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Anatomy & Cell Biology Dec 2014Congenital anomalies such as positional anomalies of the right half of the colon are more common when compared to its left half. We report a rare case of congenital...
Congenital anomalies such as positional anomalies of the right half of the colon are more common when compared to its left half. We report a rare case of congenital anomaly where the transverse colon was totally absent. Ascending colon continued as descending colon at the right colic flexure. Ascending and descending colons formed an inverted U shaped loop which was situated in the right half of the abdomen. The sigmoid colon began from the descending colon, on the right side of the midline and coursed to the left iliac fossa. The terminal part of ascending colon and entire descending colon had a persistent mesocolon. The jejunum and ileum were situated in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity. This anomaly can cause volvulus of the colon at any stage of life. Furthermore, the knowledge of this anomaly is very useful for radiologists, gastroenterologists and surgeons.
PubMed: 25548728
DOI: 10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.279 -
BMC Veterinary Research May 2018The enteric nervous system (ENS), located in the intestinal wall and characterized by considerable independence from the central nervous system, consists of millions of...
BACKGROUND
The enteric nervous system (ENS), located in the intestinal wall and characterized by considerable independence from the central nervous system, consists of millions of cells. Enteric neurons control the majority of functions of the gastrointestinal tract using a wide range of substances, which are neuromediators and/or neuromodulators. One of them is leucine-enkephalin (leuENK), which belongs to the endogenous opioid family. It is known that opioids in the gastrointestinal tract have various functions, including visceral pain conduction, intestinal motility and secretion and immune processes, but many aspects of distribution and function of leuENK in the ENS, especially during pathological states, remain unknown.
RESULTS
During this experiment, the distribution of leuENK - like immunoreactive (leuENK-LI) nervous structures using the immunofluorescence technique were studied in the porcine colon in physiological conditions, during chemically-induced inflammation and after axotomy. The study included the circular muscle layer, myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous plexus (ISP) and the mucosal layer. In control animals, the number of leuENK-LI neurons amounted to 4.86 ± 0.17%, 2.86 ± 0.28% and 1.07 ± 0.08% in the MP, OSP and ISP, respectively. Generally, both pathological stimuli caused an increase in the number of detected leuENK-LI cells, but the intensity of the observed changes depended on the factor studied and part of the ENS. The percentage of leuENK-LI perikarya amounted to 11.48 ± 0.96%, 8.71 ± 0.13% and 9.40 ± 0.76% during colitis, and 6.90 ± 0.52% 8.46 ± 12% and 4.48 ± 0.44% after axotomy in MP, OSP and ISP, respectively. Both processes also resulted in an increase in the number of leuENK-LI nerves in the circular muscle layer, whereas changes were less visible in the mucosa during inflammation and axotomy did not change the number of leuENK-LI mucosal fibers.
CONCLUSIONS
LeuENK in the ENS takes part in intestinal regulatory processes not only in physiological conditions, but also under pathological factors. The observed changes are probably connected with the participation of leuENK in sensory and motor innervation and the neuroprotective effects of this substance. Differences in the number of leuENK-LI neurons during inflammation and after axotomy may suggest that the exact functions of leuENK probably depend on the type of pathological factor acting on the intestine.
Topics: Animals; Axotomy; Colitis; Colon, Descending; Enkephalin, Leucine; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 29793486
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1496-y -
Glia Feb 2023Old age is associated with a higher incidence of lower bowel conditions such as constipation. Recent evidence suggest that colonic motility may be influenced by enteric...
Old age is associated with a higher incidence of lower bowel conditions such as constipation. Recent evidence suggest that colonic motility may be influenced by enteric glial cells (EGCs). Little is known about the effect of aging on the subpopulation of EGCs in the human colon. We assessed and compared the pattern of distribution of EGCs in adult and elderly human colon. Human descending colon were obtained from 23 cancer patients comprising of adults (23-63 years; 6 male, 7 female) and elderly (66-81 year; 6 male, 4 female). Specimens were serially-sectioned and immunolabeled with anti-Sox-10, anti-S100 and anti-GFAP for morphometric analysis. Standardized procedures were utilized to ensure unbiased counting and densitometric evaluation of EGCs. The number of Sox-10 immunoreactive (IR) EGCs were unaltered with age in both the myenteric plexus (MP) (respectively, in adult and elderly patients, 1939 ± 82 and 1760 ± 44/mm length; p > .05) and submucosal plexus; there were no apparent differences between adult males and females. The density of S100-IR EGCs declined among the elderly in the circular muscle and within the MP per ganglionic area. In the adult colon, there were more S100-IR EGCs distributed in the circular muscle per unit area than the Taenia coli. There was little or no GFAP-IR EGCs in both adult and elderly colon. We concluded that aging of the human descending colon does not result in a loss of Sox-10-IR EGCs in the MP and SMP but reduces S100-IR EGCs density within the musculature. This alteration in myenteric EGCs density with age may contribute to colonic dysfunction.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Female; Aged; Colon, Descending; Neuroglia; Myenteric Plexus; Colon
PubMed: 36128665
DOI: 10.1002/glia.24272 -
IJU Case Reports Sep 2022Sarcomatoid variant of urothelial carcinoma infiltrates the perimeter and occurs occasionally. However, there are only few case reports.
