.008).
INTERPRETATION
In newborn infants born very preterm, brain injury is associated with changes in simple metrics of corpus callosum development. In this population, the development of the corpus callosum, as reflected by size and microstructure, is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months corrected age.
Topics: Brain Injuries; Cognition Disorders; Cohort Studies; Corpus Callosum; Developmental Disabilities; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Infant; Infant, Extremely Premature; Intracranial Hemorrhages; Male; Motor Activity
PubMed: 27976377
DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13364 -
PloS One 2014We assessed the relationship between structural characteristics (area) and microstructure (apparent diffusion coefficient; ADC) of the corpus callosum (CC) in 57 healthy...
We assessed the relationship between structural characteristics (area) and microstructure (apparent diffusion coefficient; ADC) of the corpus callosum (CC) in 57 healthy children aged 7.0 to 9.1 years, with diverse cognitive and academic abilities as well as executive functions evaluated with a neuropsychological battery for children. The CC was manually delineated and sub-segmented into six regions, and their ADC and area were measured. There were no significant differences between genders in the callosal region area or in ADC. The CC area and ADC, mainly of anterior regions, correlated with different cognitive abilities for each gender. Our results suggest that the relationship between cognitive abilities and CC characteristics is different between girls and boys and between the anterior and posterior regions of the CC. Furthermore, these findings strenghten the idea that regardless of the different interhemispheric connectivity schemes per gender, the results of cognitive tasks are very similar for girls and boys throughout childhood.
Topics: Child; Child Development; Cognition; Corpus Callosum; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Female; Humans; Male; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 25170897
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104549 -
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology :... Jan 2010To present antenatal sonographic findings and outcome of fetuses with hypoplasia or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum.
OBJECTIVE
To present antenatal sonographic findings and outcome of fetuses with hypoplasia or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum.
METHODS
The database of our ultrasound laboratory was searched retrospectively for cases of hypoplasia or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum suspected at antenatal neurosonography between 1998 and 2008 and confirmed by pathology or postnatal neuroimaging. In surviving infants, clinical follow-up had been arranged to assess neurodevelopmental outcome.
RESULTS
Nineteen fetuses with callosal underdevelopment were identified at a median gestational age of 22 (range, 21-33) weeks and confirmed at follow-up, including 14 with partial agenesis and five with hypoplasia. Among the 14 fetuses with partial agenesis, there were additional brain findings in 10, including two with absent cavum septi pellucidi, four with mild isolated ventriculomegaly and four with cerebellar abnormalities, two of which also had ventriculomegaly. Pregnancy was terminated electively in seven of the cases with partial agenesis and there was one neonatal death. Among the six surviving infants, neurodevelopmental outcome was appropriate for age in three at follow up, including two cases with isolated partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. Among the five fetuses with prenatally diagnosed callosal hypoplasia, additional anomalies were present in four. Two cases were terminated electively and three were alive at the time of writing, with a median age of 3 years. Among them, apparently normal neurological development was observed in only one case.
CONCLUSIONS
An antenatal diagnosis of callosal underdevelopment is possible by expert sonography. There is often association with other major anomalies. However, even in fetuses with apparently isolated findings, the prognosis is uncertain.
Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Agenesis of Corpus Callosum; Corpus Callosum; Female; Fetal Diseases; Follow-Up Studies; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Prenatal Diagnosis; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 20020466
DOI: 10.1002/uog.7489 -
NeuroImage Apr 2020Conventional diffusion imaging uses pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) waveforms with diffusion times of tens of milliseconds (ms) to infer differences of white matter...
Diffusion time dependency along the human corpus callosum and exploration of age and sex differences as assessed by oscillating gradient spin-echo diffusion tensor imaging.
