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Frontiers in Oral Health 2023The diagnosis and management of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) should be the same the world over, but there are important nuances in incidence, aetiological... (Review)
Review
The diagnosis and management of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) should be the same the world over, but there are important nuances in incidence, aetiological factors, and management opportunities that may lead to differences based on ethnogeography. In this review, we update and discuss current international trends in the classification and diagnosis of OPMD with reference to our experience in various regions in Oceania. Oceania includes the islands of Australia, Melanesia (including Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Micronesia and Polynesia (including New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga) and hence has diverse populations with very different cultures and a range from well-resourced high-population density cities to remote villages.
PubMed: 37089445
DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1122497 -
Bone Jan 2015Postnatal skeletal stem cells are a unique class of progenitors with biological properties that extend well beyond the limits of stemness as commonly defined. Skeletal... (Review)
Review
Postnatal skeletal stem cells are a unique class of progenitors with biological properties that extend well beyond the limits of stemness as commonly defined. Skeletal stem cells sustain skeletal tissue homeostasis, organize and maintain the complex architectural structure of the bone marrow microenvironment and provide a niche for hematopoietic progenitor cells. The identification of stem cells in the human post-natal skeleton has profoundly changed our approach to the physiology and pathology of this system. Skeletal diseases have been long interpreted essentially in terms of defective function of differentiated cells and/or abnormal turnover of the matrix that they produce. The notion of a skeletal stem cell has brought forth multiple, novel concepts in skeletal biology that provide potential alternative concepts. At the same time, the recognition of the complex functions played by skeletal progenitors, such as the structural and functional organization of the bone marrow, has provided an innovative, unifying perspective for understanding bone and bone marrow changes simultaneously occurring in many disorders. Finally, the possibility to isolate and highly enrich for skeletal progenitors, enables us to reproduce perfectly normal or pathological organ miniatures. These, in turn, provide suitable models to investigate and manipulate the pathogenetic mechanisms of many genetic and non-genetic skeletal diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Stem cells and Bone.
Topics: Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Hematologic Neoplasms; Humans; Stem Cells; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 25240458
DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.09.009 -
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic... Jul 2017Oral Epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a potentially malignant disorder that is characterized by the presence of architectural and cytological changes. One of the prime...
INTRODUCTION
Oral Epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a potentially malignant disorder that is characterized by the presence of architectural and cytological changes. One of the prime factors responsible for the development of these lesions is the usage of tobacco. A variety of factors provide protective mechanism in order to prevent the effects of chemotoxic agents including tobacco products of which, melanin pigmentation is one of the vital elements.
AIM
Role of melanocytes in progression of OED has remained unclear, so the present study was done to evaluate density of melanocyte and melanin granules in different grades of epithelial dysplasia and to correlate both findings with different grades of epithelial dysplasia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study included 60 OED cases, of which three histopathogical sections were prepared from each block. The sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson Fontana and Human Melanoma Black (HMB-45), an immunohistochemical stain. Quantification of melanin granules was evaluated under 40X magnification using arbitrary scale with micrometer square as, 0= Absence of melanin granules, 1= Rare and scattered melanin granules, 2= Dense but not aggregated melanin granules, 3= Dense and aggregated melanin granules. Density of melanocytes was evaluated under 10X magnification. Five consecutive fields were evaluated for melanocytes and melanin granules starting from the field of highest density.
RESULTS
There was an insignificant increase in number of melanocytes and melanin granules in mild and moderate dysplasia compared to normal but significant reduction was observed in severe dysplasia.
CONCLUSION
The decrease in number of melanocytes and melanin granules was proportional to severity of epithelial dysplasia. This could be due to chronic irritation by chemical products leading to death of melanocytes.
PubMed: 28893044
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/26096.10206 -
Cells Sep 2019Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Parp)-1 catalyzes polyADP-ribosylation using NAD and is involved in the DNA damage response, genome stability, and transcription. In this...
