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BMC Oral Health May 2020Gingivitis is a common oral health problem, and untreated gingivitis can progress to periodontitis. The objectives of this study were to (1) explore associated factors...
BACKGROUND
Gingivitis is a common oral health problem, and untreated gingivitis can progress to periodontitis. The objectives of this study were to (1) explore associated factors of gingival bleeding and calculus among 12-year-old adolescents; (2) find predictive models for gingivitis management.
METHODS
Four thousand five hundred twenty-five subjects aged 12 in Sichuan Province were investigated. The questionnaire and clinical examination were applied in schools, and two-level logistic regression models were constructed to interpret the effect of individual and contextual factors on Chinese adolescents' gingival bleeding and calculus.
RESULTS
46.63% (95%CI: 40.71, 51.60) and 66.94% (95%CI: 56.85, 67.45) of the subjects presented gingival bleeding and calculus, respectively. For the gingival bleeding cases, the model showed the significant associated indicators were hukou (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.52-0.72), family size (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.19-1.68), parental educational level (father: OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.45-0.63; mother: OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.59-0.86), tooth-brushing frequency (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.26-0.48), dental floss use (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.41-0.83), sugar-containing drink consumption (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.80-2.49), and dental visit (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.19-1.74). It also confirmed that gender (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.13-1.54), hukou (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.59-0.82), family size (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.12-1.59), parental educational level (father: OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.39-0.54; mother: OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.59-0.82), tooth-brushing frequency (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.42-0.78), dental floss use (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.48-0.90) and sugar-containing drink consumption (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.11-1.53) were associated factors for dental calculus.
CONCLUSIONS
Gingival bleeding and calculus were common in western Chinese adolescents. Socio-demographic factors including gender, hukou and family factors are strong determinants of gingival health in Chinese adolescents. In addition, health-related lifestyle behaviors such as healthy diet, good hygiene care and more dental visits are good predictors of better gingival status.
Topics: Asian People; Child; Dental Calculus; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Multilevel Analysis; Oral Health
PubMed: 32429918
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01125-3 -
Swiss Dental Journal May 2022Orthodontic appliances with brackets make oral hygiene more difficult, which leads to a significantly increased risk of caries and gingivitis if mechanical plaque...
Orthodontic appliances with brackets make oral hygiene more difficult, which leads to a significantly increased risk of caries and gingivitis if mechanical plaque control is inadequate over a longer period of time. While classic oral hygiene indices are aimed at smooth surfaces and approximal spaces, there are now modifications in the context of orthodontically treated teeth with brackets.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Humans; Plaque, Atherosclerotic
PubMed: 35546138
DOI: 10.61872/sdj-2022-05-03 -
Postepy Higieny I Medycyny... Aug 2013Recent microbiological investigations completely changed our understanding of the role of biofilm in the formation of the mucosal immune barrier and in pathogenesis of... (Review)
Review
Recent microbiological investigations completely changed our understanding of the role of biofilm in the formation of the mucosal immune barrier and in pathogenesis of chronic inflammation of bacterial etiology. It is now clear that formation of bacterial biofilm on dental surfaces is characteristic for existence of oral microbial communities. It has also been proved that uncontrolled biofilms on dental tissues, as well as on different biomaterials (e.g. orthodontic appliances), are the main cause of dental diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis. The aim of this paper is to explain mechanisms and consequences of orthodontic biofilm formation. We will discuss current opinions on the influence of different biomaterials employed for orthodontic treatment in biofilm formation and new strategies employed in prevention and elimination of oral biofilm ("dental plaque").
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Biofilms; Dental Caries; Dental Materials; Dental Plaque; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Orthodontic Appliances; Periodontitis; Risk Factors; Tooth
PubMed: 24018439
DOI: 10.5604/17322693.1061393 -
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Nov 2021The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two brushing methods (manual vs. sonic) in terms of plaque control after a session of professional mechanical plaque... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
AIM
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two brushing methods (manual vs. sonic) in terms of plaque control after a session of professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR).
