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International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2022Leptin is a non-glycosylated 16 kDa protein synthesized mainly in adipose cells. The main function of leptin is to regulate energy homeostasis and weight control in a... (Review)
Review
Leptin is a non-glycosylated 16 kDa protein synthesized mainly in adipose cells. The main function of leptin is to regulate energy homeostasis and weight control in a central manner. There is increasing evidence that leptin also has systemic effects, acting as a link between innate and acquired immune responses. The expression of leptin and its receptor in human dental pulp and periradicular tissues have already been described, as well as several stimulatory effects of leptin protein expression in dental and periodontal tissues. The aim of this paper was to review and to compile the reported scientific literature on the role and effects of leptin in the dental pulp and periapical tissues. Twelve articles accomplished the inclusion criteria, and a comprehensive narrative review was carried out. Review of the available scientific literature concluded that leptin has the following effects on pulpal and periapical physiology: 1) Stimulates odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), 2) Increases the expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1), odontoblastic proteins involved in odontoblastic differentiation and dentin mineralization, 3) Stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human dental pulp tissue and primary cultured cells of human dental pulp (hDPCs), 4) Stimulates angiogenesis in rat dental pulp cells, and 5) Induces the expression of interleucinas 6 and 8 in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). There is evidence which suggests that leptin is implicated in the dentin mineralization process and in pulpal and periapical inflammatory and reparative responses.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dental Pulp; Humans; Leptin; Odontogenesis; Periodontal Ligament
PubMed: 35216099
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041984 -
The Journal of Clinical Pediatric... 2010Mechanisms of pulpal pathophysiology are complex and the low compliance environment in which the dental pulp is allocated, further enhances the complexity of this... (Review)
Review
Mechanisms of pulpal pathophysiology are complex and the low compliance environment in which the dental pulp is allocated, further enhances the complexity of this process. Although it is known that it involves the interaction of the immune cells, pulpal cells, cytokines, chemokines and multiple neuropeptides but still there are many gaps in our current knowledge. The understanding of the biochemical and molecular pathways involved in the pulpal inflammation is important so that it can be used clinically to keep the dental pulp vital and healthy. It may thus provide an opportunity to develop potentially new treatment modalities for the inflamed dental pulp in future.
Topics: Cytokines; Dental Pulp; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Neurogenic Inflammation; Neuroimmunomodulation; Neuropeptides; Pulpitis
PubMed: 21417112
DOI: 10.17796/jcpd.35.2.t13t4834j3567rp5 -
Dental Clinics of North America Oct 2017No current therapy promotes root canal disinfection and regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex in cases of pulp necrosis. Antibiotic pastes used to eradicate canal... (Review)
Review
No current therapy promotes root canal disinfection and regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex in cases of pulp necrosis. Antibiotic pastes used to eradicate canal infection negatively affect stem cell survival. Three-dimensional easy-to-fit antibiotic-eluting nanofibers, combined with injectable scaffolds, enriched or not with stem cells and/or growth factors, may increase the likelihood of achieving predictable dental pulp regeneration. Periodontitis is an aggressive disease that impairs the integrity of tooth-supporting structures and may lead to tooth loss. The latest advances in membrane biomodification to endow needed functionalities and technologies to engineer patient-specific membranes/constructs to amplify periodontal regeneration are presented.
Topics: Dental Pulp; Dentin; Guided Tissue Regeneration; Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Root Canal Therapy; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 28886764
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2017.06.009 -
Cells Feb 2024The dental pulp is the inner part of the tooth responsible for properly functioning during its lifespan. Apart from the very big biological heterogeneity of dental... (Review)
Review
The dental pulp is the inner part of the tooth responsible for properly functioning during its lifespan. Apart from the very big biological heterogeneity of dental cells, tooth microenvironments differ a lot in the context of mechanical properties-ranging from 5.5 kPa for dental pulp to around 100 GPa for dentin and enamel. This physical heterogeneity and complexity plays a key role in tooth physiology and in turn, is a great target for a variety of therapeutic approaches. First of all, physical mechanisms are crucial for the pain propagation process from the tooth surface to the nerves inside the dental pulp. On the other hand, the modulation of the physical environment affects the functioning of dental pulp cells and thus is important for regenerative medicine. In the present review, we describe the physiological significance of biomechanical processes in the physiology and pathology of dental pulp. Moreover, we couple those phenomena with recent advances in the fields of bioengineering and pharmacology aiming to control the functioning of dental pulp cells, reduce pain, and enhance the differentiation of dental cells into desired lineages. The reviewed literature shows great progress in the topic of bioengineering of dental pulp-although mainly in vitro. Apart from a few positions, it leaves a gap for necessary filling with studies providing the mechanisms of the mechanical control of dental pulp functioning in vivo.
