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International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022The consumption of probiotics is widely encouraged due to reports of their positive effects on human health. In particular, strain GG (LGG) is an approved probiotic...
The consumption of probiotics is widely encouraged due to reports of their positive effects on human health. In particular, strain GG (LGG) is an approved probiotic that has been reported to improve health outcomes, especially for gastrointestinal disorders. However, how LGG cooperates with the gut microbiome has not been fully explored. To understand the interaction between LGG and its ability to survive and grow within the gut microbiome, this study introduced LGG into established microbial communities using an in vitro model of the colon. LGG was inoculated into the simulated ascending colon and its persistence in, and transit through the subsequent transverse and descending colon regions was monitored over two weeks. The impact of LGG on the existing bacterial communities was investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing and short-chain fatty acid analysis. LGG was able to engraft and proliferate in the ascending region for at least 10 days but was diminished in the transverse and descending colon regions with little effect on short-chain fatty acid abundance. These data suggest that the health benefits of the probiotic LGG rely on its ability to transiently engraft and modulate the host microbial community.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus; Probiotics; Fatty Acids, Volatile
PubMed: 36361763
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112973 -
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic... Mar 2016Anatomical variations of colon are mostly developmental and can lead to variety of acute and chronic pathological conditions. So it becomes important to recognize and...
Anatomical variations of colon are mostly developmental and can lead to variety of acute and chronic pathological conditions. So it becomes important to recognize and understand the importance of clinical implications of such anomalies to benefit surgeons, clinical geneticists and research community. We describe two cases of right sided sigmoid colon and long descending colon which had two segments: vertical and horizontal. The mesentery of ascending and descending colon was retained. This mesentery along with the mesentery of transverse colon was continuous with the mesentery of small intestine. There were variations in blood vessels supplying these anomalous colons. The findings of this study may be helpful to make surgeons and radiologists aware about different varieties of presentations while undertaking an investigative or surgical procedure in this area like sigmoidoscopy, percutaneous cecostomy and anterior transperitoneal aproach of kidney to avoid colon puncture.
PubMed: 27134852
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/16046.7381 -
Case Reports in Surgery 2014Perforation of descending colon cancer combined with iliopsoas abscess and fistula formation is a rare condition and has been reported few times. A 67-year-old man came...
Perforation of descending colon cancer combined with iliopsoas abscess and fistula formation is a rare condition and has been reported few times. A 67-year-old man came to our first aid for an acute pain in the left iliac fossa, in the flank, and in the ipsilateral thigh. Ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed a left abdominal wall, retroperitoneal, and iliopsoas abscess that also involved the ipsilateral obturator muscle. It proceeded with an exploratory laparotomy that showed a tumor of the descending colon adhered and perforated in the retroperitoneum with abscess of the iliopsoas muscle on the left-hand side, with presence of a fistula and liver metastases. A left hemicolectomy with drainage of the broad abscess was performed. Pathologic report findings determined adenocarcinoma of the resected colon.
PubMed: 24744948
DOI: 10.1155/2014/128506 -
Journal of Medical Case Reports Dec 2022Cases of large bowel closed-loop phenomenon with cecal perforation are extremely rare, especially when extracolonic epiploic appendage and peritoneal bands are the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cases of large bowel closed-loop phenomenon with cecal perforation are extremely rare, especially when extracolonic epiploic appendage and peritoneal bands are the cause. However, sporadic cases exist in the literature with various presentations, but very few occur in patients in the abdomen without a previous scar.
CASE PRESENTATION
An 89-year-old Sudanese farmer was admitted to the emergency department with 9-day history of generalized colicky abdominal pain, abdominal distension, anorexia, persistent vomiting, and constipation. Given his clinical presentation and assessment, he was diagnosed with peritonitis due to a perforated viscus in a virgin abdomen. Operative exploration revealed an extraluminal left-sided omento-epiploic band that resulted in closed-loop colonic obstruction with secondary multiple cecal perforations. Standard right hemicolectomy with adhesiolysis was done. Postoperative wound infection and hypoalbuminemia were treated, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 9 on a regular oral diet.
CONCLUSIONS
Although this condition is rare, it can be extremely dangerous, requiring prompt investigation and surgical intervention. It usually occurs secondary to raised intraluminal pressure with subsequent ischemia of the cecal wall. Through this case report, we aim to reflect on this rare experience, shedding light on the benign, extracolonic pathologies that can be life threatening or even fatal.
Topics: Male; Humans; Aged, 80 and over; Colon, Descending; Intestinal Obstruction; Colectomy; Colon; Constipation
PubMed: 36471445
DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03674-3 -
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Dec 2023The lining of our intestinal surface contains an array of hormone-producing cells that are collectively our bodies' largest endocrine cell reservoir. These...
