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Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2022Chewable toothbrushes (CT) are considered an effective tool for dental plaque removal; however, their effectiveness is still uncertain compared to Manual toothbrushes... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Chewable toothbrushes (CT) are considered an effective tool for dental plaque removal; however, their effectiveness is still uncertain compared to Manual toothbrushes (MT).
AIM
To evaluate the effectiveness of CT compared to MT in dental plaque removal.
METHODS
Studies comparing the efficiency of CT and MT in dental plaque removal measured by Turesky Modification of Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TMQHI), Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (QHI), or Silness Loe Plaque Index (SLPI) were identified in PubMed, Medline Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the CENTRAL. Results and effect sizes estimate are presented as mean difference, and subgroup analysis is presented separately for non-randomised interventional studies and randomised intervention studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (ROBINS-I and ROB2 tool).
RESULTS
A total of 10 studies were included in the systematic review, whereas six out of 10 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Both CT and MT were effective in plaque reduction over time when compared individually using the TMQHI and SLPI scores. The overall pooled summary showed no difference in CT and MT's dental plaque removal ability when measured using the TMQHI score. Similarly, there was no difference in CT and MT's dental plaque removal ability when measured using the SLPI score.
CONCLUSION
There is no significant difference in CT and MT's plaque removal ability. Therefore, CT should only be recommended for children and individuals with a disability or manual dexterity.
OBJECTIVE
Chewable toothbrushes (CT) are considered an effective tool for dental plaque removal.
Topics: Child; Humans; Dental Devices, Home Care; Gingivitis; Dental Plaque; Toothbrushing; Dental Plaque Index; Equipment Design
PubMed: 37006013
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_1158_21 -
Journal of Clinical Periodontology Jan 2023The aim of this study was to compare the environmental footprint of eight inter-dental cleaning aids.
AIM
The aim of this study was to compare the environmental footprint of eight inter-dental cleaning aids.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A comparative life cycle analysis was conducted based on an individual person using inter-dental cleaning aids every day for 5 years. The primary outcome was a life cycle impact assessment. This comprised of 16 discrete measures of environmental sustainability (known as impact categories), for example, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent, or kg CO e), ozone layer depletion (measured in kilograms of chloroflurocarbon equivalent, or kg CFCe), and water use (measured in cubic metres). Secondary outcomes included normalized data, disability-adjusted life years, and contribution analysis.
RESULTS
Inter-dental cleaning using floss picks had the largest environmental footprint in 13 of 16 impact categories. Depending on the environmental impact category measured, the smallest environmental footprint came from daily inter-dental cleaning with either bamboo inter-dental brushes (five impact categories, including carbon footprint), replaceable head inter-dental brushes (four impact categories), regular floss (three impact categories), sponge floss (three impact categories), and bamboo floss (one impact category).
CONCLUSIONS
Daily cleaning with inter-dental cleaning aids has an environmental footprint that varies depending on the product used. Clinicians should consider environmental impact alongside clinical need and cost when recommending inter-dental cleaning aids to patients.
Topics: Humans; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Environment
PubMed: 36122929
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13727 -
Caries Research 2015Humans have co-evolved with micro-organisms and have a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship with their resident microbiome. As at other body surfaces, the mouth has a... (Review)
Review
Humans have co-evolved with micro-organisms and have a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship with their resident microbiome. As at other body surfaces, the mouth has a diverse microbiota that grows on oral surfaces as structurally and functionally organised biofilms. The oral microbiota is natural and provides important benefits to the host, including immunological priming, down-regulation of excessive pro-inflammatory responses, regulation of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems, and colonisation by exogenous microbes. On occasions, this symbiotic relationship breaks down, and previously minor components of the microbiota outcompete beneficial bacteria, thereby increasing the risk of disease. Antimicrobial agents have been formulated into many oral care products to augment mechanical plaque control. A delicate balance is needed, however, to control the oral microbiota at levels compatible with health, without killing beneficial bacteria and losing the key benefits delivered by these resident microbes. These antimicrobial agents may achieve this by virtue of their recommended twice daily topical use, which results in pharmacokinetic profiles indicating that they are retained in the mouth for relatively long periods at sublethal levels. At these concentrations they are still able to inhibit bacterial traits implicated in disease (e.g. sugar transport/acid production; protease activity) and retard growth without eliminating beneficial species. In silico modelling studies have been performed which support the concept that either reducing the frequency of acid challenge and/or the terminal pH, or by merely slowing bacterial growth, results in maintaining a community of beneficial bacteria under conditions that might otherwise lead to disease (control without killing).
