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Microbiology Spectrum Oct 2022Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is influenced by oral and gut bacteria; however, much less is known about the relationship between oral or gut viromes and RA. Here, we...
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is influenced by oral and gut bacteria; however, much less is known about the relationship between oral or gut viromes and RA. Here, we performed whole-oral- and whole-gut-virome analyses based on shotgun sequencing of 497 samples. A comparative analysis of the oral and gut viromes in healthy controls and untreated and treated RA patients was performed, and system interaction networks among viruses, bacteria, and RA-associated clinical indices were constructed to address the potential relationship between the virome and RA by principal-coordinate analysis, distance-based redundancy analysis, permutational multivariate analysis, Spearman correlation coefficient analysis, and random-forest model analysis. The results showed that the viromes could be profiled in dental plaque, saliva, and fecal samples, among which saliva had the highest within-sample diversity. Importantly, significantly different diversities and compositions of the oral (i.e., dental plaque and saliva) viromes were observed not only between RA patients and healthy controls but also between untreated and treated RA patients, yet there were relatively minor differences in the gut viromes. Furthermore, to understand how these viruses affected the bacteriome, a virus-bacterium interaction network was constructed from dental plaque, saliva, and fecal samples of RA patients. Additionally, some RA-associated oral taxa, including phage (vOTU70), Bacteroides vulgatus, Lactococcus lactis, Escherichia coli, and Neisseria elongata, were correlated with the RA-related clinical indices. Whole-virome analysis illustrated the potential role of the oral and gut viromes in affecting our body either directly or via bacteria, which characterized neglected and new candidates contributing to the development of RA. Our results demonstrated community variation among dental plaque, saliva, and fecal viromes. In oral and gut samples from untreated and treated RA patients, the perturbance of viral composition and the correlation network of microbes and RA-associated clinical indices might be involved in the pathogenicity of RA. The findings in this study expand the knowledge of the potential role of oral and gut viral communities in the development of RA and may contribute to research on correlations between viruses and other diseases.
Topics: Humans; Virome; Dental Plaque; Dysbiosis; Viruses; Bacteria; Arthritis, Rheumatoid
PubMed: 36040159
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00348-22 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Caries is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide and is driven by the dysbiosis of dental biofilms adhering to tooth surfaces. The pits and fissured...
Caries is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide and is driven by the dysbiosis of dental biofilms adhering to tooth surfaces. The pits and fissured surfaces are the most susceptible sites of caries. However, information on the taxonomic composition and functional characteristics of the plaque microbiota in the pit and fissure sites is very limited. This study aimed to use metagenomic sequencing analyses to investigate the relationship between the plaque microbiome in the pit and fissure site and caries in adolescents. A total of 20 adolescents with active pit and fissure surface caries were involved as well as 20 age-matched, caries-free teenagers for control tests. Plaque samples were collected from the pit and fissure site and were subjected to metagenomic analyses, in which the microbial communities were investigated. Our results showed that the microbiota diversity was similar between those two groups. At the species level, the relative abundances of , , , , , and were higher in the caries-active group. , , and were relatively more abundant in the caries-free groups. Functional analysis suggested that the metabolic pathway was the most abundant pathway, and the functional traits of the level 2 pathways included amino acid metabolism, metabolism of cofactors, and vitamins and carbohydrate metabolism. Our results also revealed that the caries group displayed several alterations in metabolic pathways, including enriched functions in carbohydrate digestion and absorption. This study suggested that in addition to the specific anatomical structures of the pit and fissured surfaces, the fundamental differences in the plaque microbiome may also be related to the susceptibility of pit and fissure caries.
Topics: Adolescent; Biofilms; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dental Plaque; Humans; Metagenomics; Microbiota
PubMed: 34778105
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.740981 -
Dental and periodontal complications of lip and tongue piercing: prevalence and influencing factors.Australian Dental Journal Mar 2012The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of lip and tongue piercing complications and explore the effect of ornament time wear period, habits, ornament...
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of lip and tongue piercing complications and explore the effect of ornament time wear period, habits, ornament morphology and periodontal biotype on the development of complications.
METHODS
One hundred and ten subjects with 110 lip and 51 tongue piercings were assessed for abnormal toothwear and/or tooth chipping/cracking (dental defects), gingival recession, clinical attachment loss and probing depth of teeth adjacent to the pierced site. Piercing habits (biting, rolling, stroking, sucking) were recorded.
RESULTS
Wear time and habits significantly affected the prevalence of dental defects and gingival recession. Pierced site significantly affected dental defects prevalence, with greater prevalence for tongue than lip piercing. Wear time significantly affected attachment loss and probing depth. Attachment loss and probing depth did not significantly differ between tongue and lip piercings. Gingival recession was significantly associated with ornament height closure and stem length of tongue ornaments. Periodontal biotype was not significantly associated with gingival recession, attachment loss and probing depth.