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Parp)-1 catalyzes polyADP-ribosylation using NAD and is involved in the DNA damage response, genome stability, and transcription. In this study, we demonstrated that aged mouse incisors showed more frequent dental dysplasia in both ICR/129Sv mixed background and C57BL/6 strain compared to aged incisors, suggesting that Parp-1 deficiency could be involved in development of dental dysplasia at an advanced age. Computed tomography images confirmed that dental dysplasia was observed at significantly higher incidences in mice. The relative calcification levels of incisors were higher in both enamel and dentin ( < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed (1) Parp-1 positivity in ameloblasts and odontoblasts in incisor, (2) weaker dentin sialoprotein positivity in dentin of incisor, and (3) bone sialoprotein positivity in dentin of incisor, suggesting ectopic osteogenic formation in dentin of incisor. These results indicate that Parp-1 deficiency promotes odontogenic failure in incisors at an advanced age. Parp-1 deficiency did not affect dentinogenesis during the development of mice, suggesting that Parp-1 is not essential in dentinogenesis during development but is possibly involved in the regulation of continuous dentinogenesis in the incisors at an advanced age.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Dental Pulp; Dentin Dysplasia; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Incisor; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Knockout; Odontoblasts; Odontogenesis; Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1
PubMed: 31569682
DOI: 10.3390/cells8101157 -
Revista Chilena de Pediatria 2017Cleidocraneal dysplasia (CCD) is a rare skeletal autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by dental anomalies and bone abnormalities. These clinical manifestations do... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Cleidocraneal dysplasia (CCD) is a rare skeletal autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by dental anomalies and bone abnormalities. These clinical manifestations do not require treatment in most cases. The disease is caused by mutation in the gene RUNX2 (CBAF1), located on the short arm of chromosome 6.
OBJECTIVE
To report a case of CCD and perform a literature review focused on clinical manifestations and diagnosis.
CASE REPORT
A 3 year old patient, who was clinically diagnosed with CCD since birth. The patient showed incomplete development of cranial bones, bell-shaped thorax, adequate dentition and presence of clavicles. Molecular analysis reported that the patient is carrying the pathogenic variant c.674G>A in the RUNX2 gene, confirming the diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS
The CCD is a rare condition, with special clinical features. It is important to establish early diagnosis in these patients in order to offer a better quality of life, and if necessary, appropriate treatment.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Cleidocranial Dysplasia; Humans; Male
PubMed: 28898321
DOI: 10.4067/S0370-41062017000400012 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal-dominant, heritable skeletal and dental disease, involving hypoplastic clavicles, defective ossification of the anterior...
INTRODUCTION
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal-dominant, heritable skeletal and dental disease, involving hypoplastic clavicles, defective ossification of the anterior fontanelle, dentin and enamel hypoplasia, and supernumerary teeth, which can seriously affect the oral and mental health of patients. Amyloid-like protein aggregation, which is established by lysozyme conjugated with polyethylene glycol (Lyso-PEG), forms a mineralized nanofilm layer on a healthy enamel surface. However, whether it can form a remineralization layer in dental tissues from CCD remains unclear.
METHODS
This study evaluated deciduous teeth from healthy individuals and a patient with CCD. Because pulp and dentin are functionally closely related, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) from CCD patients and healthy individuals were collected to compare their biological properties.
RESULTS
The results found that deciduous teeth from patients with CCD exhibited dentin hypoplasia. In addition, the proliferative ability and osteogenic potential of SHED from patients with CCD were lower than those of control individuals. Finally, Lyso-PEG was applied to dentin from the CCD and control groups, showing a similar remineralization-induced effect on the dentin surfaces of the two groups.
CONCLUSION
These results extend our understanding of the dentin and SHED of patients with CCD, exhibiting good caries-preventive capacity and good biocompatibility of Lyso-PEG, thus providing a novel dental therapy for CCD and patients with tooth hypoplasia.
Topics: Humans; Cleidocranial Dysplasia; Tooth, Supernumerary
PubMed: 36936765
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1143235 -
Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 2016Differential diagnosis of skeletal and dental relationships is crucial for planning orthodontic treatment. Overbite depth indicator (ODI) and anteroposterior dysplasia...
Reliability of overbite depth indicator (ODI) and anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI) in the assessment of different vertical and sagittal dental malocclusions: a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.
INTRODUCTION:
Differential diagnosis of skeletal and dental relationships is crucial for planning orthodontic treatment. Overbite depth indicator (ODI) and anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI) had been introduced in the past for assessment of vertical and sagittal jaw relationships, respectively.
OBJECTIVE:
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the reliability of ODI and APDI in overbite and Angle malocclusions, as well as assess their diagnostic reliability among males and females of different age groups.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
This study was conducted using pretreatment dental casts and lateral cephalograms of 90 subjects. For ODI, subjects were divided into three groups based on overbite (normal overbite, open bite and deep bite). Likewise, the same subjects were divided for APDI into three groups, based on Angle's malocclusion classification (dental Class I, II and III malocclusions). Mann-Whitney U test was applied for comparison of study parameters regarding sex and different age groups. The mean values of ODI and APDI were compared among study groups by means of Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Dunnet T3 tests. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to test diagnostic reliability.
