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Empirical Software Engineering 2022The paper introduces a fundamental technological problem with collecting high-speed eye tracking data while studying software engineering tasks in an integrated...
Deja Vu: semantics-aware recording and replay of high-speed eye tracking and interaction data to support cognitive studies of software engineering tasks-methodology and analyses.
The paper introduces a fundamental technological problem with collecting high-speed eye tracking data while studying software engineering tasks in an integrated development environment. The use of eye trackers is quickly becoming an important means to study software developers and how they comprehend source code and locate bugs. High quality eye trackers can record upwards of 120 to 300 gaze points per second. However, it is not always possible to map each of these points to a line and column position in a source code file (in the presence of scrolling and file switching) in real time at data rates over 60 gaze points per second without data loss. Unfortunately, higher data rates are more desirable as they allow for finer granularity and more accurate study analyses. To alleviate this technological problem, a novel method for eye tracking data collection is presented. Instead of performing gaze analysis in real time, all telemetry (keystrokes, mouse movements, and eye tracker output) data during a study is recorded as it happens. Sessions are then replayed at a much slower speed allowing for ample time to map gaze point positions to the appropriate file, line, and column to perform additional analysis. A description of the method and corresponding tool, Deja Vu, is presented. An evaluation of the method and tool is conducted using three different eye trackers running at four different speeds (60 Hz, 120 Hz, 150 Hz, and 300 Hz). This timing evaluation is performed in Visual Studio, Eclipse, and Atom IDEs. Results show that Deja Vu can playback 100% of the data recordings, correctly mapping the gaze to corresponding elements, making it a well-founded and suitable post processing step for future eye tracking studies in software engineering. Finally, a proof of concept replication analysis of four tasks from two previous studies is performed. Due to using the Deja Vu approach, this replication resulted in richer collected data and improved on the number of distinct syntactic categories that gaze was mapped on in the code.
PubMed: 36159896
DOI: 10.1007/s10664-022-10209-3 -
Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B Dec 2021Roughly two-thirds of all people report having experienced déjà vu-the odd feeling that a current experience is both novel and a repeat or replay of a previous,... (Review)
Review
Roughly two-thirds of all people report having experienced déjà vu-the odd feeling that a current experience is both novel and a repeat or replay of a previous, unrecalled experience. Reports of an association between déjà vu and seizure aura symptomatology have accumulated for over a century, and frequent déjà vu is also now known to be associated with focal seizures, particularly those of a medial temporal lobe (MTL) origin. A longstanding question is whether seizure-related déjà vu has the same basis and is the same subjective experience as non-seizure déjà vu. Survey research suggests that people who experience both seizure-related and non-seizure déjà vu can often subjectively distinguish between the two. We present a case of a person with a history of focal MTL seizures who reports having experienced both seizure-related and non-seizure common déjà vu, though the non-seizure type was more frequent during this person's youth than it is currently. The patient was studied with a virtual tour paradigm that has previously been shown to elicit déjà vu among non-clinical, young adult participants. The patient reported experiencing déjà vu of the common non-seizure type during the virtual tour paradigm, without associated abnormalities of the intracranial EEG. We situate this work in the context of broader ongoing projects examining the subjective correlates of seizures. The importance for memory research of virtual scenes, spatial tasks, virtual reality (VR), and this paradigm for isolating familiarity in the context of recall failure are discussed.
Topics: Adolescent; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Humans; Mental Recall; Recognition, Psychology; Seizures; Young Adult
PubMed: 34735965
DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108373 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Nov 2021
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Retreatment
PubMed: 32887999
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1329 -
The Milbank Quarterly Jun 2017
Topics: Drug Approval; Drug Industry; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Politics; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration
PubMed: 28378412
DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12252 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Feb 20235 months into the monkeypox epidemic, there are no proven therapies and no comparative safety and efficacy data in the treatment of affected individuals. The question... (Review)
Review
5 months into the monkeypox epidemic, there are no proven therapies and no comparative safety and efficacy data in the treatment of affected individuals. The question remains whether we, as a scientific and medical community, will apply the lessons learned from the past decade of outbreaks that well conducted randomised controlled trials can be ethically, safely, and efficiently performed to guide clinical decision making so that the right drug is used for the right patient at the right time. Furthermore, the robust level of evidence from randomised controlled trials is highly relevant to advocating for equitable access to new treatments in low-income and middle-income countries. As with COVID-19, we need to pair optimal supportive care with rigorously designed double-blind randomised controlled trials to elucidate safe and effective therapies for monkeypox. The need remains for the funding and development of predesigned, adaptive trial protocols for diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential that can be timely pulled off the shelf and launched early in an outbreak, leveraging ready clinical trial networks and infrastructure for rapid discovery and implementation of new treatments.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Mpox (monkeypox); Double-Blind Method; Pandemics; Disease Outbreaks; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 36400066
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00722-8 -
ASPHER Statement: Déjà vu? Planning for the Covid-19 Third Wave and Planning for the Winter 2021-22.International Journal of Public Health 2021
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Seasons
PubMed: 34497482
DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2021.1604361 -
Cardiovascular Research Mar 2011This brief review looks back to the major theoretical, experimental, and clinical work on the dynamics and mechanisms of atrial fibrillation (AF). Its goal is to... (Review)
Review
This brief review looks back to the major theoretical, experimental, and clinical work on the dynamics and mechanisms of atrial fibrillation (AF). Its goal is to highlight the most important issues, controversies, and advances that have driven the field of investigation into AF mechanisms at any given time during the last ∼100 years. It emphasizes that while the history of AF research has been full of controversies from the start, such controversies have led to new information, and individual scientists have learned from those that have preceded them. However, in the face of the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia seen in clinical practice, we are yet to fully understand its fundamental mechanisms and learn how to treat it effectively. Future research into AF dynamics and mechanisms should focus on the development and validation of new numerical and animal models. Such models should be relevant to and accurately reproduce the important substrates associated with ageing and with diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, and ischaemic heart disease which cause AF in the vast majority of patients. Knowledge derived from such models may help to greatly advance the field and hopefully lead to more effective prevention and therapy.