CONCLUSIONS
Dental defects prevalence is greater for tongue than lip piercing. Gingival recession is similar for tongue and lip piercing. Longer wear time of tongue and lip piercing is associated with greater prevalence of dental defects and gingival recession, as well as greater attachment loss and probing depth of teeth adjacent to pierced sites. Ornament morphology affects gingival recession prevalence.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Piercing; Chi-Square Distribution; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Deposits; Dentin Sensitivity; Electrogalvanism, Intraoral; Female; Foreign Bodies; Gingival Recession; Habits; Humans; Lip; Male; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Pocket; Sialorrhea; Statistics, Nonparametric; Surveys and Questionnaires; Taste Disorders; Time Factors; Tongue; Tooth Injuries; Tooth Wear; Young Adult
PubMed: 22369561
DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2011.01647.x -
World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2014Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans. Although H. pylori may be detected in the stomach of approximately... (Review)
Review
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans. Although H. pylori may be detected in the stomach of approximately half of the world's population, the mechanisms of transmission of the microorganism from individual to individual are not yet clear. Transmission of H. pylori could occur through iatrogenic, fecal-oral, and oral-oral routes, and through food and water. The microorganism may be transmitted orally and has been detected in dental plaque and saliva. However, the role of the oral cavity in the transmission and recurrence of H. pylori infection has been the subject of debate. A large number of studies investigating the role of oral hygiene and periodontal disease in H. pylori infection have varied significantly in terms of their methodology and sample population, resulting in a wide variation in the reported results. Nevertheless, recent studies have not only shown that the microorganism can be detected fairly consistently from the oral cavity but also demonstrated that the chances of recurrence of H. pylori infection is more likely among patients who harbor the organism in the oral cavity. Furthermore, initial results from clinical trials have shown that H. pylori-positive dyspeptic patients may benefit from periodontal therapy. This paper attempts to review the current body of evidence regarding the role of dental plaque, saliva, and periodontal disease in H. pylori infection.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Dental Plaque; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Diseases; Saliva; Stomach; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 24914323
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5639 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2014The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDTa) on cariogenic dental biofilm. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDTa) on cariogenic dental biofilm.
TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED
Studies in vivo, in vitro, and in situ were included. Articles that did not address PDTa, those that did not involve cariogenic biofilm, those that used microorganisms in the plankton phase, and reviews were excluded. Data extraction and quality assessments were performed independently by two raters using a scale.
RESULTS
Two hundred forty articles were retrieved; only seventeen of them met the eligibility criteria and were analyzed in the present review. Considerable variability was found regarding the methodologies and application protocols for antimicrobial PDTa. Two articles reported unfavorable results.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
The present systematic review does not allow drawing any concrete conclusions regarding the efficacy of antimicrobial PDTa, although this method seems to be a promising option.
Topics: Biofilms; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Humans; Light; Methylene Blue; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Streptococcus; Tolonium Chloride
PubMed: 25379545
DOI: 10.1155/2014/824538 -
Stomatologija 2014Dental caries is an oral disease, which has a high worldwide prevalence despite the availability of various prophylactic means, including the daily use of fluoride... (Review)
Review
Dental caries is an oral disease, which has a high worldwide prevalence despite the availability of various prophylactic means, including the daily use of fluoride toothpastes, water fluoridation, dental sealants, oral health educational programs and various antiseptic mouth-rinses. One important reason for this is uncontrolled increase in consumption of foods containing considerable sucrose concentration, especially among children. Sucrose is easily metabolized by oral bacteria (mostly streptococci) to acids and, subsequently, causing tooth decay or dental caries. In the oral ecosystem, streptococci principally reside on tooth surfaces forming biofilm. Important structural and binding materials of biofilm are glucan polymers synthesized by several isoforms of glucosyltransferase enzyme present in certain species of oral bacteria, including mutans group streptococci - Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, which preferably colonize humans. Thus, there is a constant need to develop the methods and chemotherapeutics for improving oral health care and decreasing teeth decay through the suppression of cariogenic biofilm formation in the oral cavity. The aim of this paper was to review literature related to the pathogenesis of dental caries as well as currently existing and experimental pharmaceutical substances used for prevention of this process.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Biofilms; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Humans; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sobrinus
PubMed: 25209226
DOI: No ID Found -
European Journal of Orthodontics May 2022Fixed orthodontic appliances might result in dental adverse effects, if sufficient oral hygiene is not maintained. Since recommendations on toothbrushing times are... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
Fixed orthodontic appliances might result in dental adverse effects, if sufficient oral hygiene is not maintained. Since recommendations on toothbrushing times are lacking scientific justification in orthodontic populations, the aim of the present study was to comparatively quantify the duration of toothbrushing with a manual and a powered toothbrush in two distinct age groups.
TRIAL DESIGN
Two-centre, two-period crossover balanced randomized clinical trial with computer-generated numbers and blinding at the outcome-assessing level.