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Computer Simulation; Dental Plaque; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Microbial Viability; Microbiota; Mouth; Oral Health; Symbiosis
PubMed: 25871418
DOI: 10.1159/000377732 -
Genes Feb 2021Recent advantages in paleomicrobiology have provided an opportunity to investigate the composition of ancient microbial ecologies. Here, using metagenome analysis, we...
Recent advantages in paleomicrobiology have provided an opportunity to investigate the composition of ancient microbial ecologies. Here, using metagenome analysis, we investigated the microbial profiles of historic dental calculus retrieved from archaeological human remains from postmedieval Latvia dated 16-17th century AD and examined the associations of oral taxa and microbial diversity with specific characteristics. We evaluated the preservation of human oral microbiome patterns in historic samples and compared the microbial composition of historic dental calculus, modern human dental plaque, modern human dental calculus samples and burial soil microbiota. Overall, the results showed that the majority of microbial DNA in historic dental calculus originated from the oral microbiome with little impact of the burial environment. Good preservation of ancient DNA in historical dental calculus samples has provided reliable insight into the composition of the oral microbiome of postmedieval Latvian individuals. The relative stability of the classifiable oral microbiome composition was observed. Significant differences between the microbiome profiles of dental calculus and dental plaque samples were identified, suggesting microbial adaptation to a specific human body environment.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Archaeology; Body Remains; Burial; Child; DNA, Ancient; DNA, Bacterial; Dental Calculus; Dental Plaque; Female; Humans; Latvia; Male; Metagenome; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Soil Microbiology; Young Adult
PubMed: 33671794
DOI: 10.3390/genes12020309 -
Journal of Medicine and Life 2014Epidemiological studies have implicated dental calculus as an ideal substrate for subgingival microbial colonization. Therefore, the main objective of periodontal... (Review)
Review
Epidemiological studies have implicated dental calculus as an ideal substrate for subgingival microbial colonization. Therefore, the main objective of periodontal therapy is to eliminate the microbial biofilm along with the calculus deposits from the root surface by root surface debridement. Over the past years, a large number of clinical and laboratory studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of calculus removal by various methods. None of these conventional methods or devices was effective in completely eliminating all the calculus from the diseased root surfaces. In this context, a number of newer technologies have been developed to identify and selectively remove the dental calculus. Regarding this fact, the present article highlights a critical review of these devices based on published clinical and experimental data.
Topics: Dental Calculus; Dental Scaling; Fiber Optic Technology; Humans; Lasers; Periodontal Diseases; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 25870667
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Periodontal Research Apr 2022This meta-analysis of observational studies (PROSPERO registration number CRD42021236054) sought to investigate strength and generalizability of the association of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
This meta-analysis of observational studies (PROSPERO registration number CRD42021236054) sought to investigate strength and generalizability of the association of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in subjects with plaque-induced gingivitis and periodontitis, since the data from literature are contrasting.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Case-control and cross-sectional studies, investigating HSV-1 in subgingival plaque/crevicular fluid and periodontal status, were searched through MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. From each study the crude odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95CI) was extracted, and the pooled OR was assessed for periodontitis, chronic and aggressive, and gingivitis. The meta-analytic method was chosen based on the level of heterogeneity. The generalizability of results, determined by the meta-analysis bias, was investigated through secondary analyses including sensitivity analyses for study quality, publication bias, and study inclusion, and subgroup analyses for quality of scientific journals that published the primary studies, world Region, subgingival plaque sampling method and study design.
