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BMC Oral Health May 2024Deep learning, as an artificial intelligence method has been proved to be powerful in analyzing images. The purpose of this study is to construct a deep learning-based...
BACKGROUND
Deep learning, as an artificial intelligence method has been proved to be powerful in analyzing images. The purpose of this study is to construct a deep learning-based model (ToothNet) for the simultaneous detection of dental caries and fissure sealants in intraoral photos.
METHODS
A total of 1020 intraoral photos were collected from 762 volunteers. Teeth, caries and sealants were annotated by two endodontists using the LabelMe tool. ToothNet was developed by modifying the YOLOX framework for simultaneous detection of caries and fissure sealants. The area under curve (AUC) in the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and free-response ROC (FROC) curves were used to evaluate model performance in the following aspects: (i) classification accuracy of detecting dental caries and fissure sealants from a photograph (image-level); and (ii) localization accuracy of the locations of predicted dental caries and fissure sealants (tooth-level). The performance of ToothNet and dentist with 1year of experience (1-year dentist) were compared at tooth-level and image-level using Wilcoxon test and DeLong test.
RESULTS
At the image level, ToothNet achieved an AUC of 0.925 (95% CI, 0.880-0.958) for caries detection and 0.902 (95% CI, 0.853-0.940) for sealant detection. At the tooth level, with a confidence threshold of 0.5, the sensitivity, precision, and F1-score for caries detection were 0.807, 0.814, and 0.810, respectively. For fissure sealant detection, the values were 0.714, 0.750, and 0.731. Compared with ToothNet, the 1-year dentist had a lower F1 value (0.599, p < 0.0001) and AUC (0.749, p < 0.0001) in caries detection, and a lower F1 value (0.727, p = 0.023) and similar AUC (0.829, p = 0.154) in sealant detection.
CONCLUSIONS
The proposed deep learning model achieved multi-task simultaneous detection in intraoral photos and showed good performance in the detection of dental caries and fissure sealants. Compared with 1-year dentist, the model has advantages in caries detection and is equivalent in fissure sealants detection.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; Pit and Fissure Sealants; Deep Learning; Pilot Projects; Photography, Dental; Adult; Male; Female
PubMed: 38735954
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04254-1 -
European Archives of Paediatric... Dec 2022To explore the use of fissure sealing as a caries preventive method by describing characteristics of children who had received sealants and to study associations between...
PURPOSE
To explore the use of fissure sealing as a caries preventive method by describing characteristics of children who had received sealants and to study associations between sealing and caries prevalence at 12 years of age.
METHODS
The study included 3075 children examined at 5 and 12 years of age. Data were collected by clinical examination and questionnaire to parents. The questionnaire provided information on child characteristics and oral health behaviour in children at 5 years of age. Data on sealing and caries prevalence were obtained from dental records. Bi- and multivariate logistic regressions were performed. The Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics approved the study (2.200.54 and 2013/1881).
RESULTS
Of the children, 12% had received sealants on permanent teeth before 12 years of age. Children with dentin caries at 5 years of age (OR 2.0, CI 1.5-2.7) had a higher probability of having received sealants than children without caries. Having sealants (OR 2.8, CI 2.2-3.6), enamel caries (OR 1.5, CI 1.2-1.9), dentin caries (OR 2.9, CI 2.3-3.6) and using fluoride lozenges less than daily (OR 1.5, CI 1.3-1.8) at 5 years of age were associated with having dentin caries prevalence at 12 years of age.
CONCLUSION
Few children had received fissure sealing. Although sealing was used as a caries preventive method in children who had experienced caries in primary teeth, these children continued developing caries in their permanent teeth.
