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Journal of Neurochemistry May 2014The Ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective treatment with regards to treating pharmaco-resistant epilepsy. However, there are difficulties around compliance and...
The Ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective treatment with regards to treating pharmaco-resistant epilepsy. However, there are difficulties around compliance and tolerability. Consequently, there is a need for refined/simpler formulations that could replicate the efficacy of the KD. One of the proposed hypotheses is that the KD increases cellular mitochondrial content which results in elevation of the seizure threshold. Here, we have focussed on the medium-chain triglyceride form of the diet and the observation that plasma octanoic acid (C8) and decanoic acid (C10) levels are elevated in patients on the medium-chain triglyceride KD. Using a neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y), we demonstrated that 250-μM C10, but not C8, caused, over a 6-day period, a marked increase in the mitochondrial enzyme, citrate synthase along with complex I activity and catalase activity. Increased mitochondrial number was also indicated by electron microscopy. C10 is a reported peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ agonist, and the use of a peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ antagonist was shown to prevent the C10-mediated increase in mitochondrial content and catalase. C10 may mimic the mitochondrial proliferation associated with the KD and raises the possibility that formulations based on this fatty acid could replace a more complex diet. We propose that decanoic acid (C10) results in increased mitochondrial number. Our data suggest that this may occur via the activation of the PPARγ receptor and its target genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. This finding could be of significant benefit to epilepsy patients who are currently on a strict ketogenic diet. Evidence that C10 on its own can modulate mitochondrial number raises the possibility that a simplified and less stringent C10-based diet could be developed.
Topics: Cell Line; Citrate (si)-Synthase; Decanoic Acids; Diet, Ketogenic; Electron Transport Complex I; Enzyme Activation; Humans; Mitochondria; Neurons
PubMed: 24383952
DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12646 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021is a major bacterial cause of human diarrheal diseases worldwide. Despite its sensitivity to environmental stresses, ubiquitously distributes throughout poultry...
is a major bacterial cause of human diarrheal diseases worldwide. Despite its sensitivity to environmental stresses, ubiquitously distributes throughout poultry production chains. Biofilm formation mediated by quorum sensing is suggested to be critical to the survival of in agroecosystem. possesses LuxS, the enzyme involved in the production of autoinducer-2 (AI-2) signaling molecules. In this study, two fatty acids, namely decanoic acid and lauric acid, were identified to be effective in inhibiting AI-2 activity of . Both decanoic acid and lauric acid at 100 ppm inhibited ∼90% AI-2 activity ( < 0.05) of without bacterial inactivation. The biofilm biomass of two strains was reduced by 10-50% ( < 0.05) after treatment by both fatty acids, while increased biofilm formation was observed for one strain. In addition, both fatty acids effectively reduced the motility of all tested strains. These findings can aid in developing alternative control strategies in agri-food and clinical settings.
PubMed: 35095817
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.811506 -
Pharmaceutics May 202310-hydroxy decanoic acid (HDA), a naturally derived fatty acid, was used for the preparation of novel fatty acid vesicles for comparison with oleic acid (OA) ufasomes....
10-hydroxy decanoic acid (HDA), a naturally derived fatty acid, was used for the preparation of novel fatty acid vesicles for comparison with oleic acid (OA) ufasomes. The vesicles were loaded with magnolol (Mag), a potential natural drug for skin cancer. Different formulations were prepared using the thin film hydration method and were statistically evaluated according to a Box-Behnken design in terms of particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and entrapment efficiency (EE). The ex vivo skin permeation and deposition were assessed for Mag skin delivery. In vivo, an assessment of the optimized formulae using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced skin cancer in mice was also conducted. The PS and ZP of the optimized OA vesicles were 358.9 ± 3.2 nm and -82.50 ± 7.13 mV compared to 191.9 ± 6.28 nm and -59.60 ± 3.07 mV for HDA vesicles, respectively. The EE was high (>78%) for both types of vesicles. Ex vivo permeation studies revealed enhanced Mag permeation from all optimized formulations compared to a drug suspension. Skin deposition demonstrated that HDA-based vesicles provided the highest drug retention. In vivo, studies confirmed the superiority of HDA-based formulations in attenuating DMBA-induced skin cancer during treatment and prophylactic studies.
PubMed: 37242703
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051461 -
Neuropsychopharmacology Reports Mar 2022Capric acid (also known as decanoic acid or C10) is one of the fatty acids in the medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) commonly found in dietary fats. Although dietary...