RESULTS
Twelve studies were included (738 cases, 551 controls). The pooled ORs were 4.4 (95CI, 1.9-10.2) for any periodontitis; specifically, 2.8 (95CI, 1.0-8.3) for chronic periodontitis, 11.8 (95CI, 5.4-25.8) for aggressive periodontitis and 4.8 (95CI, 2.1-11.0) for gingivitis. These estimates were statistically significant, excluding for chronic periodontitis, resulting marginally significant (p = .05). Secondary analyses on any and aggressive periodontitis, and, partly, chronic periodontitis corroborated the results, while the material was insufficient for secondary analyses on gingivitis.
CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained indicated that HSV-1 is associated with periodontitis, while data about gingivitis are inconclusive. HSV-1 investigation in subgingival plaque could help assess periodontitis risk and severity and, if causal association were confirmed, could contribute to its control.
Topics: Aggressive Periodontitis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Humans; Observational Studies as Topic
PubMed: 34978079
DOI: 10.1111/jre.12968 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Apr 2020Dental plaque is a structurally organized biofilm which consists of diverse microbial colonies and extracellular matrix. Its composition may change when pathogenic...
Dental plaque is a structurally organized biofilm which consists of diverse microbial colonies and extracellular matrix. Its composition may change when pathogenic microorganisms become dominating. Therefore, dental biofilm or plaque has been frequently investigated in the context of oral health and disease. Furthermore, its potential as an alternative matrix for analytical purposes has also been recognized in other disciplines like archeology, food sciences, and forensics. Thus, a careful in-depth characterization of dental plaque is worthwhile. Most of the conducted studies focused on the screening of microbial populations in dental plaque. Their lipid membranes, on the other hand, may significantly impact substance (metabolite) exchange within microbial colonies as well as xenobiotics uptake and incorporation into teeth. Under this umbrella, a comprehensive lipidomic profiling for determination of lipid compositions of in vivo dental plaque samples and of in vitro cultivated biofilm as surrogate matrix to be used for analytical purposes has been performed in this work. An untargeted lipidomics workflow utilizing a ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-quadrupole-time-of-flight (QTOF) platform together with comprehensive SWATH (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectra) acquisition and compatible software (MS-DIAL) that comprises a vast lipid library has been adopted to establish an extensive lipidomic fingerprint of dental plaque. The main lipid components in dental plaque were identified as triacylglycerols, followed by cholesterol, cholesteryl esters as well as diacylglycerols, and various phospholipid classes. In vivo plaque is a rare matrix which is usually available in very low amounts. When higher quantities for specific research assays are required, efficient ways to produce an appropriate surrogate matrix are mandatory. A potential surrogate matrix substituting dental plaque was prepared by cultivation of in vitro biofilm from saliva and similarities and differences in the lipidomics profile to in vivo plaque were mapped by statistical evaluation post-analysis. It was discovered that most lipid classes were highly elevated in the in vitro biofilm samples, in particular diacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerols, and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs). Furthermore, an overall shift from even-chain lipid species to odd-chain lipids was observed in the cultivated biofilms. On the other hand, even-chain phosphatidylcholines (PCs), lysoPCs, cholesteryl esters, and cholesterol-sulfate were shown to be specifically increased in plaque samples. Graphical abstract.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biofilms; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dental Plaque; Humans; Lipidomics; Lipids; Saliva; Software; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Triglycerides
PubMed: 31942654
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02364-2 -
Journal of Dentistry Dec 2023To determine the validity and reliability of novel digitalized tools for dental plaque detection and explore the benefits and limitations connected to their use. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To determine the validity and reliability of novel digitalized tools for dental plaque detection and explore the benefits and limitations connected to their use.
DATA
Reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews. All human clinical studies comparing dental plaque detection using digitalized systems against a standard reference were included.
SOURCES
PubMed and Scopus were screened from 01 January 2013 to 28 September 2023. Bibliographies of primary studies and principal peer-reviewed scientific journals were manually searched.
STUDY SELECTION
The initial search identified 576 articles, with a total of 13 included in the review, published between 2015 and 2023. Most of the studies included (77 %) were cross-sectional with three being prospective. Digital devices captured 2D and 3D images via cameras and intra-oral scanners, respectively. The Turesky's modified plaque index was the most frequent clinical index. Correlation with clinical examination was moderate to strong, with good to excellent intra- and inter-system agreement.