Topics: Child; Humans; Pit and Fissure Sealants; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dental Caries; Dentition, Permanent; Norway
PubMed: 35798927
DOI: 10.1007/s40368-022-00729-3 -
Dentistry Journal Jun 2021Dental caries are most likely to occur on occlusal surfaces from the early eruptive stages of the tooth. In children, about 80% to 90% of dental caries are occlusal... (Review)
Review
Dental caries are most likely to occur on occlusal surfaces from the early eruptive stages of the tooth. In children, about 80% to 90% of dental caries are occlusal caries. Different preventive modalities are used to prevent occlusal caries. One of the methods used for occlusal caries prevention is fluoride varnish. A vast number of clinical trials have evaluated several types of sealant material and fluoride varnish to assess their ability to prevent occlusal caries in both primary and permanent dentition. The purpose of the current study was to provide an updated overview of the development, composition, mechanism of action, application, and safety of fluoride varnish, as well as its effect on occlusal caries prevention. This review of recently published studies on fluoride varnish and its effect on occlusal caries prevention shows that in children at moderate to high risk of caries, fluoride varnishes prevent occlusal caries. Both resin-based fissure sealants and fluoride varnish are effective for occlusal caries prevention for first-permanent molars. However, it was not possible to identify which one has the best effect. It is recommend that fluoride varnish is applied for children at high risk of caries two to four times per year.
PubMed: 34204978
DOI: 10.3390/dj9060064 -
International Journal of Clinical... 2020Pit and fissures are more prone to caries as compared to smooth surfaces. Sealing the pit and fissures with sealants is considered to be highly effective in the...
Comparison and Evaluation of the Retention, Cariostatic Effect, and Discoloration of Conventional Clinpro 3M ESPE and Hydrophilic Ultraseal XT Hydro among 12-15-year-old Schoolchildren for a Period of 6 Months: A Single-blind Randomized Clinical Trial.
INTRODUCTION
Pit and fissures are more prone to caries as compared to smooth surfaces. Sealing the pit and fissures with sealants is considered to be highly effective in the prevention of pit and fissure caries. Hydrophobic sealants are technique sensitive in nature. Ultraseal XT Hydro sealant is moisture tolerant which incorporates the benefits of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic sealants into one unique chemistry. Hence, the study was conducted to compare and evaluate the retention, cariostatic effect, and discoloration of conventional Clinpro™ 3M™ ESPE™ and hydrophilic Ultraseal XT Hydro sealants among 12-15-year-old schoolchildren for 6 months.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
It was a single-blinded, randomized split-mouth clinical trial. Schoolchildren aged 12-15 years were recruited in this clinical trial. Clinpro sealant and Ultraseal XT Hydro were placed in the right and left quadrant molars, respectively, and were assigned as group I and II. The sample size arrived was 60 teeth per group and at 30 patients based on the computer-generated random sequence. Sealant coverage between the two sealants was compared using Mann-Whitney test and test for proportions.
RESULTS
After 6 months, it was seen that 10 teeth out of 44 (22.72%) with Clinpro had the sealant covering all the fissures compared to Ultraseal XT Hydro which was only 9%. Fifty-nine percent of retention rate was seen with Clinpro compared to Ultraseal XT Hydro sealant (27.27%). Caries incidence was higher in the case of group II. No difference was observed with regard to the discoloration of the sealants.
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that for a longer follow-up period conventional Clinpro™ 3M™ ESPE™ was better than Ultra XT Hydro seal in terms of retention and cariostatic effect.
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
Mohapatra S, Prabakar J, Indiran MA, Comparison and Evaluation of the Retention, Cariostatic Effect, and Discoloration of Conventional Clinpro 3M ESPE and Hydrophilic Ultraseal XT Hydro among 12-15-year-old Schoolchildren for a Period of 6 Months: A Single-blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(6):688-693.
PubMed: 33976497
DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1859 -
Iranian Journal of Public Health Feb 2022Highly necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive interventions to prioritize them at the community level. We aimed to systematically investigate the related... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Highly necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive interventions to prioritize them at the community level. We aimed to systematically investigate the related studies on the effects of fluoride varnish and fissure sealant on dental caries in 6-12 children.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases using Fluoride Varnish, Fissure Sealant, Caries, and Oral Health keywords. The timeframe selected to search for articles is from 2000 to Dec 2020. CMA software: 2 (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis) was used to perform the meta-analysis. The intervention groups in this study were fluoride varnish and fissure sealants, each of them compared to the control groups.