Conventional diffusion imaging uses pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) waveforms with diffusion times of tens of milliseconds (ms) to infer differences of white matter microstructure. The combined use of these long diffusion times with short diffusion times (<10 ms) enabled by oscillating gradient spin echo (OGSE) waveforms can enable more sensitivity to changes of restrictive boundaries on the scale of white matter microstructure (e.g. membranes reflecting the axon diameters). Here, PGSE and OGSE images were acquired at 4.7 T from 20 healthy volunteers aged 20-73 years (10 males). Mean, radial, and axial diffusivity, as well as fractional anisotropy were calculated in the genu, body and splenium of the corpus callosum (CC). Monte Carlo simulations were also conducted to examine the relationship of intra- and extra-axonal radial diffusivity with diffusion time over a range of axon diameters and distributions. The results showed elevated diffusivities with OGSE relative to PGSE in the genu and splenium (but not the body) in both males and females, but the OGSE-PGSE difference was greater in the genu for males. Females showed positive correlations of OGSE-PGSE diffusivity difference with age across the CC, whereas there were no such age correlations in males. Simulations of radial diffusion demonstrated that for axon sizes in human brain both OGSE and PGSE diffusivities were dominated by extra-axonal water, but the OGSE-PGSE difference nonetheless increased with area-weighted outer-axon diameter. Therefore, the lack of OGSE-PGSE difference in the body is not entirely consistent with literature that suggests it is composed predominantly of axons with large diameter. The greater OGSE-PGSE difference in the genu of males could reflect larger axon diameters than females. The OGSE-PGSE difference correlation with age in females could reflect loss of smaller axons at older ages. The use of OGSE with short diffusion times to sample the microstructural scale of restriction implies regional differences of axon diameters along the corpus callosum with preliminary results suggesting a dependence on age and sex.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aging; Axons; Corpus Callosum; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Monte Carlo Method; Sex Characteristics; Young Adult
PubMed: 31935520
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116533 -
Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi =... May 2014To compare the differences between full-term and VLBW premature infants at term equivalent for the whole and sub-regional corpus callosum areas in order to provide...
OBJECTIVE
To compare the differences between full-term and VLBW premature infants at term equivalent for the whole and sub-regional corpus callosum areas in order to provide reference for monitoring the extrauterine development of corpus callosum in VLBW premature infants.
METHODS
Brain MR image data of 24 term infants with a gestational age of 39 weeks were collected within 24 hours after birth. Brain MR image of 30 VLBW neonates at 39 weeks' gestational age equivalent were successfully obtained. Routine T1WI, T2WI and DWI were applied. T1-weighted images on the mid-sagittal slice were selected, analyzed and measured. Forty-nine eligible MR images of them were chosen, 21 cases from the full-term infant group and 28 cases from the premature infant group. Corpus callosum and brain MR images were then sketched by two radiographic doctors. All data were analyzed by the Image Processing Function of MATLAB R2010a, and the whole corpus callosum and six sub-regions were obtained.
RESULTS
The whole corpus callosum, anterior mid-body, posterior mid-body, isthmus and splenium area in the premature infant group were smaller than those in the full-term infant group (P<0.05), but the differences of Genu and rostral body area between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The areas of the whole corpus callosum, anterior mid-body, posterior mid-body, isthmus and splenium in VLBW preterm infants at term are reduced, suggesting that the posterior end of the corpus callosum is probably most vulnerable to insults following pathogenic factors.
Topics: Corpus Callosum; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 24856996
DOI: No ID Found -
AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology Jun 2018Neural system was one of the important contributors to the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; additionally, the morphology of corpus callosum...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Neural system was one of the important contributors to the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; additionally, the morphology of corpus callosum interconnecting both hemispheres of the brain was found to be altered morphologically. Our aim was to evaluate and compare the microstructural changes of the corpus callosum and its interhemispheric white matter fiber tracts interconnecting both cerebral hemispheres in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and matched controls using diffusion tensor imaging.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Brain DTI was performed in 69 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (female, right thoracic/thoracolumbar curve) and 40 age-matched controls without adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (female). 2D and 3D segmentation of the corpus callosum were performed using a region-growing method, and the corpus callosum was further divided into 6 regions, including the rostrum, genu, anterior and posterior midbodies, isthmus, and splenium. The laterality index was calculated to quantify the asymmetry of the corpus callosum. Interhemispheric fiber tractography were performed using the Brodmann atlas.
