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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021Stem cells are unspecialised cells capable of perpetual self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation into more specialised daughter cells. They are present in many... (Review)
Review
Stem cells are unspecialised cells capable of perpetual self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation into more specialised daughter cells. They are present in many tissues and organs, including the stomatognathic system. Recently, the great interest of scientists in obtaining stem cells from human teeth is due to their easy availability and a non-invasive procedure of collecting the material. Three key components are required for tissue regeneration: stem cells, appropriate scaffold material and growth factors. Depending on the source of the new tissue or organ, there are several types of transplants. In this review, the following division into four transplant types is applied due to genetic differences between the donor and the recipient: xenotransplantation, allotransplantation, autotransplantation and isotransplantation (however, due to the lack of research, type was not included). In vivo studies have shown that Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs)can form a dentin-pulp complex, nerves, adipose, bone, cartilage, skin, blood vessels and myocardium, which gives hope for their use in various biomedical areas, such as immunotherapy and regenerative therapy. This review presents the current in vivo research and advances to provide new biological insights and therapeutic possibilities of using DPSCs.
Topics: Animals; Dental Pulp; Humans; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stem Cells
PubMed: 34946506
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247423 -
Journal (Canadian Dental Association) Mar 2009In this second part of our 2-part review, we discuss recent research about pulp tests that determine the vitality of the tooth and clinically accepted pulp testers. A... (Review)
Review
In this second part of our 2-part review, we discuss recent research about pulp tests that determine the vitality of the tooth and clinically accepted pulp testers. A pain response to hot, cold or an electric pulp tester indicates the vitality of only a tooth's pulpal sensory supply; the response does not give any idea about the state of the pulp. Although the sensitivity of these tests is high, when false-positive and false-negative results occur, they may affect the treatment of the tooth. A tooth falsely diagnosed as nonvital with an electric pulp tester may undergo an unnecessary root canal, whereas one falsely diagnosed as vital may be left untreated, causing the necrotic tissue to destroy the supporting tissues (resorption). The vascular supply is more important to the determination of the health of the pulp than the sensory supply. Pulp death is caused by cessation of blood flow and may result in a necrotic pulp, even though the pulpal sensory supply may still be viable. The pulp can be healed only if the circulating blood flow is healthy. Although still under investigation, diagnostic devices that examine pulpal blood flow, such as the pulse oximeter and laser Doppler flowmetry, show promising results for the assessment of pulp vitality.
Topics: Dental Pulp; Dental Pulp Diseases; Dental Pulp Test; Humans; Neurophysiology; Regional Blood Flow
PubMed: 19267966
DOI: No ID Found -
Mediators of Inflammation 2015In recent years, many studies have examined the pulp-dentin complex regeneration with DPSCs. While it is important to perform research on cells, scaffolds, and growth... (Review)
Review
In recent years, many studies have examined the pulp-dentin complex regeneration with DPSCs. While it is important to perform research on cells, scaffolds, and growth factors, it is also critical to develop animal models for preclinical trials. The development of a reproducible animal model of transplantation is essential for obtaining precise and accurate data in vivo. The efficacy of pulp regeneration should be assessed qualitatively and quantitatively using animal models. This review article sought to introduce in vivo experiments that have evaluated the potential of dental pulp stem cells for pulp-dentin complex regeneration. According to a review of various researches about DPSCs, the majority of studies have used subcutaneous mouse and dog teeth for animal models. There is no way to know which animal model will reproduce the clinical environment. If an animal model is developed which is easier to use and is useful in more situations than the currently popular models, it will be a substantial aid to studies examining pulp-dentin complex regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Dental Pulp; Dentin; Humans; Regeneration; Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 26688616
DOI: 10.1155/2015/409347 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2018Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is to preserve the nerve and maintain healthy dental pulp tissue. Laser irradiation (LI) is beneficial for VPT. Understanding how LI affects...
Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is to preserve the nerve and maintain healthy dental pulp tissue. Laser irradiation (LI) is beneficial for VPT. Understanding how LI affects dental pulp cells and tissues is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of reparative dentin and dentin regeneration. Here, we show how Er:YAG-LI and diode-LI modulated cell proliferation, apoptosis, gene expression, protease activation, and mineralization induction in dental pulp cells and tissues using cell culture, immunohistochemical, genetic, and protein analysis techniques. Both LIs promoted proliferation in porcine dental pulp-derived cell lines (PPU-7), although the cell growth rate between the LIs was different. In addition to proliferation, both LIs also caused apoptosis; however, the apoptotic index for Er:YAG-LI was higher than that for diode-LI. The mRNA level of odontoblastic gene markers-two dentin sialophosphoprotein splicing variants and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)20 were enhanced by diode-LI, whereas MMP2 was increased by Er:YAG-LI. Both LIs enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, suggesting that they may help induce PPU-7 differentiation into odontoblast-like cells. In terms of mineralization induction, the LIs were not significantly different, although their cell reactivity was likely different. Both LIs activated four MMPs in porcine dental pulp tissues. We helped elucidate how reparative dentin is formed during laser treatments.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Dental Pulp; Extracellular Matrix Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation; Lasers, Semiconductor; Low-Level Light Therapy; Matrix Metalloproteinase 20; Odontoblasts; Phosphoproteins; Sialoglycoproteins; Swine
PubMed: 30126087
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082429 -
Biomedical Papers of the Medical... Mar 2009Our aims were to isolate dental pulp stem cells, to cultivate them in various media and to investigate their basic biological properties and phenotype.