METHODS
Subjects with gingivitis underwent a session of PMPR and were randomly assigned to sonic (SB) or manual brushing (MB). Oral hygiene instructions were provided at baseline (BL), 2 (T0a), 4 (T0b) and 6 weeks (T1) and 6 months (T2). Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BoP) were measured at BL, T1 and T2. The proportion of sites with PI, GI and BoP was modelled at site level using a negative binomial regression fitted via generalized linear mixed model accounting for intra-patient correlation.
RESULTS
Thirty-two subjects were selected, 16 assigned to each group and 31 completed the study. PI, BoP and GI were comparable at BL. At T1, PI was successfully maintained at 6.21% for SB and 22.81% for MB, while at T2 reached 11.34% for SB and 28% for MB, favouring the SB group (p < 0.001). GI and BoP were significantly lower in the SB group at T1, with a BoP reduction for SB about 3 times higher than MB (p < 0.001). These parameters then levelled at T2 between the groups, with BOP reaching 0.14% versus 0.05% (p = 0.356) and GI 1.75% versus 3.52% (p = 0.020).
CONCLUSION
Sonic brushing seemed to maintain a lower PI score compared to a manual brush at 6 months. BoP and GI resulted comparable.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Equipment Design; Gingivitis; Humans; Single-Blind Method; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 34328264
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12541 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2014Dental caries remains a significant public health problem and is considered pandemic worldwide. The prediction of dental caries based on profiling of microbial species...
Dental caries remains a significant public health problem and is considered pandemic worldwide. The prediction of dental caries based on profiling of microbial species involved in disease and equally important, the identification of species conferring dental health has proven more difficult than anticipated due to high interpersonal and geographical variability of dental plaque microbiota. We have used RNA-Seq to perform global gene expression analysis of dental plaque microbiota derived from 19 twin pairs that were either concordant (caries-active or caries-free) or discordant for dental caries. The transcription profiling allowed us to define a functional core microbiota consisting of nearly 60 species. Similarities in gene expression patterns allowed a preliminary assessment of the relative contribution of human genetics, environmental factors and caries phenotype on the microbiota's transcriptome. Correlation analysis of transcription allowed the identification of numerous functional networks, suggesting that inter-personal environmental variables may co-select for groups of genera and species. Analysis of functional role categories allowed the identification of dominant functions expressed by dental plaque biofilm communities, that highlight the biochemical priorities of dental plaque microbes to metabolize diverse sugars and cope with the acid and oxidative stress resulting from sugar fermentation. The wealth of data generated by deep sequencing of expressed transcripts enables a greatly expanded perspective concerning the functional expression of dental plaque microbiota.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biofilms; Child; Child, Preschool; Cluster Analysis; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gene Regulatory Networks; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Metagenome; Microbiota; Oxidative Stress; Phenotype; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 25177549
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00108 -
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1986
Review
Topics: Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Humans; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 3543351
DOI: No ID Found -
The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College Mar 2020Many types of interdental instrument, such as dental floss and interdental brushes, can be purchased easily and sell in large numbers. Many studies have compared the...
Many types of interdental instrument, such as dental floss and interdental brushes, can be purchased easily and sell in large numbers. Many studies have compared the effects of such instruments. Few studies have investigated their relationship with regions of residual plaque, however. The purpose of this study was to compare rates of plaque removal from the mesial and distal surfaces of the bilateral maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars among 3 types of interdental instrument: finger-winding-dental floss, holder-type dental floss, and an interdental brush. Prior to the experiment, the artificial teeth in a jaw model were removed for application of artificial plaque. The teeth were then replaced and the model attached to a phantom. An operator brushed the teeth in a posture close to that adopted in actual tooth brushing with each type of instrument, after which the plaque removal rate was compared among them. The rate of plaque removal using finger-winding floss was the highest, although this type of instrument is less easy to hold than the others. The rate with a handle-equipped interdental instrument showed a decrease in some regions, although it is easy to hold. The results of this study suggest that the type of interdental instrument used should differ depending on the region to be cleaned.
Topics: Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Humans; Molar; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 32074586
DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2019-0005 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2017We evaluated the association between oral health and mortality. The study population comprised 76,188 subjects aged 16-89 years at recruitment. The mean follow-up time...