INTRODUCTION
Sarcomatoid variant of urothelial carcinoma infiltrates the perimeter and occurs occasionally. However, there are only few case reports.
CASE PRESENTATION
A left renal tumor was incidentally detected in a 75-year-old woman and protruded outside the kidney, infiltrating the pancreatic tail and spleen. Tumor invasion was observed in the adjacent organs; therefore, the left kidney, pancreatic tail, spleen, and, descending colon were resected. Histopathological examination revealed a sarcomatoid variant of invasive urothelial carcinoma. She received two cycles of gemcitabine and carboplatin combination chemotherapy but succumbed to the disease after 5 months.
CONCLUSION
Sarcomatoid variant of urothelial carcinoma is rare, with aggressive malignancy. The diagnosis was difficult and required surgery. This is the first case of a sarcomatoid variant of urothelial carcinoma with direct invasion into the pancreas and descending colon.
PubMed: 36090945
DOI: 10.1002/iju5.12479 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Cattle have been suggested as the primary reservoirs of O157 mainly as a result of colonization of the recto-anal junction (RAJ) and subsequent shedding into the...
Cattle have been suggested as the primary reservoirs of O157 mainly as a result of colonization of the recto-anal junction (RAJ) and subsequent shedding into the environment. Although a recent study reported different gene expression at RAJ between super-shedders (SS) and non-shedders (NS), the regulatory mechanisms of altered gene expression is unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether bovine non-coding RNAs play a role in regulating the differentially expressed (DE) genes between SS and NS, thus further influencing O157 shedding behavior in the animals through studying miRNAomes of the whole gastrointestinal tract including duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, cecum, spiral colon, descending colon and rectum. The number of miRNAs detected in each intestinal region ranged from 390 ± 13 (duodenum) to 413 ± 49 (descending colon). Comparison between SS and NS revealed the number of differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs ranged from one (in descending colon) to eight (in distal jejunum), and through the whole gut, seven miRNAs were up-regulated and seven were down-regulated in SS. The distal jejunum and rectum were the regions where the most DE miRNAs were identified (eight and seven, respectively). The miRNAs, bta-miR-378b, bta-miR-2284j, and bta-miR-2284d were down-regulated in both distal jejunum and rectum of SS (logfold-change: -2.7 to -3.8), bta-miR-2887 was down-regulated in the rectum of SS (logfold-change: -3.2), and bta-miR-211 and bta-miR-29d-3p were up-regulated in the rectum of SS (logfold-change: 4.5 and 2.2). Functional analysis of these miRNAs indicated their potential regulatory role in host immune functions, including hematological system development and immune cell trafficking. Our findings suggest that altered expression of miRNA in the gut of SS may lead to differential regulation of immune functions involved in O157 super-shedding in cattle.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Shedding; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Feces; MicroRNAs; Rectum
PubMed: 33732664
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.634505 -
Acta Medica Okayama Jun 2022An 89-year-old male came to the hospital with a complaint of abdominal distension. Abdominal computed tomography showed wall thickening in the descending colon and...
An 89-year-old male came to the hospital with a complaint of abdominal distension. Abdominal computed tomography showed wall thickening in the descending colon and marked dilatation of the proximal colon, and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy demonstrated a stenosis in the descending colon. Although a biopsy from the stenotic lesion showed calcified eggs of Schistosoma japonicum with no malignant findings, we suspected malignant involvement, so we performed a descending colectomy with regional lymph node dissection. Pathological examination revealed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. The colon cancer was diagnosed as pT4bN0M0, Stage IIc. The patient's history as a resident of one of the formerly endemic areas of Japan suggests that he may have carried S. japonicum for a long time, and that it may have contributed to carcinogenesis.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Colon, Descending; Colonic Neoplasms; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Male; Schistosoma japonicum
PubMed: 35790369
DOI: 10.18926/AMO/63748 -
Guanylin, Uroguanylin and Guanylate Cyclase-C Are Expressed in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Horses.Frontiers in Physiology 2019Guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) is a multifunctional receptor encoded by the gene, representing an attractive target for therapy in several gastrointestinal diseases in...
Guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) is a multifunctional receptor encoded by the gene, representing an attractive target for therapy in several gastrointestinal diseases in humans. Little is known about this system in horses. We investigated for the first time the gene expression of guanylin, uroguanylin and GC-C receptors in different horse's gastrointestinal tracts. Tissue samples from stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, head and body of cecum, left and right dorsal colon, left and right ventral colon, pelvic flexure, transverse colon, descending colon and rectum were collected from adult horses within 1 h . For each sample, total RNA was extracted from 100 mg of ground tissue, and qRT-PCR performed on , and transcripts on a CFX96 Touch instrument. Data analysis was carried out with Bio-Rad CFX Manager software, and genes of interest normalized relative to the abundance of the two reference genes (). Additionally, the protein expression levels of GC-C receptor were analyzed through western blotting. A common pattern of expression throughout the gastrointestinal lumen for all three investigated transcripts was found. The expression of , and genes was higher in jejunum, ileum, descending colon and rectum. The levels of expression of GC-C protein confirmed these data. The findings of this study might open new scenarios for the therapeutic approach to enteric diseases of horse using selective agonists of GC-C.
PubMed: 31611814
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01237 -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... Feb 2024A 14-year-old girl underwent colonoscopy due to repeated flesh-washing watery stools and dull pain around the umbilicus for 10 days. She felt tired for 1 month with no...
A 14-year-old girl underwent colonoscopy due to repeated flesh-washing watery stools and dull pain around the umbilicus for 10 days. She felt tired for 1 month with no other significant discomfort. The hemoglobin (Hb) is 66g/L, and the red blood cell (RBC) count was 3.24*10^12/L in routine blood tests at admission. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) images showed submucosal tumor (SMT) in the descending colon. The abdominal computed tomography (CT) images showed submucosal tumor (SMT) in the descending colon. The SMT, supplied by the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, showed significant enhancement at the arterial stage. It did not reveal any bowel wall thickening, enlarged lymph nodes, or ascites, suggesting that the SMT was probably a benign submucosal lesion. The submucosal tumor lesion measured in size 25*25mm located at the descending colon. Endoscopic ultrasonography imaging showed a mixed hyperechoic with a regular edge, originating from the submucosa and closely related to the muscularis propria. There were no evident features of malignancy or metastasis. Endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR) was carried out for en bloc resection. The tumor was located in the submucosa with a clear boundary and intact capsule. The tumor cells exhibited acinar and nested patterns with abundant thin-walled blood vessels. These tumor cells were epithelioid, displaying abundant clear or eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were round or oval. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the tumor cells showed positive staining for HMB-45 and TFE3, but were negative for SMA.
PubMed: 38345522
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2024.10187/2023 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2018The enteric nervous system (ENS), localized in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, regulates the functions of the intestine using a wide range of neuronally-active...
The Influence of Inflammation and Nerve Damage on the Neurochemical Characterization of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-Like Immunoreactive (CGRP-LI) Neurons in the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Descending Colon.
The enteric nervous system (ENS), localized in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, regulates the functions of the intestine using a wide range of neuronally-active substances. One of them is the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), whose participation in pathological states in the large intestine remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of inflammation and nerve damage using a double immunofluorescence technique to neurochemically characterize CGRP-positive enteric nervous structures in the porcine descending colon. Both pathological factors caused an increase in the percentage of CGRP-positive enteric neurons, and these changes were the most visible in the myenteric plexus after nerve damage. Moreover, both pathological states change the degree of co-localization of CGRP with other neurochemical factors, including substance P, the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase, galanin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide and vesicular acetylcholine transporter. The character and severity of these changes depended on the pathological factor and the type of enteric plexus. The obtained results show that CGRP-positive enteric neurons are varied in terms of neurochemical characterization and take part in adaptive processes in the descending colon during inflammation and after nerve damage.
Topics: Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Colon; Enteric Nervous System; Female; Neurons; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Swine
PubMed: 29439512
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020548 -
World Journal of Clinical Cases Jun 2022A right-sided sigmoid colon is an extremely rare anatomic variation that should be considered as a possibility by surgeons and radiologists before surgery. Here, we...
BACKGROUND
A right-sided sigmoid colon is an extremely rare anatomic variation that should be considered as a possibility by surgeons and radiologists before surgery. Here, we report the first clinical case of a carcinoma in a right-sided sigmoid colon revealed by a preoperative computed tomography (CT).
CASE SUMMARY
A 56-year-old Chinese man was admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain. CT revealed a redundant sigmoid colon with a mass on the right side of the cecum and ascending colon. Laparoscopy confirmed an abnormal course in the descending colon and sigmoid colon. Subsequently, hemicolectomy was performed in an open manner after laparoscopic exploration. Pathological examination revealed an infiltrative mucinous adenocarcinoma with two lymph node metastases. The patient was discharged without any complications after a week. There were no signs of recurrence or metastasis during the 3-month follow-up period.
CONCLUSION
We report a rare anomaly of a right-sided sigmoid colon with carcinoma, which should be differentiated from ascending colon cancer and pericecal hernia to prevent errors and other surgical complications.
PubMed: 35949839
DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i18.6136