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Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental Jan 2013To investigate the effect of acute hyperinsulinemia and the resulting decrease in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations on intramuscular TG synthesis.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of acute hyperinsulinemia and the resulting decrease in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations on intramuscular TG synthesis.
MATERIALS/METHODS
U-(13)C(16)-palmitate was infused for 3 h in anesthetized rabbits after overnight food deprivation. Arterial blood and leg muscle were sampled during the tracer infusion. Plasma samples were analyzed for free and TG-bound palmitate enrichments and concentrations. The enrichments and concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-carnitine as well as the enrichment of palmitate bound to TG were measured in muscle samples. Fractional synthetic rate (FSR) of intramuscular TG was calculated using the tracer incorporation method. The rabbits were divided into a control group and a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp group. Insulin infusion decreased the rate of appearance of plasma free palmitate (2.00±0.15 vs 0.68±0.20 μmol⋅kg(-1)⋅min(-1); P<.001), decreased plasma FFA concentration (327±61 vs 72±25 nmol/mL; P<.01), decreased the total concentration of intramuscular fatty acyl-CoA plus fatty acyl-carnitine (12.1±1.6 vs 7.0±0.7 nmol/g; P<.05), and decreased intramuscular TG FSR (0.48±0.05 vs 0.21±0.06%/h; P<.01) in comparison with the control group. Intramuscular TG FSR was correlated (P<.01) with both plasma FFA concentrations and intramuscular fatty acyl-CoA concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS
Fatty acid availability is a determinant of intramuscular TG synthesis. Insulin infusion decreases plasma and intramuscular fatty acid availability and thereby decreases TG synthesis.
Topics: Animals; Hyperinsulinism; Kinetics; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Palmitates; Palmitoyl Coenzyme A; Rabbits; Triglycerides
PubMed: 22898252
DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.06.002 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2022The objective of this study was to investigate whether the CH mitigation potential of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) in dairy cattle was affected by basal diet (BD)...
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the CH mitigation potential of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) in dairy cattle was affected by basal diet (BD) composition. The experiment involved 64 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (146 ± 45 d in milk at the start of trial; mean ± SD) in 2 overlapping crossover trials, each consisting of 2 measurement periods. Cows were blocked according to parity, d in milk, and milk yield, and randomly allocated to 1 of 3 diets: a grass silage-based diet (GS) consisting of 30% concentrates and 70% grass silage (DM basis), a grass silage- and corn silage-mixed diet (GSCS) consisting of 30% concentrates, 42% grass silage, and 28% corn silage (DM basis), or a corn silage-based diet (CS) consisting of 30% concentrates, 14% grass silage, and 56% corn silage (DM basis). Two types of concentrates were formulated, viz. a concentrate for the GS diet and a concentrate for the CS diet, to meet the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and milk production. The concentrate for the GSCS diet consisted of a 50:50 mixture of both concentrates. Subsequently, the cows within each type of BD received 2 treatments in a crossover design: either 60 mg of 3-NOP/kg of DM (NOP60) and a placebo with 0 mg of 3-NOP/kg of DM (NOP0) in one crossover or 80 mg of 3-NOP/kg of DM (NOP80) and NOP0 in the other crossover. Diets were provided as total mixed ration in feed bins, which automatically recorded feed intake. Additional concentrate was fed in the GreenFeed system that was used to measure emissions of CH and H. The CS diets resulted in a reduced CH yield (g/kg DMI) and CH intensity (g/kg milk). Feeding 3-NOP resulted in a decreased DMI. Milk production and composition did not differ between NOP60 and NOP0, whereas milk yield and the yield of major components decreased for NOP80 compared with NOP0. Feed efficiency was not affected by feeding 3-NOP. Interactions between BD and supplementation of 3-NOP were observed for the production (g/d) and yield (g/kg DMI) of both CH and H, indicating that the mitigating effect of 3-NOP depended on the composition of the BD. Emissions of CH decreased upon 3-NOP supplementation for all BD, but the decrease in CH emissions was smaller for GS (-26.2% for NOP60 and -28.4% for NOP80 in CH yield) compared with both GSCS (-35.1% for NOP60 and -37.9% for NOP80 for CH yield) and CS (-34.8% for NOP60 and -41.6% for NOP80 for CH yield), with no difference between the latter 2 BD. Emissions of H increased upon 3-NOP supplementation for all BD, but the H yield (g/kg DMI) increased 3.16 and 3.30-fold, respectively, when NOP60 and NOP80 were supplemented to GS, and 4.70 and 4.96 fold, respectively, when NOP60 and NOP80 were supplemented to CS. In conclusion, 3-NOP can effectively decrease CH emissions in dairy cows across diets, but the level of CH mitigation is greater when supplemented in a corn silage-based diet compared with a grass silage-based diet.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Diet; Female; Lactation; Methane; Poaceae; Pregnancy; Propanols; Silage; Zea mays
PubMed: 35221072
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20782 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Jul 2017Feeding a diet with a small amount of hay and a high proportion of concentrate given in large meals entails a risk of colic to horses as this can impact the hindgut...