METHODS
Children and adults with fixed appliances with at least 22 aligned teeth were recruited at a university clinic and private practice in Bavaria, Germany. Plaque was disclosed with staining tablets and participants brushed their teeth with their habitual technique in front of a mirror and without interference until staining was, to their own satisfaction, completely removed. The primary outcome was duration of toothbrushing in seconds. Secondary outcomes were percentage plaque reduction and questionnaire data on dental attitudes and behaviours. Data were analysed with linear mixed models.
RESULTS
Twenty-eight participants were randomized to the first and 27 to the second toothbrush sequence. The combined effect of age and toothbrush on the duration of toothbrushing was evident (n = 52, F(1, 50.8) = 5.1, P = 0.028). Children brushed 14.5 seconds less [n = 28, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -31.3 to 2.3, P = 0.090], yet adults 13.3 seconds more (n = 24, 95% CI = -4.6 to 31.3, P = 0.143) with the manual than powered toothbrush. Brushing times ranged from 2 minutes and 45 seconds to 3 minutes and 17 seconds with plaque reduction at 76% and good dental attitudes and behaviours.
CONCLUSIONS
Both children and adults with fixed appliances might equally reach an effective plaque reduction with either manual or powered toothbrushes and their habitual brushing technique in around three minutes, if plaque is visible.
REGISTRATION
DRKS-German Clinical Trials Register ID: DRKS00012463.
FUNDING
Oral-B Procter & Gamble.
Topics: Adult; Child; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Equipment Design; Humans; Orthodontic Appliances, Fixed; Single-Blind Method; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 34849694
DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjab075 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Dec 2022Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic pathogen in the oral cavity, considered to contribute toward oral diseases. S. mutans is predominantly entrapped in plaque... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic pathogen in the oral cavity, considered to contribute toward oral diseases. S. mutans is predominantly entrapped in plaque biofilms.
OBJECTIVES
In this study, we surveyed the antibacterial activity of natural compounds in terms of the biofilm production of S. mutans.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We extracted the studies related to natural compounds affected on S. mutans biofilm from different databases.
RESULTS
Disruption of S. mutans viability in biofilms by a potent new pharmacological factor could inhibit and remove cavities. Various antibacterial agents are needed to destroy biofilms that remove both pathogens and commensal bacteria, and also exert inhibitory effects on many bacterial species.
CONCLUSIONS
An effective therapeutic agent for dental caries has to be capable of removing pathogens and their biofilms. Specific virulence attributes of S. mutans exist; hence, natural compounds that have excellent properties to combat such pathogens need to be selected.
Topics: Humans; Streptococcus mutans; Dental Caries; Biofilms; Dental Plaque; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36281582
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.673 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2009Biofilms are surface-adherent populations of microorganisms consisting of cells, water and extracellular matrix material Nanotechnology is promising field of science... (Review)
Review
Biofilms are surface-adherent populations of microorganisms consisting of cells, water and extracellular matrix material Nanotechnology is promising field of science which can guide our understanding of the role of interspecies interaction in the development of biofilm. Streptococcus mutans with other species of bacteria has been known to form dental biofilm. The correlation between genetically modified bacteria Streptococcus mutans and nanoscale morphology has been assessed using AFMi.e atomic force microscopy. Nanotechnology application includes 16O/18O reverse proteolytic labeling,use of quantum dots for labeling of bacterial cells, selective removal of cariogenic bacteria while preserving the normal oral flora and silver antimicrobial nanotechnology against pathogens associated with biofilms. The future comprises a mouthwash full of smart nanomachines which can allow the harmless flora of mouth to flourish in a healthy ecosystem.
Topics: Biofilms; Dental Deposits; Humans; Nanostructures; Nanotechnology; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Quantum Dots; Silver; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 20139584
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.59440 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2021Current studies suggest that cariogenic bacteria in dental plaque influence the severity of COVID-19 complications since the oral cavity is a reservoir for respiratory... (Review)
Review
Current studies suggest that cariogenic bacteria in dental plaque influence the severity of COVID-19 complications since the oral cavity is a reservoir for respiratory pathogens potentially responsible for the development of hospital-acquired pneumonia. This article focuses on the association between dental plaque and COVID-19 concerning the influence of altered oral biofilm on the risk of increased severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, it concentrates on the usefulness of propolis, with its apitherapeutic antibacterial properties, for treating oral bacterial infections co-occurring with SARS-CoV-2 infection. A review of the literature on PubMed, Cochrane Library and Medline between 2000 and 2021 revealed 56 published articles indicating that a link between dental plaque and COVID-19 complications was probable. Furthermore, they indicated that propolis may minimize COVID-19 severity by reducing dental plaque accumulation. The possibility that improved oral health could reduce the risk of COVID-19 complications should be of interest to scientists.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; COVID-19; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Oral Health; Propolis; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 34576987
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185516