CONCLUSIONS
Within the limitations of this scoping review, image analysis-based plaque detection systems demonstrated good correlations with clinical plaque indices, using both 2D and 3D imaging systems. Whilst digital plaque detection devices offer advantages in terms of procedural standardization and reproducibility, they also have limitations, therefore currently, their application should be underpinned by a comprehensive clinical examination.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Digital plaque detection tools, that provide standardized measurements and store acquired images, facilitate more informed feedback to patients. This objective analysis may enhance clinician confidence in their utility for clinical trials and other applications.
Topics: Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Dental Plaque; Prospective Studies; Dental Plaque Index; Imaging, Three-Dimensional
PubMed: 37939996
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104772 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2014Dental plaque is an oral biofilm that much like the rest of our microbiome has a role in health and disease. Specifically, it is the cause of very common oral diseases... (Review)
Review
Dental plaque is an oral biofilm that much like the rest of our microbiome has a role in health and disease. Specifically, it is the cause of very common oral diseases such as caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The ideas about oral disease development have evolved over time. In the nineteenth century, scientists could not identify bacteria related to disease due to the lack of technology. This led to the "Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis" or the idea that the accumulation of dental plaque was responsible for oral disease without discriminating between the levels of virulence of bacteria. In the twentieth century this idea evolved with the techniques to analyze the changes from health to disease. The first common hypothesis was the "Specific Plaque Hypothesis" (1976) proposing that only a few species of the total microflora are actively involved in disease. Secondly, the "Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis" was updated (1986) and the idea that the overall activity of the total microflora could lead to disease, was enriched by taking into account difference in virulence among bacteria. Then, a hypothesis was considered that combines key concepts of the earlier two hypotheses: the "Ecological Plaque Hypothesis" (1994), which proposes that disease is the result of an imbalance in the microflora by ecological stress resulting in an enrichment of certain disease-related micro-organisms. Finally, the recent "Keystone-Pathogen Hypothesis" (2012) proposes that certain low-abundance microbial pathogens can cause inflammatory disease by interfering with the host immune system and remodeling the microbiota. In this comprehensive review, we describe how these different hypotheses, and the ideas around them, arose and test their current applicability to the understanding of the development of oral disease. Finally, we conclude that an all-encompassing ecological hypothesis explaining the shifts from health to disease is still lacking.
Topics: Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 25077073
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00092 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Aug 2022Aragonite from animal origin such as cuttlefish bone powder is an abrasive with hardness properties ideal for calculus removal. The purpose of this randomized controlled... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
Aragonite from animal origin such as cuttlefish bone powder is an abrasive with hardness properties ideal for calculus removal. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to test the efficacy of a cuttlebone-derived aragonite toothpaste in removing dental calculus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eighty-one patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were blindly and randomly assigned into two study groups. The intervention treatment group (n = 40) received cuttlebone toothpaste (Dr. D-Tart) and the control group (n = 41) received an off-the-shelf commercial toothpaste (Crest). Evaluations were performed before and after scaling and polishing procedures done at 3 months in order to evaluate the toothpaste's ability to remove calculus and to prevent calculus formation. Calculus, stains, plaque, and gingival indices scores, and patient satisfaction surveys were compared at baseline (first visit), 3, and 9 months, using generalized linear models and Wald's χ test.
RESULTS
At the end of the 3-month period, the intervention group showed a 30% reduction in total calculus compared to the baseline score (p = .0006) and 45% less total calculus compared to the control group (p = .0001). Six months after scaling, the mean calculus score for Crest users was 42% higher than that for Dr. D-Tart users (p = .0692). There was a significant improvement in the gingival health of cuttlebone toothpaste users at the observed intervals, and both kinds of toothpaste achieved comparable results in terms of plaque and stains removal.
CONCLUSIONS
Aragonite toothpaste can remove calculus, prevent calculus formation, and improve gingival health. Patients are generally satisfied with the performance of the aragonite toothpaste.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Animal-derived aragonite toothpaste (Dr. D-Tart) shows promising efficacy in removing calculus, preventing calculus formation, and for the improvement of gingival health.
CLINICAL TRIAL ID
A08-M35-16B.
Topics: Calcium Carbonate; Dental Calculus; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Toothpastes
PubMed: 35419985
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.559