Topics: Animals; Atrial Fibrillation; Deja Vu; History, 20th Century; Humans
PubMed: 21097807
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq364 -
The Behavioral and Brain Sciences Nov 2023I strongly support Barzykowski and Moulin in their proposal that common retrieval mechanisms can lead to distinct phenomenological memory experiences. I emphasize the...
I strongly support Barzykowski and Moulin in their proposal that common retrieval mechanisms can lead to distinct phenomenological memory experiences. I emphasize the importance of one of these mechanisms, namely the attribution system. Neuropsychological studies should help clarifying the role of these retrieval mechanisms, notably in cases of medial temporal-lobe lesions and cases of dementia.
Topics: Humans; Memory, Episodic
PubMed: 37961781
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X23000249 -
Heliyon Apr 2022Examination of the mortality patterns in the United States among racial, ethnic, and age groups attributed to the 1918-19 influenza pandemic revealed stark disparities,...
BACKGROUND
Examination of the mortality patterns in the United States among racial, ethnic, and age groups attributed to the 1918-19 influenza pandemic revealed stark disparities, causes for which could have been addressed and rectified this past century. However, these disparities have been amplified during the current COVID-19 pandemic.We have ignored the lessons of the past, and were destined to repeat its failings.
OBJECTIVES
Compare and contrast mortality patterns by age, race, and ethnicity attributable to the 1918-19 influenza pandemic in the United States with corresponding patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS
This is a retrospective study, establishing mortality rates according to age, race and ethnicity attributable to the 1918-19 influenza pandemic in the United States and to the current COVID-19 pandemic, using mortality data published by the U.S. Public Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Negative binomial regression models were used to establish rate ratios, that is, ratios of mortality rates across the various racial/ethnic groups, and associated 95% confidence intervals.
RESULTS
Mortality patterns by age differ significantly between the 1918-19 influenza pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic: with infant and young adult (25-40 years old) mortality substantially higher in the former. Disparities in mortality between racial and ethnic groups are amplified in the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the 1918-19 experience.
CONCLUSIONS
As we evaluate our nation's response to COVID-19 and design public policy to prepare better for coming pandemics, we cannot ignore the stark disparities in mortality rates experienced by different racial and ethnic groups. This will require a sustained resolve by society and government to delineate and remedy the causative factors, through science devoid of political interpretation and exploitation.
PubMed: 35464697
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09299 -
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience Sep 2018A crisis of confidence was triggered by the disappointment that diagnostic validity, an important goal, was not achieved with the publication of . The Research Domain... (Review)
Review
A crisis of confidence was triggered by the disappointment that diagnostic validity, an important goal, was not achieved with the publication of . The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project, which provides a framework for neuroscientific research, was initially conceptualized as an alternative to . However, RDoC and are complementary rather than mutually exclusive. From a historical perspective, this article argues that the debate opposing psychology and brain in psychiatric classification is not new and has an air of déjà vu. We go back to the first classifications based on a scientific taxonomy in the late 18th century with Boissier de Sauvages, which were supposed to describe diseases as they really existed in nature. Emil Kraepelin successfully associated psychopathology and brain research, prefiguring the interaction between and RDoC. DSM symptoms remain valuable because they are the only data that are immediately and directly observable. Computational science is a promising instrument to interconnect psychopathological and neuroscientific data in the future.
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Mental Disorders; Neurosciences; Psychiatry; Psychopathology
PubMed: 30581284
DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.3/macrocq