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Journal of Clinical Periodontology Jul 2009Dental plaque has been proven to initiate and promote gingival inflammation. Histologically, various stages of gingivitis may be characterized prior to progression of a...
BACKGROUND
Dental plaque has been proven to initiate and promote gingival inflammation. Histologically, various stages of gingivitis may be characterized prior to progression of a lesion to periodontitis. Clinically, gingivitis is well recognized.
MATERIAL & METHODS
Longitudinal studies on a patient cohort of 565 middle class Norwegian males have been performed over a 26-year period to reveal the natural history of initial periodontitis in dental-minded subjects between 16 and 34 years of age at the beginning of the study.
RESULTS
Sites with consistent bleeding (GI=2) had 70% more attachment loss than sites that were consistently non-inflamed (GI=0). Teeth with sites that were consistently non-inflamed had a 50-year survival rate of 99.5%, while teeth with consistently inflamed gingivae yielded a 50-year survival rate of 63.4%.
CONCLUSION
Based on this longitudinal study on the natural history of periodontitis in a dentally well-maintained male population it can be concluded that persistent gingivitis represents a risk factor for periodontal attachment loss and for tooth loss.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dental Plaque; Disease Progression; Gingivitis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Index; Periodontitis; Risk Factors; Tooth Loss; Young Adult
PubMed: 19432625
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01415.x -
Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... Aug 2006Saliva is a complex secretion. 93% by volume is secreted by the major salivary glands and the remaining 7% by the minor glands. 99% of saliva is water and the other 1%... (Review)
Review
Saliva is a complex secretion. 93% by volume is secreted by the major salivary glands and the remaining 7% by the minor glands. 99% of saliva is water and the other 1% is composed of organic and inorganic molecules. While the quantity of saliva is important, so is its quality. The components of saliva, its functions in maintaining oral health and the main factors that cause alterations in salivary secretion will be reviewed, the importance of saliva in caries development and bacterial plaque formation will be discussed and its role as an aid to diagnosing certain pathologies will be examined. Variations in salivary flow can be affected, reversibly or irreversibly, by numerous physiological and pathological factors. Saliva plays an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the oral structures, in personal relationships, in the digestion and in controlling oral infection. The part that saliva plays in protecting teeth from caries can be summarised under four aspects: diluting and eliminating sugars and other substances, buffer capacity, balancing demineralisation/remineralisation and antimicrobial action. Saliva is a promising option for diagnosing certain disorders and monitoring the evolution of certain pathologies or the dosage of medicines or drugs. Its advantages as a diagnostic tool include its being easy to obtain and the positive correlation between many parameters in serum and saliva.
Topics: Biomarkers; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Humans; Oral Health; Risk Factors; Saliva; Salivary Glands; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Salivation; Sialorrhea; Xerostomia
PubMed: 16878065
DOI: No ID Found -
Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry Jun 2022To summarise the available data on the effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in treating gingivitis during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
To summarise the available data on the effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in treating gingivitis during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Multiple electronic databases were searched up to December 7th, 2021. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible for inclusion. The quality of the included RCTs was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 2.0). After data extraction and risk of bias assessment, differences were recorded in several oral hygiene indices in time and mean percentage change in those indices using different antimicrobial solutions.
RESULTS
Fourteen studies were deemed eligible for inclusion, reporting on a total of 602 patients with an age range of 11-35 years. The experimental solution was a 0.06%, 0.12%, or 0.2% CHX mouthwash with the control either a placebo mouthwash or a selection from a variety of mouthwashes. Treatment duration varied from 1 day to almost 5 months and the follow-up period varied from 1 min to 5 months. Chlorhexidine mouthrinses led to reduced plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation during orthodontic treatment, while at the same time, some of the control group mouthrinses were deemed equally effective. No statistically significant difference was detected in the meta-analysis between CHX and mouthwashes with propolis/probiotics/herbs in terms of the gingival index at 3 to 4 weeks (mean difference 0.07, 95% CI: -0.18, 0.31, p = 0.59).
CONCLUSION
Chlorhexidine mouthwash in orthodontic patients successfully controls gingival inflammation and bleeding when compared to untreated controls, but is equally effective as other mouthrinses where various oral health indices are concerned.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Inflammation; Mouthwashes; Young Adult
PubMed: 35762364
DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.b3170043 -
PloS One 2022Detecting and monitoring dental plaque is an important issue in research and clinical practice. In this context, new digital imaging methods that permit permanent...