RESULTS
We included nine studies. In the intervention group 84,380 and control group 11,254 individuals were studied. Eight of the studies were Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) and Field RCT, and two was non-RCT. In the overall Fluoride Varnish efficacy study, 4 were fully effective, 1 was ineffective, and all 4 were completely effective for Fissure Sealant. There was a significant difference between decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) and decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth (dmft) indices in both interventions and comparison groups. Moreover, the mean difference of DMFT for Fluoride Varnish and Fissure Sealant in the intervention and control groups were -0.55 and -0.29, respectively (=0.00).
CONCLUSION
Due to the efficacy of fissure sealant and fluoride varnish in preventing dental caries in children aged 6-12 yr, these interventions can be considered as health priorities of societies and health systems interventions in countries.
PubMed: 35866130
DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v51i2.8680 -
Cureus Dec 2023This study aimed to evaluate the predisposition of microleakage in permanent molar teeth following different preparation techniques for pits and fissure sealants.
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to evaluate the predisposition of microleakage in permanent molar teeth following different preparation techniques for pits and fissure sealants.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional analytical study, a dye penetration method was employed to evaluate microleakage in dental restorations. A total of 104 extracted molars were randomly assigned into two groups and further subdivided into two subgroups based on a class of sealant (filled/unfilled resin) containing 26 teeth each. Teeth in one group were prepared by a conventional method using pumice and acid etching with 37% phosphoric acid, and teeth in the other group were prepared with a 1/4-round carbide bur in a low-speed handpiece and then acid etched. In each group, 26 teeth were sealed with a filled sealant, and 26 teeth with an unfilled sealant. The chi-square test was used for the comparison of microleakage between the groups.
RESULTS
Unfilled sealants prepared with bur preparation showed the lowest degree of microleakage. The greater number of teeth (17) showed no microleakage in the group of teeth prepared using the bur preparation technique. Furthermore, in dye penetration analysis, the subgroup of teeth that were filled with unfilled sealants showed a greater number of teeth (57.6%), with zero penetration, and the dye penetration scores were statistically significant among the groups with different preparation techniques (p=0.002).
CONCLUSION
Teeth whose pits and fissures were prepared through 1/4 carbide bur and filled with unfilled pits and fissure sealants show less microleakage than those prepared with the conventional method and filled with filled sealants. Therefore, the choice of surface preparation technique for pit and fissure sealants can influence the effectiveness of the sealant in preventing microleakage.
PubMed: 38213342
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50382 -
Journal of Dentistry Nov 2017Aim of this systematic review was to assess the clinical performance of sealants on various teeth in an evidence-based manner. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Aim of this systematic review was to assess the clinical performance of sealants on various teeth in an evidence-based manner.
SOURCES
Five databases were searched from inception to February 2017.
DATA
Randomized clinical studies on humans.
METHODS
After duplicate study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment according to the Cochrane guidelines, Paule-Mandel random-effects meta-analyses of Relative Risks (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
RESULTS
A total of 16 randomized clinical trials with 2778 patients (male/female 49.1%/50.9%) and an average age of 8.4 years were included. No significant difference in either caries incidence of sealed teeth or sealant retention could be found according to (i) mouth side (right versus left), (ii) jaw (upper versus lower), (iii) and tooth type (1st permanent molar versus 2nd permanent molar/1st permanent molar versus 2nd deciduous molar/1st deciduous molar versus 2nd deciduous molar), based on evidence of very low to low quality. On the other side, compared to 1st permanent molars, sealed premolars were significantly less likely to develop caries (3 trials; RR=0.12; 95% CI=0.03 to 0.44; P=0.001) and less likely to experience loss of the sealant (5 trials; RR=0.33; 95% CI=0.20 to 0.54; P=0.001), both based on low to moderate quality evidence.
CONCLUSIONS
The performance of pit and fissure sealants does not seem to be negatively affected by mouth side, jaw, and tooth type, apart from the exception of a favorable retention on premolars.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Based on existing evidence, pit and fissure sealants can be effectively applied on any deciduous or permanent posterior teeth without adverse effects on their clinical performance.