We evaluated the association between oral health and mortality. The study population comprised 76,188 subjects aged 16-89 years at recruitment. The mean follow-up time was 3.4 ± 2.4 years. Subjects with a personal medical history of cancer or cardiovascular disease and death by casualty were excluded from the analysis. A full-mouth clinical examination was performed in order to assess dental plaque, dental calculus and gingival inflammation. The number of teeth and functional masticatory units <5 were recorded. Causes of death were ascertained from death certificates. Mortality risk was evaluated using Cox regression model with propensity score calibrated for each oral exposure. All-cause mortality risk were raised with dental plaque, gingival inflammation, >10 missing teeth and functional masticatory units <5. All-cancer mortality was positively associated with dental plaque and gingival inflammation. Non-cardiovascular and non-cancer mortality were also positively associated with high dental plaque (HR = 3.30, [95% CI: 1.76-6.17]), high gingival inflammation (HR = 2.86, [95% CI: 1.71-4.79]), >10 missing teeth (HR = 2.31, [95% CI: 1.40-3.82]) and functional masticatory units <5 (HR = 2.40 [95% CI 1.55-3.73]). Moreover, when ≥3 oral diseases were cumulated in the model, the risk increased for all-cause mortality (HR = 3.39, [95% CI: 2.51-5.42]), all-cancer mortality (HR = 3.59, [95% CI: 1.23-10.05]) and non-cardiovascular and non-cancer mortality (HR = 4.71, [95% CI: 1.74-12.7]). The present study indicates a postive linear association between oral health and mortality.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dental Plaque; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Diseases; Neoplasms; Oral Health; Proportional Hazards Models
PubMed: 28294149
DOI: 10.1038/srep44604 -
The Journal of Clinical Pediatric... 2003Dental caries is a complex disease process that afflicts a large proportion of the world's population, regardless of gender, age and ethnicity, although it does tend to... (Review)
Review
Dental caries is a complex disease process that afflicts a large proportion of the world's population, regardless of gender, age and ethnicity, although it does tend to affect more indivduals with a low socioeconomic status to a greater extent. The process of dental caries is dependent upon biological factors that are present within the saliva and dental plaque. There are many different agents within saliva and plaque that serve to protect the tooth surface against caries development. Salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, antimicrobial activity, microorganism aggregation and clearance from the oral cavity, immune surveillance, and calcium phosphate binding proteins all interact to inhibit or reverse demineralization of exposed tooth surfaces. Cariogenic bacteria levels within the saliva and plaque determine whether caries will occur or not, and the concentration in saliva and plaque are intimately related to the type of carbohydrate ingestion and the frequency of ingestion, as well as the oral hygiene practiced by the individual.
Topics: Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Diet, Cariogenic; Humans; Saliva; Secretory Rate; Tooth Demineralization; Tooth Remineralization
PubMed: 14604142
DOI: 10.17796/jcpd.28.1.yg6m443046k50u20 -
Caries Research 2004New technologies have provided novel insights into how dental plaque functions as a biofilm. Confocal microscopy has confirmed that plaque has an open architecture... (Review)
Review
New technologies have provided novel insights into how dental plaque functions as a biofilm. Confocal microscopy has confirmed that plaque has an open architecture similar to other biofilms, with channels and voids. Gradients develop in areas of dense biomass over short distances in key parameters that influence microbial growth and distribution. Bacteria exhibit an altered pattern of gene expression either as a direct result of being on a surface or indirectly as a response to the local environmental heterogeneity within the biofilm. Bacteria communicate via small diffusible signalling molecules (e.g. competence-stimulating peptide, CSP; autoinducer 2); CSP induces both genetic competence and acid tolerance in recipient sessile cells. Thus, rates of gene transfer increase in biofilm communities, and this is one of several mechanisms (others include: diffusion-reaction, neutralization/inactivation, slow growth rates, novel phenotype) that contribute to the increased antimicrobial resistance exhibited by bacteria in biofilms. Oral bacteria in plaque do not exist as independent entities but function as a co-ordinated, spatially organized and fully metabolically integrated microbial community, the properties of which are greater than the sum of the component species. A greater understanding of the significance of dental plaque as a mixed culture biofilm will lead to novel control strategies.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Cell Communication; Dental Plaque; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ecosystem; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Humans
PubMed: 15153690
DOI: 10.1159/000077756