RESULTS:
Insignificant differences were found for ODI and APDI angles, particularly in regards to sex and age. Significant intergroup differences were found in different overbite groups and Angle's classification for ODI and APDI, respectively (p < 0.001). ROC showed 91% and 88% constancy with dental pattern in ODI and APDI, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS:
ODI can reliably differentiate deep bite versus normal overbite and deep bite versus open bite. APDI can reliably differentiate dental Class I, II and III malocclusions.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cephalometry; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Overbite; ROC Curve; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 27901232
DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.21.5.075-081.oar -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022The term ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) describes a heterogeneous group of inherited developmental disorders that affect several tissues of ectodermal origin. The most... (Review)
Review
The term ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) describes a heterogeneous group of inherited developmental disorders that affect several tissues of ectodermal origin. The most common form of EDs is hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED), which is characterized by hypodontia, hypotrichosis, and partial or total eccrine sweat gland deficiency. HED is estimated to affect at least 1 in 17,000 people worldwide. Patients with HED have characteristic facies with periorbital hyperpigmentation, depressed nasal bridge, malar hypoplasia, and absent or sparse eyebrows and eyelashes. The common ocular features of HED include madarosis, trichiasis, and ocular chronic surface disease due to dry eye syndrome, which manifests clinically with discomfort, photophobia, and redness. Dry eye is common in HED and results from a combination of ocular surface defects: mucus abnormalities (abnormal conjunctival mucinous glands), aqueous tear deficiency (abnormalities in the lacrimal gland) and lipid deficiency (due to the partial or total absence of the meibomian glands; modified sebaceous glands with the tarsal plate). Sight-threatening complications result from ocular surface disease, including corneal ulceration and perforation with subsequent corneal scarring and neovascularization. Rare ocular features have been reported and include bilateral or unilateral congenital cataracts, bilateral glaucoma, chorioretinal atrophy and atresia of the nasolacrimal duct. Recognition of the ocular manifestations of HED is required to perform clinical surveillance, instigate supportive and preventative treatment, and manage ocular complications.
PubMed: 36138666
DOI: 10.3390/children9091357 -
American Journal of Medical Genetics.... Jun 2014Costello syndrome (CS) is a RASopathy characterized by a wide range of cardiac, musculoskeletal, dermatological, and developmental abnormalities. The RASopathies are...
Costello syndrome (CS) is a RASopathy characterized by a wide range of cardiac, musculoskeletal, dermatological, and developmental abnormalities. The RASopathies are defined as a group of syndromes caused by activated Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Specifically, CS is caused by activating mutations in HRAS. Although receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, which is upstream of Ras/MAPK, is known to play a critical role in craniofacial and dental development, the craniofacial and dental features of CS have not been systematically defined in a large group of individuals. In order to address this gap in our understanding and fully characterize the CS phenotype, we evaluated the craniofacial and dental phenotype in a large cohort (n = 41) of CS individuals. We confirmed that the craniofacial features common in CS include macrocephaly, bitemporal narrowing, convex facial profile, full cheeks, and large mouth. Additionally, CS patients have a characteristic dental phenotype that includes malocclusion with anterior open bite and posterior crossbite, enamel hypo-mineralization, delayed tooth development and eruption, gingival hyperplasia, thickening of the alveolar ridge, and high palate. Comparison of the craniofacial and dental phenotype in CS with other RASopathies, such as cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC), provides insight into the complexities of Ras/MAPK signaling in human craniofacial and dental development.
Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Costello Syndrome; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Ectodermal Dysplasia; Facies; Failure to Thrive; Female; Gingival Hyperplasia; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Male; Malocclusion; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Mutation; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Tooth; Tooth Abnormalities; Young Adult
PubMed: 24668879
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36475 -
The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical... Apr 2006This case series report outlines possible cranio-maxillofacial deformation consequences associated with ectodermal dysplasia (ED) and embryonic malformations, including...
This case series report outlines possible cranio-maxillofacial deformation consequences associated with ectodermal dysplasia (ED) and embryonic malformations, including dental agenesis. Also described are the oral aspects and rehabilitation. A total of 14 ED patients (7 males and 7 females, aged 5-45 years) underwent clinical examination before assessment and treatment. Lateral cephalometric radiography, Steiner's analysis, and respiratory capacity tests were performed. Most of the patients had sparse or absent hair, a short face with an unusual facial concavity, a maxillary retrusion, and a relative mandible protrusion. Depending on age and orthopedic abnormalities, patients were treated with prosthodontic and orthodontic approaches or implant treatment. Therapists should take a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach with these patients to improve their dental, masticatory, growth, and orthognathic conditions, as well as esthetic appearance.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cephalometry; Child; Child, Preschool; Ectodermal Dysplasia; Face; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Tooth Abnormalities
PubMed: 16679298
DOI: 10.1016/S1607-551X(09)70303-1