Acute and chronic effects of oral administration of a medium-chain fatty acid, capric acid, on locomotor activity and anxiety-like and depression-related behaviors in adult male C57BL/6J mice.
AIM
Capric acid (also known as decanoic acid or C10) is one of the fatty acids in the medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) commonly found in dietary fats. Although dietary treatment with MCTs is recently of great interest for the potential therapeutic effects on neuropsychiatric disorders, the effects of oral administration of C10 on behavior remain to be examined. This study investigated acute and chronic effects of oral administration of C10 on locomotor activity and anxiety-like and depression-related behaviors in adult male C57BL/6J mice.
METHODS
To explore the acute effects of C10 administration, mice were subjected to a series of behavioral tests in the following order: light/dark transition, open field, elevated plus maze, Porsolt forced swim, and tail suspension tests, 30 minutes after oral gavage of either vehicle or C10 solution (30 mmol/kg dose in Experiment 1; 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mmol/kg doses in Experiment 2). Next, to examine chronic effects of C10, mice repeatedly administered with either vehicle or C10 solution (0.3, 3.0 mmol/kg doses per day, for 21 days, in Experiment 3) were subjected to behavioral tests without oral administration immediately before each test.
RESULTS
The mice administrated with the high dose of C10 (30 mmol/kg) showed lower body weights, shorter distance traveled, and more anxiety-like behavior than vehicle-treated mice, and the results reached study-wide statistical significance. The C10 administration at a lower dose of 0.3 mmol/kg had no significant effects on body weights and induced nominally significantly longer distance traveled than vehicle administration. Repeated administration of C10 at a dose of 3.0 mmol/kg for more than 21 days caused lower body weights and decreased depression-related behavior, although the behavioral differences did not reach study-wide significance.
CONCLUSIONS
Although these results suggest dose-dependent effects of oral administration of capric acid on locomotor activity and anxiety-like and depression-related behaviors, further study will be needed to replicate the findings and explore the underlying brain mechanisms.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Decanoic Acids; Depression; Fatty Acids; Locomotion; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL
PubMed: 34994529
DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12226 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022Sea cucumbers are marine organism that have long been used for food and traditional medicine in Asian countries. Recently, we have shown that ethyl acetate fraction...
Sea cucumbers are marine organism that have long been used for food and traditional medicine in Asian countries. Recently, we have shown that ethyl acetate fraction (HLEA) of the crude extract of the black sea cucumber, could alleviate Parkinsonism in PD models. In this study, we found that the effective neuroprotective activity is attributed to HLEA-P1 compound chemically isolated and identified in ethyl acetate. We reported here that HLEA-P1 could attenuate DAergic neurodegeneration, improve DAergic-dependent behaviors, reduce oxidative stress in 6-OHDA-induced . In addition, HLEA-P1 reduced α-synuclein aggregation, improved behavior deficit and recovered lipid deposition in transgenic overexpressing α-synuclein. We also found that HLEA-P1 activates nuclear localization of DAF-16 transcription factor of insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway. Treatment with 25 μg/ml of HLEA-P1 upregulated transcriptional activity of DAF-16 target genes including anti-oxidant genes (such as ) and small heat shock proteins (such as , , and ) in 6-OHDA-induced worms. In α-synuclein-overexpressed strain, treatment with 5 μg/ml of HLEA-P1 significantly activated mRNA expression of and Chemical analysis demonstrated that HLEA-P1 compound is decanoic acid/capric acid. Taken together, our findings revealed that decanoic acid isolated from exerts anti-Parkinson effect in PD models by partly modulating IIS/DAF-16 pathway.
PubMed: 36582526
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1004568 -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2022The high fatality and disability rate of atrial fibrillation (AF) strongly promote the development of pathogenesis and treatment of AF that is of great value. The...
