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Genes Feb 2021Recent advantages in paleomicrobiology have provided an opportunity to investigate the composition of ancient microbial ecologies. Here, using metagenome analysis, we...
Recent advantages in paleomicrobiology have provided an opportunity to investigate the composition of ancient microbial ecologies. Here, using metagenome analysis, we investigated the microbial profiles of historic dental calculus retrieved from archaeological human remains from postmedieval Latvia dated 16-17th century AD and examined the associations of oral taxa and microbial diversity with specific characteristics. We evaluated the preservation of human oral microbiome patterns in historic samples and compared the microbial composition of historic dental calculus, modern human dental plaque, modern human dental calculus samples and burial soil microbiota. Overall, the results showed that the majority of microbial DNA in historic dental calculus originated from the oral microbiome with little impact of the burial environment. Good preservation of ancient DNA in historical dental calculus samples has provided reliable insight into the composition of the oral microbiome of postmedieval Latvian individuals. The relative stability of the classifiable oral microbiome composition was observed. Significant differences between the microbiome profiles of dental calculus and dental plaque samples were identified, suggesting microbial adaptation to a specific human body environment.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Archaeology; Body Remains; Burial; Child; DNA, Ancient; DNA, Bacterial; Dental Calculus; Dental Plaque; Female; Humans; Latvia; Male; Metagenome; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Soil Microbiology; Young Adult
PubMed: 33671794
DOI: 10.3390/genes12020309 -
Stomatologija 2014Dental caries is an oral disease, which has a high worldwide prevalence despite the availability of various prophylactic means, including the daily use of fluoride... (Review)
Review
Dental caries is an oral disease, which has a high worldwide prevalence despite the availability of various prophylactic means, including the daily use of fluoride toothpastes, water fluoridation, dental sealants, oral health educational programs and various antiseptic mouth-rinses. One important reason for this is uncontrolled increase in consumption of foods containing considerable sucrose concentration, especially among children. Sucrose is easily metabolized by oral bacteria (mostly streptococci) to acids and, subsequently, causing tooth decay or dental caries. In the oral ecosystem, streptococci principally reside on tooth surfaces forming biofilm. Important structural and binding materials of biofilm are glucan polymers synthesized by several isoforms of glucosyltransferase enzyme present in certain species of oral bacteria, including mutans group streptococci - Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, which preferably colonize humans. Thus, there is a constant need to develop the methods and chemotherapeutics for improving oral health care and decreasing teeth decay through the suppression of cariogenic biofilm formation in the oral cavity. The aim of this paper was to review literature related to the pathogenesis of dental caries as well as currently existing and experimental pharmaceutical substances used for prevention of this process.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Biofilms; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Humans; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sobrinus
PubMed: 25209226
DOI: No ID Found -
European Journal of Orthodontics May 2022Fixed orthodontic appliances might result in dental adverse effects, if sufficient oral hygiene is not maintained. Since recommendations on toothbrushing times are... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
Fixed orthodontic appliances might result in dental adverse effects, if sufficient oral hygiene is not maintained. Since recommendations on toothbrushing times are lacking scientific justification in orthodontic populations, the aim of the present study was to comparatively quantify the duration of toothbrushing with a manual and a powered toothbrush in two distinct age groups.
TRIAL DESIGN
Two-centre, two-period crossover balanced randomized clinical trial with computer-generated numbers and blinding at the outcome-assessing level.
METHODS
Children and adults with fixed appliances with at least 22 aligned teeth were recruited at a university clinic and private practice in Bavaria, Germany. Plaque was disclosed with staining tablets and participants brushed their teeth with their habitual technique in front of a mirror and without interference until staining was, to their own satisfaction, completely removed. The primary outcome was duration of toothbrushing in seconds. Secondary outcomes were percentage plaque reduction and questionnaire data on dental attitudes and behaviours. Data were analysed with linear mixed models.
RESULTS
Twenty-eight participants were randomized to the first and 27 to the second toothbrush sequence. The combined effect of age and toothbrush on the duration of toothbrushing was evident (n = 52, F(1, 50.8) = 5.1, P = 0.028). Children brushed 14.5 seconds less [n = 28, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -31.3 to 2.3, P = 0.090], yet adults 13.3 seconds more (n = 24, 95% CI = -4.6 to 31.3, P = 0.143) with the manual than powered toothbrush. Brushing times ranged from 2 minutes and 45 seconds to 3 minutes and 17 seconds with plaque reduction at 76% and good dental attitudes and behaviours.
CONCLUSIONS
Both children and adults with fixed appliances might equally reach an effective plaque reduction with either manual or powered toothbrushes and their habitual brushing technique in around three minutes, if plaque is visible.
REGISTRATION
DRKS-German Clinical Trials Register ID: DRKS00012463.
FUNDING
Oral-B Procter & Gamble.