The lining of our intestinal surface contains an array of hormone-producing cells that are collectively our bodies' largest endocrine cell reservoir. These "enteroendocrine" (EE) cells reside amongst the billions of absorptive epithelial and other cell types that line our gastrointestinal tract and can sense and respond to the ever-changing internal environment in our gut. EE cells release an array of important signalling molecules that can act as hormones, including glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) which are co-secreted from L cells. While much is known about the effects of these hormones on metabolism, insulin secretion and food intake, less is understood about their secretion from human intestinal tissue. In this study we assess whether GLP-1 and PYY release differs across human small and large intestinal tissue locations within the gastrointestinal tract, and/or by sex, body weight and the age of an individual. We identify that the release of both hormones is greater in more distal regions of the human colon, but is not different between sexes. We observe a negative correlation of GLP-1 and BMI in the small, but not large, intestine. Increased aging correlates with declining secretion of both GLP-1 and PYY in human large, but not small, intestine. When the data for large intestine is isolated by region, this relationship with age remains significant for GLP-1 in the ascending and descending colon and in the descending colon for PYY. This is the first demonstration that site-specific differences in GLP-1 and PYY release occur in human gut, as do site-specific relationships of L cell secretion with aging and body mass.
PubMed: 37739120
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112072 -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... Apr 2024A 62 year-old-man with low anterior rectal resection and protective ileostomy, for low rectal neo and neoadjuvant QT +RT. Then ileostomy closure without incidences. On...
A 62 year-old-man with low anterior rectal resection and protective ileostomy, for low rectal neo and neoadjuvant QT +RT. Then ileostomy closure without incidences. On the 3rd postoperative day, he started with fever peaks and diarrhea. An abdominal CT scan showed diffuse thickening of the wall of the descending colon compatible with colitis and colonoscopy showed deep rectal ulcers with punch-like morphology with hyperemic mucosa with erythematous stippling of erosive appearance, showing this ulcerative pattern with numerous lesions and intensely edematous and congestive mucosa covered with abundant fibrinopurulent exudate in the descending colon. Biopsies and stool cultures were negative, but serologies were positive for CMV. Suspected CMV infection in a immunosuppressed by chemotherapy patient, he was treated with ganciclovir. The patient presented clinical improvement, without fever or diarrhea and improvement of the punch ulcers in the endoscopic controls, so he could be discharged from the hospital with follow-up in the outpatient consulting offices.
PubMed: 38634867
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2024.10435/2024 -
Journal of Korean Medical Science Apr 2009Although colorectal granular cell tumors (GCTs) are rare, their incidental finding has increased as the use of diagnostic colonoscopy has become more common. Here we... (Review)
Review
Although colorectal granular cell tumors (GCTs) are rare, their incidental finding has increased as the use of diagnostic colonoscopy has become more common. Here we describe the case of a 41-yr-old man with a GCT in the descending colon that was detected after a screening colonoscopy. Endoscopic examination revealed a yellowish submucosal tumor, 13x12 mm in diameter, in the descending colon. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) followed by histological examination revealed that the tumor was composed of plump histiocyte-like cells with an abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and small round nuclei. The tumor cells expressed S-100 protein and stained with periodic acid-Schiff, but were negative for desmin and cytokeratin. The resected tumor was diagnosed as a GCT. Colonoscopists should consider the possibility of GCT in the differential diagnosis of yellowish submucosal tumors of the colon. In such patients, EMR seems to be a feasible and safe approach for diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Adult; Colon, Descending; Colonic Neoplasms; Colonoscopy; Diagnosis, Differential; Granular Cell Tumor; Humans; Male; S100 Proteins
PubMed: 19399282
DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.2.337 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Sep 2021Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is an excellent way to study the small bowels. During such an examination, the colon is also seen within the field of study. The...
BACKGROUND
Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is an excellent way to study the small bowels. During such an examination, the colon is also seen within the field of study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MRE in detecting characteristics of active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the colon, in comparison to different features seen in colonoscopies.
METHODS
This retrospective study was conducted with 41 children. Features of active inflammation we considered were wall thickening; contrast enhancement; incorrect signal in the DWI sequence in the MRE; and presence of ulceration, erosion, erythema, spontaneous bleeding and a decrease of the vascular pattern seen in colonoscopy. The colon was divided into six segments: caecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid and rectum.
RESULTS
The sensitivity of MRE was, on average, 50-75%, and as high as 92-100%, depending on the segment. The most important feature for which there was the most dependencies was ulceration. In the analysis of intestinal wall thickness, the AUC value >0.8 was detected as ulceration (segments: cecum, ascending, descending colon, sigmoid), spontaneous bleeding (ascending colon and sigmoid) and decreased vascular pattern (ascending, transverse, descending colon).