Detecting and monitoring dental plaque is an important issue in research and clinical practice. In this context, new digital imaging methods that permit permanent documentation of the clinical findings could be promising tools. The aim of the study was therefore to investigate whether disclosed plaque can be reliably visualised on 2D and 3D images captured with digital intraoral imaging devices. Clinical examination was the reference method. Twenty subjects (27.5±1.2 years) were included and plaque was measured at three different stages: habitual plaque (T1), after 72 h without oral hygiene (T2) and after a subsequent habitual brushing exercise (T3). At each time point, plaque was disclosed followed by the clinical examination and capturing the 2D and 3D images (intraoral-camera CS 1500 and intraoral-scanner CS 3600; Carestream Dental, Germany). Plaque amounts were recorded on oral and vestibular surfaces of the Ramfjord-teeth (16, 21, 24, 36, 41, 44) using the Rustogi-modified-Navy-Plaque-Index (RMNPI) and expressed as percentage of plaque-containing RMNPI areas of all RMNPI areas. At T1, percentages (mean±SD) obtained from the clinical examination, 2D and 3D images were 62.2±10.6, 65.1±10.0 and 64.4±10.6 resp. increasing to 76.9±8.0, 77.9±8.6 and 77.5±9.4 resp. at T2. After toothbrushing (T3), values decreased to 56.3±11.1, 58.2±12.1 and 61.2±10.8 resp. All methods were able to show statistically significant changes in plaque amounts at the different time points with in part statistically significant but minor differences between them. The Bland-Altmann analysis revealed a good agreement between values from both 2D and 3D images with the clinical examination. The agreement of the scores obtained with the both image-based methods for the single RMNPI areas with the clinical examination was mainly classified as substantial to almost perfect. Amounts of plaque can be reliably detected and monitored on 2D images from an intraoral camera and on 3D images from an intraoral scanner.
Topics: Adult; Dental Plaque; Female; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Photography, Dental; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35167618
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263722 -
The Journal of International Medical... Oct 2017Objective The natural accumulation of supragingival plaque on surfaces of human teeth is associated with gingival inflammation and the initiation of common oral...
Objective The natural accumulation of supragingival plaque on surfaces of human teeth is associated with gingival inflammation and the initiation of common oral diseases. This study evaluated the distribution of dental plaque and gingivitis scores within the dental arches after prophylaxis. Methods Adult subjects from the Dharwad, India area representing the general population who provided written informed consent were scheduled for screening. Healthy subjects over the age of 18 years, not currently requiring any medical or dental care, and presenting with a complement of at least 20 natural teeth were recruited for this parallel design study. Enrolled subjects (n = 41) underwent oral examinations for dental plaque (PI) and gingivitis (GI) using the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein and the Löe-Silness Index, respectively, at the baseline visit, followed by a whole mouth dental prophylaxis. Subjects were given fluoride toothpaste for twice daily oral hygiene for the next 30 days. Subjects were recalled on days 15 and 30 for PI and GI examinations identical to baseline. Results Analyses indicated that mean scores for PI and GI on either arch and the whole mouth were higher than 2 and 1, respectively, during all examinations. Anterior surfaces consistently exhibited lower PI scores than posterior regions of either arch, or the entire dentition. Regional GI differences within the dentition were similar to PI scores, with lower scores on anterior than posterior teeth. Prophylaxis reduced both the frequency and mean scores of both PI and GI, irrespective of arch, with lower scores observed on anterior than posterior regions during all recall visits. Molar and lingual regions consistently exhibited higher PI and GI scores compared with anterior surfaces. At all examinations, mean scores for both plaque and gingivitis were higher on approximal vestibular than mid-vestibular surfaces. Conclusions Differences observed in PI and GI within the dentition have several practical implications: (a) there are advantages of whole mouth assessments for oral health (b) a need for oral hygiene formulations to reduce the larger deposits of dental plaque in the posterior region and resultant gingival inflammation, and
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dental Arch; Dental Plaque; Dentition; Female; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Young Adult
PubMed: 28795618
DOI: 10.1177/0300060517705476 -
Revue Medicale de Liege Oct 2010Orodental pathologies are generally classified into two main groups: caries and parodontopathies. They result from polymicrobial infections based on the dental plaque's... (Review)
Review
Orodental pathologies are generally classified into two main groups: caries and parodontopathies. They result from polymicrobial infections based on the dental plaque's theory which has constantly evolved. Therefore, the concept of acquired biological pellicle or biofilm has been described and largely elaborated.A bacterial biofilm is a unit of bacterial microcolonies embedded within an exopolymeric matrix and adherent to an inert or living surface. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the literature with regard to the formation, and composition of the biofilm, as well as to point out the close link that exists between biofilm and dental medicine.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Dental Implants; Dental Plaque; Humans