Topics: Dental Pulp; Tooth; Regenerative Medicine; Cell Differentiation; Biophysics
PubMed: 38474339
DOI: 10.3390/cells13050375 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) Jan 2011Hard tissue is difficult to repair especially dental structures. Tooth enamel is incapable of self-repairing whereas dentin and cementum can regenerate with limited... (Review)
Review
Hard tissue is difficult to repair especially dental structures. Tooth enamel is incapable of self-repairing whereas dentin and cementum can regenerate with limited capacity. Enamel and dentin are commonly under the attack by caries. Extensive forms of caries destroy enamel and dentin and can lead to dental pulp infection. Entire pulp amputation followed by the pulp space disinfection and filling with an artificial rubber-like material is employed to treat the infection -- commonly known as root canal or endodontic therapy. Regeneration of dentin relies on having vital pulps; however, regeneration of pulp tissue has been difficult as the tissue is encased in dentin without collateral blood supply except from the root apical end. With the advent of modern tissue engineering concept and the discovery of dental stem cells, regeneration of pulp and dentin has been tested. This article will review the recent endeavor on pulp and dentin tissue engineering and regeneration. The prospective outcomes of current advancements and challenges in this line of research are discussed.
Topics: Dental Pulp; Dentin; Humans; Regeneration; Stem Cells; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 21196351
DOI: 10.2741/e286 -
Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine Jun 2020Dental pulp with special structure has become a good reference sample in paleomicrobiology-related blood-borne diseases, many pathogens were detected by different... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Dental pulp with special structure has become a good reference sample in paleomicrobiology-related blood-borne diseases, many pathogens were detected by different methods based on the diagnosis of nucleic acids and proteins.
OBJECTIVES
This review aims to propose the preparation process from ancient teeth collection to organic molecule extraction of dental pulp and summary, analyze the methods that have been applied to detect septicemic pathogens through ancient dental pulps during the past 20 years following the first detection of an ancient microbe.
METHODS
The papers used in this review with two main objectives were obtained from PubMed and Google scholar with combining keywords: "ancient," "dental pulp," "teeth," "anatomy," "structure," "collection," "preservation," "selection," "photography," "radiography," "contamination," "decontamination," "DNA," "protein," "extraction," "bone," "paleomicrobiology," "bacteria," "virus," "pathogen," "molecular biology," "proteomics," "PCR," "MALDI-TOF," "LC/MS," "ELISA," "immunology," "immunochromatography," "genome," "microbiome," "metagenomics."
RESULTS
The analysis of ancient dental pulp should have a careful preparation process with many different steps to give highly accurate results, each step complies with the rules in archaeology and paleomicrobiology. After the collection of organic molecules from dental pulp, they were investigated for pathogen identification based on the analysis of DNA and protein. Actually, DNA approach takes a principal role in diagnosis while the protein approach is more and more used. A total of seven techniques was used and ten bacteria (Yersinia pestis, Bartonella quintana, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi C, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rickettsia prowazeki, Staphylococcus aureus, Borrelia recurrentis, Bartonella henselae) and one virus (Anelloviridae) were identified. Y. pestis had the most published in quantity and all methods were investigated for this pathogen, S. aureus and B. recurrentis were identified by three different methods and others only by one. The combining methods interestingly increase the positive rate with ELISA, PCR and iPCR in Yersinia pestis diagnosis. Twenty-seven ancient genomes of Y. pestis and one ancient genome of B. recurrentis were reconstructed. Comparing to the ancient bone, ancient teeth showed more advantage in septicemic diagnosis. Beside pathogen identification, ancient pulp help to distinguish species.
CONCLUSIONS
Dental pulp with specific tissue is a suitable sample for detection of the blood infection in the past through DNA and protein identification with the correct preparation process, furthermore, it helps to more understand the pathogens of historic diseases and epidemics.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; DNA, Ancient; Dental Pulp; Fossils; Humans; Metagenome; Microbiota
PubMed: 32233019
DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1202 -
Dental Materials : Official Publication... Apr 2023The current standard for treating irreversibly damaged dental pulp is root canal therapy, which involves complete removal and debridement of the pulp space and filling... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The current standard for treating irreversibly damaged dental pulp is root canal therapy, which involves complete removal and debridement of the pulp space and filling with an inert biomaterial. A regenerative approach to treating diseased dental pulp may allow for complete healing of the native tooth structure and enhance the long-term outcome of once-necrotic teeth. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to highlight the current state of dental pulp tissue engineering and immunomodulatory biomaterials properties, identifying exciting opportunities for their synergy in developing next-generation biomaterials-driven technologies.
METHODS
An overview of the inflammatory process focusing on immune responses of the dental pulp, followed by periapical and periodontal tissue inflammation are elaborated. Then, the most recent advances in treating infection-induced inflammatory oral diseases, focusing on biocompatible materials with immunomodulatory properties are discussed. Of note, we highlight some of the most used modifications in biomaterials' surface, or content/drug incorporation focused on immunomodulation based on an extensive literature search over the last decade.