Topics: Adult; Child; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Equipment Design; Humans; Orthodontic Appliances, Fixed; Single-Blind Method; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 34849694
DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjab075 -
Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents May 2010Dental caries is one of the most common preventable childhood diseases; people are susceptible to this ailment throughout their lifetime. In the US, 90% of late... (Review)
Review
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD
Dental caries is one of the most common preventable childhood diseases; people are susceptible to this ailment throughout their lifetime. In the US, 90% of late adolescents and young adults have dental caries, while 94% of all dentate adults had evidence of treated or untreated coronal caries. Dental caries is often not self-limiting and without proper care can progress until the tooth is destroyed.
AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW
In this paper, the etiology of dental caries is briefly introduced. It is followed by a thorough review of patents and literatures on the recent development of various novel technologies for the prevention and treatment of dental caries.
WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN
Recent advances in anti-plaque agents, including chemoprophylactic agents, antimicrobial peptides, vaccines, probiotics/replacement therapy and sugar substitutes, and remineralization agents including fluorides and casein phosphopeptides are analyzed. TAKE HOME MASSAGE: Both the discovery of new anti-caries agents and the development of dentotropic delivery systems will be the future focus of this research field.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Design; Humans; Patents as Topic; Tooth Demineralization; Tooth Remineralization; Young Adult
PubMed: 20230309
DOI: 10.1517/13543771003720491 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2022Chewable toothbrushes (CT) are considered an effective tool for dental plaque removal; however, their effectiveness is still uncertain compared to Manual toothbrushes... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Chewable toothbrushes (CT) are considered an effective tool for dental plaque removal; however, their effectiveness is still uncertain compared to Manual toothbrushes (MT).
AIM
To evaluate the effectiveness of CT compared to MT in dental plaque removal.
METHODS
Studies comparing the efficiency of CT and MT in dental plaque removal measured by Turesky Modification of Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TMQHI), Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (QHI), or Silness Loe Plaque Index (SLPI) were identified in PubMed, Medline Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the CENTRAL. Results and effect sizes estimate are presented as mean difference, and subgroup analysis is presented separately for non-randomised interventional studies and randomised intervention studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (ROBINS-I and ROB2 tool).
RESULTS
A total of 10 studies were included in the systematic review, whereas six out of 10 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Both CT and MT were effective in plaque reduction over time when compared individually using the TMQHI and SLPI scores. The overall pooled summary showed no difference in CT and MT's dental plaque removal ability when measured using the TMQHI score. Similarly, there was no difference in CT and MT's dental plaque removal ability when measured using the SLPI score.
CONCLUSION
There is no significant difference in CT and MT's plaque removal ability. Therefore, CT should only be recommended for children and individuals with a disability or manual dexterity.
OBJECTIVE
Chewable toothbrushes (CT) are considered an effective tool for dental plaque removal.
Topics: Child; Humans; Dental Devices, Home Care; Gingivitis; Dental Plaque; Toothbrushing; Dental Plaque Index; Equipment Design
PubMed: 37006013
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_1158_21 -
Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene :... Oct 2021Research has revealed that periodontal diseases are caused by inflammation that results from a dysbiosis of the oral microbiome where oral bacteria multiply into larger... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Research has revealed that periodontal diseases are caused by inflammation that results from a dysbiosis of the oral microbiome where oral bacteria multiply into larger communities referred to as dental biofilm. To help control this overgrowth of bacteria, a variety of toothpastes, dentifrices, and mouthwashes have been developed. Although not as common in North American toothpastes, propolis as an active ingredient in dentifrices has begun to emerge, as laboratory studies have suggested it has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties. The purpose of this scoping review was to explore the literature on the effectiveness of propolis in maintaining oral health.
METHODS
This review used the following criteria: studies involving healthy humans; propolis in the form of toothpaste, dentifrice, and mouthwash; fluoride, chlorohexidine, and placebo; plaque and gingival indices, improvement in oral hygiene, and inhibition of bacteria. Relevant research articles were selected from Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases using the search parameter "propolis[tw] AND (toothpaste*[tw] OR dentifrice*[tw] OR mouthwash*[tw])". Only original articles published after 2009 and written in the English language were included.
RESULTS
A total of 19 original papers met the criteria and showed varying levels of success achieved with the use of propolis. It was responsible for a significant lowering of specific plaque and gingival indices, inhibited the growth of bacteria, reduced oral flora diversity, and consistently improved periodontal condition, oral hygiene, and oral health.
CONCLUSION
Propolis may play a role in initiating, sustaining, and maintaining oral health as its desirable properties have the potential to improve various oral hygiene related indices.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Propolis
PubMed: 34925517
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Dec 2022Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic pathogen in the oral cavity, considered to contribute toward oral diseases. S. mutans is predominantly entrapped in plaque... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic pathogen in the oral cavity, considered to contribute toward oral diseases. S. mutans is predominantly entrapped in plaque biofilms.