PubMed: 21128362
DOI: No ID Found -
World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2014Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans. Although H. pylori may be detected in the stomach of approximately... (Review)
Review
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans. Although H. pylori may be detected in the stomach of approximately half of the world's population, the mechanisms of transmission of the microorganism from individual to individual are not yet clear. Transmission of H. pylori could occur through iatrogenic, fecal-oral, and oral-oral routes, and through food and water. The microorganism may be transmitted orally and has been detected in dental plaque and saliva. However, the role of the oral cavity in the transmission and recurrence of H. pylori infection has been the subject of debate. A large number of studies investigating the role of oral hygiene and periodontal disease in H. pylori infection have varied significantly in terms of their methodology and sample population, resulting in a wide variation in the reported results. Nevertheless, recent studies have not only shown that the microorganism can be detected fairly consistently from the oral cavity but also demonstrated that the chances of recurrence of H. pylori infection is more likely among patients who harbor the organism in the oral cavity. Furthermore, initial results from clinical trials have shown that H. pylori-positive dyspeptic patients may benefit from periodontal therapy. This paper attempts to review the current body of evidence regarding the role of dental plaque, saliva, and periodontal disease in H. pylori infection.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Dental Plaque; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Diseases; Saliva; Stomach; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 24914323
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5639 -
Journal of Oral Science Oct 2022This study was designed to compare the levels of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in saliva with those in occlusal plaque on posterior teeth at different stages of...
PURPOSE
This study was designed to compare the levels of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in saliva with those in occlusal plaque on posterior teeth at different stages of dentition, and to explore the correlation with caries experience to determine the most suitable source of S. mutans for research.
METHODS
Samples of saliva and occlusal plaque were collected from 83 patients (aged 3-17 years) over three months. S. mutans levels were determined by culture-based selective plating, morphological identification, and S.mutans-specific monoclonal antibody labeling.
RESULTS
The mean age of the participants was 8.8 (±3.7) years, and 74.7% of them were Hispanic. Mean caries experience for children with primary, mixed, and permanent dentition was 5.2 (±4.7), 4.0 (±3.3), and 0.8 (±1.3), respectively. Children with primary and mixed dentition had a higher caries experience than children with permanent dentition (P < 0.01), despite having similar S. mutans levels and total bacteria. A positive correlation was observed between S. mutans levels in plaque and those in saliva, but not between S. mutans levels and caries experience. It was noteworthy that plaque samples harbored higher S. mutans levels (>10 CFU/mL) than saliva samples.
CONCLUSION
Both plaque and saliva samples are useful sources for S. mutans isolation. S. mutans levels from both sources were not significantly correlated with caries experience, but occlusal plaque had greater sensitivity for quantification of high S. mutans levels.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Humans; Saliva; Streptococcus mutans; Tooth
PubMed: 36104181
DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.22-0177 -
Journal of Immunology Research 2014Over the last two decades, the amount of evidence corroborating an association between dental plaque bacteria and coronary diseases that develop as a result of... (Review)
Review
Over the last two decades, the amount of evidence corroborating an association between dental plaque bacteria and coronary diseases that develop as a result of atherosclerosis has increased. These findings have brought a new aspect to the etiology of the disease. There are several mechanisms by which dental plaque bacteria may initiate or worsen atherosclerotic processes: activation of innate immunity, bacteremia related to dental treatment, and direct involvement of mediators activated by dental plaque and involvement of cytokines and heat shock proteins from dental plaque bacteria. There are common predisposing factors which influence both periodontitis and atherosclerosis. Both diseases can be initiated in early childhood, although the first symptoms may not appear until adulthood. The formation of lipid stripes has been reported in 10-year-old children and the increased prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is a risk factor contributing to lipid stripes development. Endothelium damage caused by the formation of lipid stripes in early childhood may lead to bacteria penetrating into blood circulation after oral cavity procedures for children as well as for patients with aggressive and chronic periodontitis.
Topics: Adult; Atherosclerosis; Child; Chronic Periodontitis; Coronary Disease; Cytokines; Dental Plaque; Gene Expression; Heat-Shock Proteins; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Risk Factors
PubMed: 24741613
DOI: 10.1155/2014/636893 -
Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene :... Jun 2023
Topics: Humans; Dental Plaque; Biological Evolution; Plaque, Atherosclerotic
PubMed: 37464994
DOI: No ID Found