Feeding a diet with a small amount of hay and a high proportion of concentrate given in large meals entails a risk of colic to horses as this can impact the hindgut microbial ecosystem. To counteract this potential negative effect, one feeding strategy is to modify the distribution sequence of concentrate and hay. The purpose of the present study was to assess the impact of feeding the concentrate meal before or with the hay meal on fermentative parameters postprandial variations in caecum and right ventral colon contents and faeces. We focused on the comparison of pH value and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations between the three compartments. Four horses fitted with two cannulas in the caecum and right ventral colon were fed a 100% hay diet (H) for a 3-week period, and then a 40% concentrate-60% hay diet for two consecutive periods of 3 weeks each. Concentrate and hay were offered simultaneously in two equal meals at 0800 and 1700 h (HC1) during one period, or separately in two equal meals at 0800 and 1600 h for the concentrate and at 1000 and 1730 h for hay (HC2) during the second one. During the 2nd week of each diet period (H, HC1, HC2), caecal, right ventral colonic and faecal samples were collected before (0) and at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after the morning meal. pH values and VFA concentrations were measured. Adding concentrate to the hay was associated with a decrease of pH value in the caecum, right ventral colon and faeces and an increase of faecal VFA concentrations (P<0.01). An impact of the concentrate feeding sequence was observed on caecal pH and faecal propionate concentration (P<0.001) but none on the other parameters investigated. In the caecum and right ventral colon, pH values decreased and VFA concentrations increased within the range of 4 to 8 h after the morning meal. Our data suggested that the variation of faecal pH could be an indicator of those of the caecal and right ventral colonic pH with a delay of 2 h. The present study showed that hay and commercial pelleted could be safely distributed simultaneously, thus making easier every day horse feeding.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cecum; Colon; Diet; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Feces; Feeding Behavior; Fermentation; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Poaceae; Postprandial Period; Propionates
PubMed: 27927263
DOI: 10.1017/S1751731116002603 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jan 2022The objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding low concentrations of calcium-binding salts on the prevention of low-temperature gelation in milk...
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding low concentrations of calcium-binding salts on the prevention of low-temperature gelation in milk protein concentrates (MPC). The MPC were created by a combination of ultrafiltration and diafiltration, standardized from 14 to 17% (wt/vol) protein content and mixed with one of 5 calcium-binding salts (sodium citrate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, and sodium monophosphate) adjusted to a pH of 6.75. The flow properties, apparent viscosity, and gel strength were determined for MPC containing a wide range of calcium-binding salt concentrations. Low-temperature gelation occurred in MPC with 16.0% and higher protein content. Low-temperature gelation at 16.0% protein content was prevented by the addition of any of the 5 salts tested at low concentrations (0.30 mM or less; sodium citrate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate or sodium monophosphate), with sodium polyphosphate and sodium monophosphate being the most consistent in preventing low-temperature gels. All MPC samples exhibited shear-thinning behavior (n = 0.52-0.72), which increased (lower n values) as the protein content increased and decreased by addition of salt. At concentrations of salt above 1.00 mM, thermally irreversible gels were observed with relative strength dependent on the salt and protein content.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Caseins; Gels; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Milk Proteins; Salts; Temperature
PubMed: 34600713
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20264 -
Experimental Physiology May 2016What is the central question of this study? Is haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) decreased following 4 days of head-down tilt bed rest (HDTBR), and does increased red blood...