OBJECTIVES
In this study, we surveyed the antibacterial activity of natural compounds in terms of the biofilm production of S. mutans.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We extracted the studies related to natural compounds affected on S. mutans biofilm from different databases.
RESULTS
Disruption of S. mutans viability in biofilms by a potent new pharmacological factor could inhibit and remove cavities. Various antibacterial agents are needed to destroy biofilms that remove both pathogens and commensal bacteria, and also exert inhibitory effects on many bacterial species.
CONCLUSIONS
An effective therapeutic agent for dental caries has to be capable of removing pathogens and their biofilms. Specific virulence attributes of S. mutans exist; hence, natural compounds that have excellent properties to combat such pathogens need to be selected.
Topics: Humans; Streptococcus mutans; Dental Caries; Biofilms; Dental Plaque; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36281582
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.673 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Apr 2020Dental plaque is a structurally organized biofilm which consists of diverse microbial colonies and extracellular matrix. Its composition may change when pathogenic...
Dental plaque is a structurally organized biofilm which consists of diverse microbial colonies and extracellular matrix. Its composition may change when pathogenic microorganisms become dominating. Therefore, dental biofilm or plaque has been frequently investigated in the context of oral health and disease. Furthermore, its potential as an alternative matrix for analytical purposes has also been recognized in other disciplines like archeology, food sciences, and forensics. Thus, a careful in-depth characterization of dental plaque is worthwhile. Most of the conducted studies focused on the screening of microbial populations in dental plaque. Their lipid membranes, on the other hand, may significantly impact substance (metabolite) exchange within microbial colonies as well as xenobiotics uptake and incorporation into teeth. Under this umbrella, a comprehensive lipidomic profiling for determination of lipid compositions of in vivo dental plaque samples and of in vitro cultivated biofilm as surrogate matrix to be used for analytical purposes has been performed in this work. An untargeted lipidomics workflow utilizing a ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-quadrupole-time-of-flight (QTOF) platform together with comprehensive SWATH (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectra) acquisition and compatible software (MS-DIAL) that comprises a vast lipid library has been adopted to establish an extensive lipidomic fingerprint of dental plaque. The main lipid components in dental plaque were identified as triacylglycerols, followed by cholesterol, cholesteryl esters as well as diacylglycerols, and various phospholipid classes. In vivo plaque is a rare matrix which is usually available in very low amounts. When higher quantities for specific research assays are required, efficient ways to produce an appropriate surrogate matrix are mandatory. A potential surrogate matrix substituting dental plaque was prepared by cultivation of in vitro biofilm from saliva and similarities and differences in the lipidomics profile to in vivo plaque were mapped by statistical evaluation post-analysis. It was discovered that most lipid classes were highly elevated in the in vitro biofilm samples, in particular diacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerols, and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs). Furthermore, an overall shift from even-chain lipid species to odd-chain lipids was observed in the cultivated biofilms. On the other hand, even-chain phosphatidylcholines (PCs), lysoPCs, cholesteryl esters, and cholesterol-sulfate were shown to be specifically increased in plaque samples. Graphical abstract.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biofilms; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dental Plaque; Humans; Lipidomics; Lipids; Saliva; Software; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Triglycerides
PubMed: 31942654
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02364-2 -
Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene :... Jun 2023
Topics: Humans; Dental Plaque; Biological Evolution; Plaque, Atherosclerotic
PubMed: 37464994
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2023To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral irrigator (OI) in controlling dental plaque and gingivitis. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral irrigator (OI) in controlling dental plaque and gingivitis.
METHODS
Ninety participants diagnosed with gingivitis were randomly assigned to two groups, given a toothbrush combined with OI (WaterPik) (test) or a toothbrush alone (control). The Turesky-Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (T-QH), Modified Gingival Index (MGI), Bleeding Index (BI), and percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP%) were evaluated at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. The full analysis set (FAS) and per-protocol set (PPS) were analyzed. Adverse events were recorded through electronic diaries and examinations.
RESULTS
Of the 90 participants, the efficacy was assessed in the following numbers (FAS/PPS): test (45/33) and control (43/38). Compared with the control, MGI, BI, and BOP% were significantly lower in the test group after 4 weeks (4 weeks: = 0.017, = 0.001, and = 0.001, respectively; 8 weeks and 12 weeks: < 0.001 for all, FAS); T-QH was significantly lower after 8 weeks (8 weeks: = 0.033; 12 weeks: = 0.006, FAS). Transient gingival bleeding may be associated with OI. Self-reported pain and dentin hypersensitivity symptoms were similar between groups.
CONCLUSIONS
As adjuncts to toothbrushing, OI demonstrated significantly better efficacy in controlling dental plaque and gingival inflammation with no substantial safety hazards.
Topics: Humans; Single-Blind Method; Dental Plaque; Treatment Outcome; Toothbrushing; Gingivitis
PubMed: 36834421
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043726