The high fatality and disability rate of atrial fibrillation (AF) strongly promote the development of pathogenesis and treatment of AF that is of great value. The present research attempted to clarify potential mechanisms of Mujiangzi oil (CV-3) in treating AF by constructing an AF cardiomyocytes model and using a network pharmacology approach. The experiment was divided into 4 groups: control, an AF model, AF + CV-3-treated, and the AF + verapamil group. Flow cytometry and the MTT assay were employed to detect cell apoptosis and cell viability, respectively. The main active components of CV-3 and predicted targets were obtained firstly, and molecular docking was performed. In the AF model, the cell apoptosis was aggravated, but inhibited in the CV-3-treated group. In addition, the cell viability was recovered after CV-3 treatment compared with the model group. Five potential active compounds of CV-3 were collected, including effective ingredients N-decanoic acid, spathulenol, copaene, -panasinsene, and eucalyptol. Among them, N-decanoic acid and spathulenol was demonstrated to bind to PTGS2 with binding energy of -4.08 and -7.09 kcal/mol, respectively, and hydrogen bonds interaction were found. The present study indicated that CV-3 could alleviate AF cardiomyocytes apoptosis and improve cardiomyocytes viability, and N-decanoic acid and spathulenol may be the key components of CV-3 in treatment of AF by regulating PTGS2. This study provided the possible target PTGS2 and the understanding of molecular mechanisms of CV-3 in treating AF.
PubMed: 35747377
DOI: 10.1155/2022/5496299 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Aug 2022The marine bacterium Alcanivorax borkumensis produces a surface-active glycine-glucolipid during growth with long-chain alkanes. A high-performance liquid chromatography...
The marine bacterium Alcanivorax borkumensis produces a surface-active glycine-glucolipid during growth with long-chain alkanes. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for absolute quantification. This method is based on the conversion of the glycine-glucolipid to phenacyl esters with subsequent measurement by HPLC with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Different molecular species were separated by HPLC and identified as glucosyl-tetra(3-hydroxy-acyl)-glycine with varying numbers of 3-hydroxy-decanoic acid or 3-hydroxy-octanoic acid groups via mass spectrometry. The growth rate of cells with pyruvate as the sole carbon source was elevated compared to hexadecane as recorded by the increase in cell density as well as oxygen/carbon dioxide transfer rates. The amount of the glycine-glucolipid produced per cell during growth on hexadecane was higher compared with growth on pyruvate. The glycine-glucolipid from pyruvate-grown cells contained considerable amounts of 3-hydroxy-octanoic acid, in contrast to hexadecane-grown cells, which almost exclusively incorporated 3-hydroxy-decanoic acid into the glycine-glucolipid. The predominant proportion of the glycine-glucolipid was found in the cell pellet, while only minute amounts were present in the cell-free supernatant. The glycine-glucolipid isolated from the bacterial cell broth, cell pellet, or cell-free supernatant showed the same structure containing a glycine residue, in contrast to previous reports, which suggested that a glycine-free form of the glucolipid exists which is secreted into the supernatant. In conclusion, the glycine-glucolipid of is resident to the cell wall and enables the bacterium to bind and solubilize alkanes at the lipid-water interface. Alcanivorax borkumensis is one of the most abundant marine bacteria found in areas of oil spills, where it degrades alkanes. The production of a glycine-glucolipid is considered an essential element for alkane degradation. We developed a quantitative method and determined the structure of the glycine-glucolipid in different fractions of the cultures after growth in various media. Our results show that the amount of the glycine-glucolipid in the cells by far exceeds the amount measured in the supernatant, confirming the proposed cell wall localization. These results support the scenario that the surface hydrophobicity of cells increases by producing the glycine-glucolipid, allowing the cells to attach to the alkane-water interface and form a biofilm. We found no evidence for a glycine-free form of the glucolipid.
Topics: Alcanivoraceae; Alkanes; Bacteria; Biodegradation, Environmental; Cell Wall; Glycine; Pyruvic Acid; Water
PubMed: 35938787
DOI: 10.1128/aem.01126-22 -
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2021Ketogenic diets have been utilized for many years to improve health, and as a dietary approach for the treatment of a range of diseases, where the mechanism of these low... (Review)
Review
Ketogenic diets have been utilized for many years to improve health, and as a dietary approach for the treatment of a range of diseases, where the mechanism of these low carbohydrate and high fat diets is widely considered to be through the production of metabolic products of fat breakdown, called ketones. One of these diets, the medium chain triglyceride ketogenic diet, involves high fat dietary intake in the form of medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), decanoic and octanoic acid, and is commonly used in endurance and high intensity exercises but has also demonstrated beneficial effects in the treatment of numerous pathologies including drug resistant epilepsy, cancer, and diabetes. Recent advances, using as a model, have controversially proposed several direct molecular mechanisms for decanoic acid in this diet, independent of ketone generation. Studies in this model have identified that decanoic acid reduces phosphoinositide turnover, diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) activity, and also inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). These discoveries could potentially impact the treatment of a range of disorders including epilepsy, cancer and bipolar disorder. In this review, we summarize the newly proposed mechanisms for decanoic acid, identified using , and highlight potential roles in health and disease treatment.