What is the central question of this study? Is haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) decreased following 4 days of head-down tilt bed rest (HDTBR), and does increased red blood cell (RBC) destruction mediate this adaptation? What is the main finding and its importance? Haemoglobin mass was increased immediately following HDTBR, before decreasing below baseline 5 days after return to normal living conditions. The transient increase in Hbmass might be the result of decreased RBC destruction, but it is also possible that spleen contraction after HDTBR contributed to this adaptation. Our data suggest that the decreased Hbmass 5 days following HDTBR resulted from decreased RBC production, not increased RBC destruction. Rapid decreases in haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) have been reported in healthy humans following spaceflight and descent from high altitude. It has been proposed that a selective increase in the destruction of young red blood cells (RBCs) mediates these decreases, but conclusive evidence demonstrating neocytolysis in humans is lacking. Based on the proposed triggers and time course of adaptation during spaceflight, we hypothesized that Hbmass would be reduced after 4 days of -6 deg head-down tilt bed rest (HDTBR) and that this would be associated with evidence for increased RBC destruction. We assessed Hbmass in seven healthy, recreationally active men before (PRE), 5 h after (POST) and 5 days after (POST5) 4 days of HDTBR. The concentration of erythropoietin decreased from 7.1 ± 1.8 mIU ml(-1) at PRE to 5.2 ± 2.8 mIU ml(-1) at POST (mean ± SD; P = 0.028). Contrary to our hypothesis, Hbmass was increased from 817 ± 135 g at PRE to 849 ± 141 g at POST (P = 0.014) before decreasing below PRE to 789 ± 139 g at POST5 (P = 0.027). From PRE to POST, the concentration of haptoglobin increased from 0.54 ± 0.32 to 0.68 ± 0.28 g l(-1) (P = 0.013) and the concentration of bilirubin decreased from 0.50 ± 0.24 to 0.32 ± 0.11 mg dl(-1) (P = 0.054), suggesting that decreased RBC destruction might have contributed to the increased Hbmass. However, it is possible that spleen contraction following HDTBR also played a role in the increase in Hbmass at POST, but as the transient increase in Hbmass was unexpected, we did not collect data that would provide direct evidence for or against spleen contraction. From PRE to POST5, the concentration of soluble transferrin receptor decreased from 20.7 ± 3.9 to 17.1 ± 3.3 nmol l(-1) (P = 0.018) but the concentrations of ferritin, haptoglobin and bilirubin were not significantly altered, suggesting that the decrease in Hbmass was mediated by decreased RBC production rather than increased RBC destruction. Peak oxygen uptake decreased by 0.31 ± 0.16 l min(-1) from PRE to POST (P = 2 × 10(-4) ) but was not significantly altered at POST5 compared with PRE. Overall, these findings indicate that 4 days of HDTBR does not increase RBC destruction and that re-examination of the time course and mechanisms of Hbmass alterations following short-term spaceflight and simulated microgravity is warranted.
Topics: Acclimatization; Adaptation, Physiological; Adolescent; Adult; Bed Rest; Bilirubin; Erythrocytes; Head-Down Tilt; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Receptors, Transferrin; Weightlessness Simulation; Young Adult
PubMed: 26914389
DOI: 10.1113/EP085665 -
Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy :... Apr 2023A sufficient supply of safe, high-quality blood components for transfusion is essential to the healthcare system in Germany. The requirements for the current reporting...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
A sufficient supply of safe, high-quality blood components for transfusion is essential to the healthcare system in Germany. The requirements for the current reporting system are laid down in the German Transfusion Act. The present work elaborates on the advantages and limitations of the current reporting system and investigates the feasibility of a pilot project that collects specific data on blood supply based on weekly reports.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Selected data on blood collection and supply from 2009 to 2021 derived from the §21 German Transfusion Act database were examined. In addition, a pilot study over a period of 12 months was conducted on a voluntary basis. The number of red blood cell (RBC) concentrates was documented and stock availability was calculated weekly.