CONCLUSIONS
Evaluation of qualitative structural changes in MRE distinguishes patients with inflammation in colonoscopy from patients without lesions, with high diagnostic accuracy, albeit higher specificity than sensitivity.
PubMed: 34640354
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194336 -
BMC Gastroenterology 2002Absorption of water and Na+ in descending colonic crypts is dependent on the barrier function of the surrounding myofibroblastic pericryptal sheath. Here the effects of...
BACKGROUND
Absorption of water and Na+ in descending colonic crypts is dependent on the barrier function of the surrounding myofibroblastic pericryptal sheath. Here the effects of high and low Na+ diets and exposure to whole body ionising radiation on the growth and activation of the descending colonic pericryptal myofibroblasts are evaluated. In addition the effect of a post-irradiation treatment with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor Captopril was investigated.
METHODS
The levels of Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1), ACE, collagen type IV, transforming growth factor-beta type 1 receptor (TGF-betaR1), OB cadherin and alpha-smooth muscle actin in both descending colon and caecum were evaluated, using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, in rats fed on high and low Na+ diets (LS). These parameters were also determined during 3 months post-irradiation with 8Gy from a 60Co source in the presence and absence of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, Captopril.
RESULTS
Increases in AT1 receptor (135.6% +/- 18.3, P < 0.001); ACE (70.1% +/- 13.1, P < 0.001); collagen type IV (49.6% +/- 15.3, P < 0.001); TGF-+/-beta1 receptors (291.0% +/- 26.5, P < 0.001); OB-cadherin (26.3% +/- 13.8, P < 0.05) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (82.5% +/- 12.4, P < 0.001) were observed in the pericryptal myofibroblasts of the descending colon after LS diet. There are also increases in AT1 receptor and TGF-beta1 receptor, smooth muscle actin and collagen type IV after irradiation. Captopril reduced all these effects of irradiation on the pericryptal sheath and also decreased the amount of collagen and smooth muscle actin in control rats (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate an activation of descending colonic myofibroblasts to trophic stimuli, or irradiation, which can be attenuated by Captopril, indicative of local trophic control by angiotensin II and TGF-beta release.
Topics: Actins; Angiotensin II; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Captopril; Collagen; Colon; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Fibroblasts; Fibrosis; Male; Radiation Injuries; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; Sodium, Dietary; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 11872151
DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-2-4 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Apr 2020Characterization of high-amplitude propagating pressure waves (HAPWs or HAPCs) plays a key role in diagnosis of colon dysmotility using any type of colonic manometry....
Characterization of high-amplitude propagating pressure waves (HAPWs or HAPCs) plays a key role in diagnosis of colon dysmotility using any type of colonic manometry. With the introduction of high-resolution manometry, more insight is gained into this most prominent propulsive motor pattern. Here, we use a water-perfused catheter with 84 sensors with intervals between measuring points of 1 cm throughout the colon, for 6-8 h, in 19 healthy subjects. The catheter contained a balloon to evoke distention. We explored as stimuli a meal, balloon distention, oral prucalopride, and bisacodyl injection, with a goal to optimally evoke HAPWs. We developed a quantitative measure of HAPW activity, the "HAPW Index." Our protocol elicited 290 HAPWs. 21% of HAPWs were confined to the proximal colon with an average amplitude of 75.3 ± 3.3 mmHg and an average HAPW Index of 440 ± 58 mmHg·m·s. 29% of HAPWs started in the proximal colon and ended in the transverse or descending colon, with an average amplitude of 87.9 ± 3.1 mmHg and an average HAPW Index of 3,344 ± 356 mmHg·m·s. Forty-nine percent of HAPWs started and ended in the transverse or descending colon with an average amplitude of 109.3 ± 3.3 mmHg and an average HAPW Index of 2,071 ± 195 mmHg·m·s. HAPWs with and without simultaneous pressure waves (SPWs) initiated the colo-anal reflex, often abolishing 100% of anal sphincter pressure. Rectal bisacodyl and proximal balloon distention were the most optimal stimuli to evoke HAPWs. These measures now allow for a confident diagnosis of abnormal motility in patients with colonic motor dysfunction. High-amplitude propagating pressure waves (HAPWs) were characterized using 84 sensors throughout the entire colon in healthy subjects, taking note of site of origin, site of termination, amplitude, and velocity, and to identify optimal stimuli to evoke HAPWs. Three categories of HAPWs were identified, including the associated colo-anal reflex. Proximal balloon distention and rectal bisacodyl were recognized as reliable stimuli for evoking HAPWs, and a HAPW Index was devised to quantify this essential colonic motor pattern.
Topics: Adult; Colon; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Male; Manometry; Middle Aged; Muscle Contraction; Young Adult
PubMed: 32068445
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00386.2019