Topics: Child; Databases, Factual; Dental Caries; Dentition, Permanent; Female; Humans; Male; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Molar; Mouth; Pit and Fissure Sealants; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tooth, Deciduous
PubMed: 28797916
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.08.004 -
European Journal of Dentistry 2017To investigate the prevalence of caries and fissure sealants on the first permanent molars (FPMs) among 6-9-year-old girls in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the prevalence of caries and fissure sealants on the first permanent molars (FPMs) among 6-9-year-old girls in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The FPMs of 17,891 school girls from 120 randomly selected public primary schools were evaluated by visual and tactile examination for the carious status and the presence of fissure sealants. Chi-square test was used to analyze the data at level of 5%.
RESULTS
A total of 58,140 FPMs were assessed in the 17,891 children. Nearly 64.6% of the children were caries free. Only 1.3% of the children had at least one fissure sealant applied. At tooth level, the decayed FPMs counted for 24.6%. There was obvious underutilization of fissure sealants on the FPMs; 0.8% ( = 478). The caries prevalence in the mandibular FPMs (33%) was significantly higher than in the maxillary FPMs, 18.2% ( < 0.01). The proportion of carious FPMs increased with age of the children significantly ( < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the proportion of the presence of fissure sealants among the three different grade/age groups ( > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Caries prevalence in the FPMs was high and serious among this cohort of young students. This was contrasting the very low prevalence of fissure sealants.
PubMed: 29279670
DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_189_17 -
PloS One 2013To appraise the clinical literature in determining whether loss of complete sealant retention as surrogate endpoint is directly associated with caries occurrence on... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
INTRODUCTION/AIM
To appraise the clinical literature in determining whether loss of complete sealant retention as surrogate endpoint is directly associated with caries occurrence on sealed teeth as its clinical endpoint and to apply the appraised evidence in testing the null-hypothesis that the retention/caries ratio between different types of sealant materials (resin and glass-ionomer cement) is not statistically significant (= Prentice criterion for surrogate endpoint validity).
METHODS
Databases searched PubMed/Medline, Directory of Open Access Journals; IndMed, Scielo. Systematic reviews were checked for suitable trials. The search terms: "fiss* AND seal*" and "fissure AND sealant" were used. Article selection criteria were: clinical trial reporting on the retention and caries occurrence of resin and/or glass-ionomer cement (GIC) fissure sealed permanent molar teeth; minimum 24-month follow-up period; systematic review or meta-analysis. Datasets and information were extracted from accepted trials. The principle outcome measure was the ratio of Risk of loss of complete retention to the Risk of caries occurrence per sealant type (RCR). Risk of bias was assessed in trials and sensitivity analysis with regard to potential confounding factors conducted. The null-hypothesis was tested by graphical and statistical methods.
RESULTS
The risk of loss of complete retention of sealant materials was associated with the risk of caries occurrence for resin but not for GIC based sealants. The difference between RCR values of the two sealant types was statistically significant (p<0.05). The null-hypothesis was rejected.
CONCLUSIONS
The current clinical evidence suggests that complete retention of pit and fissure sealants may not be a valid surrogate endpoint for caries prevention as its clinical endpoint. Further research is required to corroborate the current results.
Topics: Biomarkers; Dental Caries; Glass Ionomer Cements; Humans; Linear Models; Pit and Fissure Sealants; Resin Cements
PubMed: 24194861
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077103 -
Polymers Sep 2019Molar pits and fissures tend to be affected by caries due to cleaning difficulties. As such, the filling of pits and cracks with sealants is common to deter the onset of...
Molar pits and fissures tend to be affected by caries due to cleaning difficulties. As such, the filling of pits and cracks with sealants is common to deter the onset of caries. However, current clinical practices rely on sealants that lack the ability to release and recharge fluoride ions. Thus, we herein report the development of a fluoride-montmorillonite nanocomposite resin that has the potential to provide sustained release of fluoride due to the strong adsorption of fluoride by montmorillonite. X-ray diffractometry, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to confirm the successful insertion of the polymer into the interlayer structure. The mechanical properties (viscosity, hardening depth, hardness, diametral tensile strength, flexural strength, and wear resistance) of the developed composite resin were then examined, and simulation of the oral environment demonstrated a good fluoride ion release and recharge ability for the effective prevention of dental caries. Finally, we demonstrated the non-cytotoxic nature of this material using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) test. We expect that the described fluoride-containing composite resin may become a new clinical option in the near future.
PubMed: 31547022
DOI: 10.3390/polym11101535