PubMed: 34589488
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.722066 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022The physicochemical characteristics and flavor-related compounds of thigh meat derived from diverse Korean native chickens (KNC), namely Hanhyup No. 3 (HH3), Woorimatdag...
The physicochemical characteristics and flavor-related compounds of thigh meat derived from diverse Korean native chickens (KNC), namely Hanhyup No. 3 (HH3), Woorimatdag No 1 (WRMD 1), and Woorimatdag No 2 (WRMD 2), under fresh and frozen-thawed conditions were studied and compared with those of commercial broilers (CB). Regardless of the breed, KNC showed a higher (p < 0.05) percentage of linoleic and arachidonic acid. The highest proportion of docosahexaenoic acid was observed in WRMD 2. Despite having a higher collagen content, thigh meat derived from KNC maintained a similar texture profile in comparison to that of CB. The concentrations of most free amino acids (FAA), except for taurine, tryptophan, and carnosine, were higher in frozen-thawed meat than in fresh meat. Regarding volatile organic compounds (VOC), following freezing, the concentration of favorable VOCs increased in CB, but decreased in WRMD 1, suggesting a loss of pleasant flavor in frozen-thawed meat. This study indicated that changes in VOCs, including hydrocarbons (d-limonene, heptadecane, hexadecane, naphthalene, pentadecane, 3-methyl-, tridecane), esters (arsenous acid, tris(trimethylsilyl) ester, decanoic acid, ethyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester), alcohol (1-hexanol, 2-ethyl-), ketones (5,9-undecadien-2-one, 6,10-dimethyl-), and aldehydes (pentadecanal-, tetradecanal, tridecanal), may be a promising marker for distinguishing between fresh and frozen-thawed chicken thigh meat. These findings are of critical importance as preliminary data for developing high-quality chicken meat products.
PubMed: 36230082
DOI: 10.3390/foods11193006 -
Veterinary Sciences Nov 2022The interdigital gland is a specialized skin gland located between the digits of Artiodactyla (i.e., even-toed ungulates). Its secretion participates in semiochemical...
The interdigital gland is a specialized skin gland located between the digits of Artiodactyla (i.e., even-toed ungulates). Its secretion participates in semiochemical communication, and protects from ultraviolet radiation as well as fungal and bacterial infections of the feet. The present study aimed at finding if there are male-female differences in the anatomy, morphology, and volatile compounds of the interdigital gland of the South Indian breed of Vembur sheep. A total of 24 sheep (12 each of male and female) were spotted at the slaughterhouse and the interdigital gland was removed for examination. The anatomical examination revealed it to resemble a tobacco pipe and to consist of a body, flexure, and excretory duct with an external orifice located at the cleft of the digits. Morphometrically, the interdigital glands differed between males and females. The gland possesses a distinct fibrous capsule, epidermis, and dermis. The fibrous capsule contains several parallel bundles of collagen fibers, nerve fibers, and blood vessels, etc. The epidermis consists of keratinized squamous epithelium formed of stratum basale, stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum. The dermis consists of hair follicles, nerve plexuses, arrector pili muscles, and apocrine and sebaceous glandular lobules. The latter, lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium, are arranged in clusters of acini in the upper portion of the dermis. The apocrine secretory lobules, made up of parenchymal cells, are found in the lower portion of the dermis. The density and diameter of the apocrine and sebaceous secretory lobules were significantly higher in the males than females. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis confirmed the apocrine and sebaceous secretory components. Twenty-three major compounds were identified in the interdigital gland postings of male and female sheep, among which butanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, 1-heptanol and octadecanoic acid were present only in the male glandular post, whereas octane, 7-hexyl-tridecane, tetradecane, heptadecane and decanoic acid were present only in the female glandular post. Tetradecanol, tetradecanoic acid and hexadecanol peaks, reportedly antibacterial compounds in pronghorn antelopes, were highly prominent in both male and female sheep. Thus, the interdigital gland of Vembur sheep has two major secretory lobules, namely, sebaceous and apocrine, larger in males than females, which secrete a variety chemical compounds that may serve as chemical communication systems and protect the sheep from foot-borne diseases.
PubMed: 36423097
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110647