AIMS
Our aims were to isolate dental pulp stem cells, to cultivate them in various media and to investigate their basic biological properties and phenotype.
METHODS
16 lines of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were isolated from an impacted third molar. After enzymatic dissociation of dental pulp, DPSCs were cultivated in modified cultivation media for mesenchymal adult progenitor cells containing 2 % or 10 % fetal calf serum (FCS), or in modified 2 % FCS cultivation media supplemented with ITS. Cell viability and other biological properties were examined periodically using a Vi-Cell analyzer and Z2-Counter. DNA analysis and phenotyping were done using flow cytometry.
RESULTS
We were able to cultivate DPSCs in all tested cultivation media over 40 population doublings. Our results showed that DPSCs cultivated in medium supplemented with ITS had shorter average population doubling time (24.5, 15.55-35.12 hours) than DPSCs cultivated in 2 % FCS (55.43, 21.57-187.14 hours) or 10 % FCS (42.56, 11.86 - 101.3 hours). Cell diameter was not affected and varied from 15 to 16 microm. DPSCs viability in the 9(th) passage was over 90 %. Our phenotypical analysis was highly positivity for CD29, CD44, CD90 and HLA I, and negative for CD34, CD45, CD71, HLA II. DPSC lines cultivated in all media showed no signs of degeneration or spontaneous differentiation during the expansion process.
CONCLUSIONS
We showed that ITS supplement in the cultivation media greatly increased the proliferative activity of DPSCs. Other DPSC biological properties and phenotype were not affected.
Topics: Adult; Antigens, CD; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Dental Pulp; Female; Humans; Male; Phenotype; Stem Cells; Young Adult
PubMed: 19365523
DOI: 10.5507/bp.2009.005 -
Romanian Journal of Morphology and... 2019Reducing the thickness of hard dental tissues through the preparation of teeth for fixed prosthodontics represents an aggression for the dentin-pulp complex and may...
BACKGROUND
Reducing the thickness of hard dental tissues through the preparation of teeth for fixed prosthodontics represents an aggression for the dentin-pulp complex and may cause changes in dental pulp tissues, by means of acute or chronic inflammation, or by asymptomatic, atrophic modifications.
AIM
The aim of the study was to histological and immunohistochemical evaluate samples of dental pulp selected from previously prepared teeth, which had been functioning as abutment teeth for some years.
PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS
The starting point of the study was a statistical study conducted on a batch of 276 patients, of which 64 needed to change the fixed prosthetic restorations. Some of the existing abutment teeth were extracted, others presented previously performed root canal treatments and others required endodontic treatment.
RESULTS
Of the 21 samples taken, 12 showed atrophic pulp modifications, represented by low cellularity, collagen fibrosis, vascular congestion, and pulpal calcifications.
CONCLUSIONS
Certain irreversible atrophic changes can be observed in abutment teeth's pulps, a fact that justifies the need of performing pre-prosthetic endodontic treatment.
Topics: Adult; Dental Abutments; Dental Pulp; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 31912101
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology May 2021The role of inflammatory mediators in dental pulp is unique. The local environment of pulp responds to any changes in the physiology that are highly fundamental, like... (Review)
Review
The role of inflammatory mediators in dental pulp is unique. The local environment of pulp responds to any changes in the physiology that are highly fundamental, like odontoblast cell differentiation and other secretory activity. The aim of this review is to assess the role of cathelicidins based on their capacity to heal wounds, their immunomodulatory potential, and their ability to stimulate cytokine production and stimulate immune-inflammatory response in pulp and periapex. Accessible electronic databases were searched to find studies reporting the role of cathelicidins in pulpal inflammation and regeneration published between September 2010 and September 2020. The search was performed using the following databases: Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO and PubMed. The electronic search was performed using the combination of keywords "cathelicidins" and "dental pulp inflammation". On the basis of previous studies, it can be inferred that LL-37 plays an important role in odontoblastic cell differentiation and stimulation of antimicrobial peptides. Furthermore, based on these outcomes, it can be concluded that LL-37 plays an important role in reparative dentin formation and provides signaling for defense by activating the innate immune system.