RESULTS
We provide the readers with a critical summary of recent advances in immunomodulation related to pulpal, periapical, and periodontal diseases while bringing light to tissue engineering strategies focusing on healing and regenerating multiple tissue types.
SIGNIFICANCE
Significant advances have been made in developing biomaterials that take advantage of the host's immune system to guide a specific regenerative outcome. Biomaterials that efficiently and predictably modulate cells in the dental pulp complex hold significant clinical promise for improving standards of care compared to endodontic root canal therapy.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Dental Pulp; Tissue Engineering; Root Canal Therapy; Regeneration
PubMed: 36894414
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.03.013 -
Journal of Endodontics Aug 2023Understanding the healing process of dental pulp after tooth autotransplantation (TAT) and regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) of immature teeth is important both...
INTRODUCTION
Understanding the healing process of dental pulp after tooth autotransplantation (TAT) and regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) of immature teeth is important both clinically and scientifically. This study aimed to characterize the pattern of dental pulp healing in human teeth that underwent TAT and RET using state-of-the-art imaging techniques.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study examined 4 human teeth, 2 premolars that underwent TAT, and 2 central incisors that received RET. The premolars were extracted after 1 year (case 1) and 2 years (case 2) due to ankylosis, while the central incisors were extracted after 3 years (cases 3 and 4) for orthodontic reasons. Nanofocus x-ray computed tomography was used to image the samples before being processed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Laser scanning confocal second harmonic generation imaging (SHG) was used to examine the patterns of collagen deposition. A maturity-matched premolar was included as a negative control for the histological and SHG analysis.
RESULTS
Analysis of the 4 cases revealed different patterns of dental pulp healing. Similarities were observed in the progressive obliteration of the root canal space. However, a striking loss of typical pulpal architecture was observed in the TAT cases, while a pulp-like tissue was observed in one of the RET cases. Odontoblast-like cells were observed in cases 1 and 3.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provided insights into the patterns of dental pulp healing after TAT and RET. The SHG imaging sheds light on the patterns of collagen deposition during reparative dentin formation.
Topics: Humans; Dental Pulp; Regeneration; Regenerative Endodontics; Transplantation, Autologous; Dental Pulp Necrosis; Collagen; Multimodal Imaging
PubMed: 37315781
DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.06.003 -
Romanian Journal of Morphology and... 2016Dental stem niches (DSNs) reside in different dental tissues, being of particular importance in tissue engineering and dental regeneration procedures. The present paper... (Review)
Review
Dental stem niches (DSNs) reside in different dental tissues, being of particular importance in tissue engineering and dental regeneration procedures. The present paper aims to review the DSNs from the view of niche inhabitants, either extrinsic, such as cells of the myeloid lineage, or intrinsic, such as endothelial cells, perivascular cells and spindle-shaped stromal cells, e.g., telocytes. DSNs harbor different dental stem÷progenitor cell morphologies, in different stages of differentiation and with various potentialities, the angiogenic potential with respect to regenerative endodontic procedures being emphasized here. It seems therefore important to consider the DSNs as being heterogeneous, for a better understanding of an accurate identification of niche team players in regenerative medicine.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Dental Pulp; Humans; Phenotype; Stem Cell Niche
PubMed: 28174783
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Materials Science. Materials... Apr 2023Based on the concept of tissue engineering (Cells-Scaffold-Bioactive molecules), regenerative endodontics appeared as a new notion for dental endodontic treatment. Its... (Review)
Review
Based on the concept of tissue engineering (Cells-Scaffold-Bioactive molecules), regenerative endodontics appeared as a new notion for dental endodontic treatment. Its approaches aim to preserve dental pulp vitality (pulp capping) or to regenerate a vascularized pulp-like tissue inside necrotic root canals by cell homing. To improve the methods of tissue engineering for pulp regeneration, numerous studies using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models have been performed. This review explores the evolution of laboratory models used in such studies and classifies them according to different criteria. It starts from the initial two-dimensional in vitro models that allowed characterization of stem cell behavior, through 3D culture matrices combined with dental tissue and finally arrives at the more challenging ex vivo and in vivo models. The travel which follows the elaboration of such models reveals the difficulty in establishing reproducible laboratory models for dental pulp regeneration. The development of well-established protocols and new laboratory ex vivo and in vivo models in the field of pulp regeneration would lead to consistent results, reduction of animal experimentation, and facilitation of the translation to clinical practice.
Topics: Animals; Dental Pulp; Regeneration; Stem Cells; Tissue Engineering; Animal Testing Alternatives
PubMed: 37004591
DOI: 10.1007/s10856-023-06718-2