RESULTS
From 2009 to 2021, the annual number of RBC concentrates decreased from 4.68 to 3.43 million, the per capita distribution decreased from 58 to 41 RBC concentrates per 1,000 inhabitants. These figures did not change significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data of the 1-year pilot project represented 77% of the released RBC concentrates in Germany. Percentage share of O RhD positive RBC concentrates fluctuated between 35% and 22% and for O RhD negative concentrates between 17% and 5%. The availability of O RhD positive RBC concentrate stocks varied between 2.1 and 7.6 days.
CONCLUSION
The data presented shows a decrease in annual RBC concentrate sales over an 11-year period and no further change over the past 2 years. A weekly monitoring of blood components detects acute problems in RBC provision and supply. Close monitoring seems helpful but should be combined with a nationwide supply strategy.
PubMed: 37066055
DOI: 10.1159/000528974 -
Scars, Burns & Healing 2018Autologous platelet-based concentrates represent increasingly popular adjuncts to a variety of medical, surgical and aesthetic interventions. Their beneficial potential... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Autologous platelet-based concentrates represent increasingly popular adjuncts to a variety of medical, surgical and aesthetic interventions. Their beneficial potential rests on the ability to deliver a high concentration of growth factors to the target tissues. There are currently no reports in the literature appraising the evidence behind the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in scar management.
METHODS
A detailed English literature review was conducted using PubMed Medline, Embase and Web of Science; the manuscripts were appraised and classified according to the Joanna Briggs Institute Levels of evidence. The results are presented in descending order of evidence separately for atrophic, keloid, surgical and traumatic scars.
DISCUSSION
On the basis of level 1 evidence currently available, it appears that PRP can improve the quality of atrophic acne scars treated with ablative fractional CO2 laser and decrease the duration of laser-related side effects including oedema and erythema. Regarding surgical scars, the current data suggest that PRP may improve wound healing and early scar quality; furthermore, incorporation of PRP in fat-grafting procedures undertaken in conjunction with non-ablative, fractional laser can contribute to better wound healing as well as a significant improvement in texture, colour and contour in traumatic scar resurfacing. There are no high level studies at present to support the incorporation of autologous platelet-based concentrates in the management of keloid scars.
CONCLUSION
PRP is a promising adjunct in scar management practice. Further research with long-term follow-up is warranted to delineate the value of this modality in different subtypes of scars.
PubMed: 30479843
DOI: 10.1177/2059513118808773 -
Food Science & Nutrition Jul 2018This study investigated the effect of groundnut protein concentrate inclusion on the quality of wheat flour. Wheat and groundnut concentrate flours were blended (%, w/w)... (Review)
Review
This study investigated the effect of groundnut protein concentrate inclusion on the quality of wheat flour. Wheat and groundnut concentrate flours were blended (%, w/w) at ratios 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20, with 100% wheat flour serving as the control sample. Subsequently, proximate composition, functional, and pasting properties of blends were determined using established methods. Protein content of the concentrate was 72.80%. Significant ( < .05) increase in protein content of the flour blends was recorded with increasing concentration of groundnut protein concentrate and decreasing concentration of wheat flour. Highest protein content of 28.87% was recorded in blend with 20% groundnut protein concentrate. Fat, ash, and crude fiber contents ranged from 1.93% to 8.84%, 0.70% to 1.13%, and 0.84% to 1.23%, respectively. Carbohydrate decreased significantly ( < .05) with increasing concentration of groundnut protein concentrate. Bulk density and swelling capacity of the flour blends reduced significantly ( < .05) with increasing level of groundnut protein concentrate flour while solubility index, water absorption, emulsion, and foaming capacities increased. Peak time, peak, trough, breakdown, final, and setback viscosities of the flour blends reduced with groundnut protein concentrate inclusion while the pasting temperature reduced. Overall, wheat/groundnut protein concentrate flour blends showed good functional and pasting properties.
PubMed: 30065817
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.670 -
PloS One 2021Biodegradable plastics must be sufficiently stable to maintain functionality during use but need to be able to degrade rapidly after use. We previously reported that...