Topics: Cathelicidins; Cell Differentiation; Dental Pulp; Humans; Immunomodulation; Inflammation; Odontoblasts; Wound Healing
PubMed: 34068275
DOI: 10.3390/cimb43010010 -
BMC Oral Health Apr 2024The aim of our study was to assess the correlation between T relaxation times and their variability with the histopathological results of the same teeth in relation to...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of our study was to assess the correlation between T relaxation times and their variability with the histopathological results of the same teeth in relation to caries progression.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
52 extracted permanent premolars were included in the study. Prior to extractions, patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and teeth were evaluated using ICDAS classification. Pulps of extracted teeth were histologically analysed.
RESULTS
MRI T relaxation times (ms) were 111,9 ± 11.2 for ICDAS 0, 132.3 ± 18.5* for ICDAS 1, 124.6 ± 14.8 for ICDAS 2 and 112. 6 ± 18.2 for ICDAS 3 group (p = 0,013). A positive correlation was observed between MRI T relaxation times and macrophage and T lymphocyte density in healthy teeth. There was a positive correlation between vascular density and T relaxation times of dental pulp in teeth with ICDAS score 1. A negative correlation was found between T relaxation times and macrophage density. There was a positive correlation between T relaxation time variability and macrophage and T lymphocyte density in teeth with ICDAS score 2. In teeth with ICDAS score 3, a positive correlation between T relaxation times and T relaxation time variability and lymphocyte B density was found.
CONCLUSION
The results of our study confirm the applicability of MRI in evaluation of the true condition of the pulp tissue.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
With the high correlation to histological validation, MRI method serves as a promising imaging implement in the field of general dentistry and endodontics.
Topics: Humans; Dental Pulp; Sensitivity and Specificity; Dental Caries; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Bicuspid; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 38582832
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04165-1 -
Advances in Dental Research Jul 2011Pulp regeneration is considered in cases where the dental pulp has been destroyed because of microbial irritation. Diverse oral and food-borne micro-organisms are able... (Review)
Review
Pulp regeneration is considered in cases where the dental pulp has been destroyed because of microbial irritation. Diverse oral and food-borne micro-organisms are able to invade the pulp space, form biofilm on canal walls, and infiltrate dentinal tubules. Prior to pulp regeneration procedures, the pulp space and dentinal walls need to be sufficiently disinfected to allow for and promote regeneration. The necessary level of disinfection is likely higher than that accepted for traditional endodontic therapy, because in traditional techniques the mere lowering of bacterial loads and prevention of bacterial access to periapical tissues is conducive to healing. Moreover, several of the non-specific antimicrobials used in traditional endodontic therapy may cause significant changes in remaining dentin that interfere with its inherent potential to mediate regeneration. Non-specific antimicrobials also suppress all microbial taxa, which may allow residual virulent micro-organisms to preferentially repopulate the pulp space. Therefore, it is important for endodontic pathogens to be studied by molecular methods that allow for a broad depth of coverage. It is then essential to determine the most effective protocols to disinfect the pulp space, with minimal disruption of remaining dentin. These protocols include the topical use of effective antibiotics, including newer agents that have demonstrated efficacy against endodontic pathogens.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Disinfectants; Dental Pulp; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dental Pulp Diseases; Dentin; Humans; Regeneration; Root Canal Preparation
PubMed: 21677080
DOI: 10.1177/0022034511405388 -
Brazilian Journal of Medical and... Nov 2010Lipopolysaccharide exerts many effects on many cell lines, including cytokine secretion, and cell apoptosis and necrosis. We investigated the in vitro effects of...
Lipopolysaccharide exerts many effects on many cell lines, including cytokine secretion, and cell apoptosis and necrosis. We investigated the in vitro effects of lipopolysaccharide on apoptosis of cultured human dental pulp cells and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax. Dental pulp cells showed morphologies typical of apoptosis after exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Flow cytometry showed that the rate of apoptosis of human dental pulp cells increased with increasing lipopolysaccharide concentration. Compared with controls, lipopolysaccharide promoted pulp cell apoptosis (P < 0.05) from 0.1 to 100 μg/mL but not at 0.01 μg/mL. Cell apoptosis was statistically higher after exposure to lipopolysaccharide for 3 days compared with 1 day, but no difference was observed between 3 and 5 days. Immunohistochemistry showed that expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was enhanced by lipopolysaccharide at high concentrations, but no evident expression was observed at low concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 μg/mL) or in the control groups. In conclusion, lipopolysaccharide induced dental pulp cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, but apoptosis did not increase with treatment duration. The expression of the apoptosis regulatory proteins Bax and Bcl-2 was also up-regulated in pulp cells after exposure to a high concentration of lipopolysaccharide.
Topics: Adult; Apoptosis; Dental Pulp; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lipopolysaccharides; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Time Factors; Young Adult; bcl-2-Associated X Protein
PubMed: 20945038
DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500102