RESULTS
2D ROI analysis revealed reduced fractional anisotropy in the genu and splenium ( = .075 and = .024, respectively). Consistently reduced fractional anisotropy on the left sides of the genu and splenium was also found in 3D ROI analysis ( = .03 and = .012, respectively). The laterality index analysis revealed a pseudo-right lateralization of the corpus callosum in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Interhemispheric fibers via the splenium interconnecting Brodmann 3, 1, and 2; Brodmann 17; and Brodmann 18 (corresponding to the primary somatosensory cortex and primary and secondary visual cortices) were also found to have reduced fractional anisotropy ( ≤ .05).
CONCLUSIONS
Reduced fractional anisotropy was found in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum and corresponding interhemispheric fiber tracts interconnecting the somatosensory and visual cortices via the splenium. Our results are suggestive of altered white matter microstructure within the brain of those with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, which could be related to abnormal brain maturation during adolescence in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and could possibly explain the previously documented somatosensory function impairment and visuo-oculomotor dysfunction in this condition.
Topics: Adolescent; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Callosum; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Female; Humans; Male; Scoliosis; White Matter
PubMed: 29674416
DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A5634 -
Journal of Anatomy Sep 2019The early development and growth of the corpus callosum are supported by several midline transient structures in mammals that include callosal septa (CS), which are...
The early development and growth of the corpus callosum are supported by several midline transient structures in mammals that include callosal septa (CS), which are present only in the second half of gestation in humans. Here we provide new data that support the guidance role of CS in corpus callosum development, derived from the analysis of 46 postmortem fetal brains, ranging in age from 16 to 40 post conception weeks (PCW). Using immunohistochemical methods, we show the expression pattern of guidance cues ephrinA4 and neogenin, extracellular protein fibronectin, as well as non-activated microglia in the CS. We found that the dynamic changes in expression of guidance cues, cellular and extracellular matrix constituents in the CS correlate well with the growth course of the corpus callosum at midsagittal level. The CS reach and maintain their developmental maximum between 20 and 26 PCW and can be visualized as hypointense structures in the ventral callosal portion with ex vivo (in vitro) T2-weighted 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The maximum of septal development overlaps with an increase in the callosal midsagittal area, whereas the slow, gradual resolution of CS coincides with a plateau of midsagittal callosal growth. The recognition of CS existence in human fetal brain and the ability to visualize them by ex vivoMRI attributes a potential diagnostic value to these transient structures, as advancement in imaging technologies will likely also enable in vivoMRI visualization of the CS in the near future.
Topics: Corpus Callosum; Gestational Age; Humans
PubMed: 31070791
DOI: 10.1111/joa.13011 -
BMC Pediatrics Jan 2023Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a post-viral inflammatory vasculopathy characterized by persistent fever, multiorgan dysfunction, significant...
BACKGROUND
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a post-viral inflammatory vasculopathy characterized by persistent fever, multiorgan dysfunction, significant laboratory markers of inflammation, lack of an alternative diagnosis, and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection or exposure in children and adolescents. The most common early symptoms include a prolonged fever, as well as dermatologic, mucocutaneous, and gastrointestinal symptoms such abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.
CASE PRESENTATION
We present a pediatric patient with multisystem inflammatory syndrome with the development of abdominal pain and seizure who was found to have a circumferential wall thickening of the terminal ileum and ileocecal junction in abdominal CT scan. The brain MRI of the patient showed cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCC) which had hypersignal intensity with a few diffusion restrictions in the splenium of the corpus callosum.
CONCLUSION
This case is being reported to raise awareness of MIS-C presenting characteristics. Given the rising number of MIS-C patients and a lack of understanding regarding early diagnostic clinical characteristics and therapy, further research into clinical presentations, treatment, and outcomes is urgently needed.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Child; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Crohn Disease; Corpus Callosum; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; Abdominal Pain
PubMed: 36627589
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03707-2