Biodegradable plastics must be sufficiently stable to maintain functionality during use but need to be able to degrade rapidly after use. We previously reported that treatment with an enzyme named PaE, secreted by the basidiomycete yeast Pseudozyma antarctica can speed up this degradation. To facilitate the production of large quantities of PaE, here, we aimed to elucidate the optimal conditions of ethanol treatment for sterilization of the culture supernatant and for concentration and stabilization of PaE. The results showed that Pseudozyma antarctica completely lost its proliferating ability when incubated in ≥20% (v/v) ethanol. When the ethanol concentration was raised to 90% (v/v), PaE formed a precipitate; however, its activity was restored completely when the precipitate was dissolved in water. To reduce ethanol use, PaE was successfully concentrated and recovered by sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation and ethanol precipitation steps. Over 90% of the activity in the original culture supernatant was recovered and the specific activity was increased 3.4-fold. By preparing the enzyme solution at a final concentration of 20% (v/v) ethanol, about 60% of the initial activity was maintained at ambient temperature for over 6 months without growth of microbes. We conclude that ethanol treatment is effective for sterilization, concentration, and stabilization of PaE, and that concentrating PaE by sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation and ethanol precipitation substantially increases the PaE purity and decreases ethanol use.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Biodegradable Plastics; DNA, Fungal; Ethanol; Ustilaginales; Xylose
PubMed: 34086819
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252811 -
Journal of Dairy Science Mar 2017Previous studies reported that addition of KCO to high-concentrate diets improved milk fat synthesis, although the mechanism is yet to be established. The objective of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Previous studies reported that addition of KCO to high-concentrate diets improved milk fat synthesis, although the mechanism is yet to be established. The objective of the current experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD), cation source, and buffering ability of the mineral supplement on rumen biohydrogenation of fatty acids and production performance in dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet. Thirty-five early-lactation Holstein cows (25 multiparous ruminally fistulated and 10 primiparous nonfistulated) were used in a randomized complete block design (7 blocks) with 33-d periods, including a 5-d pre-treatment collection period used as a covariate. Diets were (1) control, a basal diet [47% nonfibrous carbohydrates, DCAD (Na + K - Cl - S) = 65 mEq/kg of dry matter (DM)] containing 40% forage (including 60% corn silage) and 60% concentrate, (2) KCO (control + KCO, 1.8% of DM, DCAD = 326 mEq/kg of DM), (3) KHCO (control + KHCO, 2.6% of DM, DCAD = 324 mEq/kg of DM), (4) KCl (control + KCl, 2.0% of DM, DCAD = 64 mEq/kg of DM), and (5) NaCO (control + NaCO, 1.4% of DM, DCAD = 322 mEq/kg of DM). Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts were used to assess the effects of KCO (control vs. KCO), buffering ability (KCO vs. KHCO), DCAD (KCO vs. KCl), and cation type (KCO vs. NaCO). Supplementing KCO in a high-concentrate diet did not improve milk fat yield or 4% fat-corrected milk yield. Milk fat concentration was greater in cows fed KCO compared with control (4.03 vs. 3.26%). Milk yield tended to decrease (34.5 vs. 38.8 kg/d) and lactose yield decreased in cows fed KCO as compared with KCl (1.64 vs. 1.87 kg/d). Milk fat concentration of trans-10 18:1 was increased when cows were fed NaCO as compared with KCO. A positive relationship was observed between concentrations of anteiso 15:0 and trans-10,cis-12 18:2 in milk fat from cows receiving KCO. Milk Na concentration was increased, whereas milk Cl was decreased with KCO as compared with KHCO or KCl. A positive relationship was established between milk Cl concentration and milk yield (R = 0.34) across all dietary treatments. Cation-anion difference (Na + K - Cl - S) in ruminal fluid was increased with KCO as compared with control or KCl. Blood pH tended to decrease in cows fed KCl compared with KCO. Our results suggest that mineral supplementation tends to affect milk and milk fat synthesis and that factors other than DCAD, potassium ion, or buffer ability may be implicated. The variations observed in mineral composition of milk suggest an allostatic process to maintain an ionic equilibrium in mammary epithelial cells in response to mineral composition of the diet.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cations; Cattle; Diet; Female; Lactation; Milk
PubMed: 28041737
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11776