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Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Apr 2015Most research on neurodevelopmental disorders has focused on their abnormalities. However, what remains intact may also be important. Increasing evidence suggests that... (Review)
Review
Most research on neurodevelopmental disorders has focused on their abnormalities. However, what remains intact may also be important. Increasing evidence suggests that declarative memory, a critical learning and memory system in the brain, remains largely functional in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders. Because declarative memory remains functional in these disorders, and because it can learn and retain numerous types of information, functions, and tasks, this system should be able to play compensatory roles for multiple types of impairments across the disorders. Here, we examine this hypothesis for specific language impairment, dyslexia, autism spectrum disorder, Tourette syndrome, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We lay out specific predictions for the hypothesis and review existing behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging evidence. Overall, the evidence suggests that declarative memory indeed plays compensatory roles for a range of impairments across all five disorders. Finally, we discuss diagnostic, therapeutic and other implications.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Developmental Disabilities; Humans; Memory
PubMed: 25597655
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.008 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Apr 2020Stem cells are a sub population of cell types that form the foundation of our body, and have the potential to replicate, replenish and repair limitlessly to maintain the... (Review)
Review
Stem cells are a sub population of cell types that form the foundation of our body, and have the potential to replicate, replenish and repair limitlessly to maintain the tissue and organ homeostasis. Increased lifetime and frequent replication set them vulnerable for both exogenous and endogenous agents-induced DNA damage compared to normal cells. To counter these damages and preserve genetic information, stem cells have evolved with various DNA damage response and repair mechanisms. Furthermore, upon experiencing irreparable DNA damage, stem cells mostly prefer early senescence or apoptosis to avoid the accumulation of damages. However, the failure of these mechanisms leads to various diseases, including cancer. Especially, given the importance of stem cells in early development, DNA repair deficiency in stem cells leads to various disabilities like developmental delay, premature aging, sensitivity to DNA damaging agents, degenerative diseases, etc. In this review, we have summarized the recent update about how DNA repair mechanisms are regulated in stem cells and their association with disease progression and pathogenesis.
Topics: Aging, Premature; Animals; Apoptosis; Cellular Senescence; DNA Damage; DNA Repair; Developmental Disabilities; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 30953688
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.017 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Aug 2006The investigation of global developmental delay in preschool children varies between centres and between paediatricians. Following a literature search and review of the... (Review)
Review
The investigation of global developmental delay in preschool children varies between centres and between paediatricians. Following a literature search and review of the evidence base, guidelines were developed to assist in the assessment and management of such children presenting to secondary level services. Evidence supporting the use of genetic and biochemical investigations on a screening basis was found, but there was no evidence to support the use of metabolic investigations or neuroimaging in the absence of other positive findings on history or examination. Detailed history and examination are paramount in the assessment of children with global developmental delay. Investigations can be a useful adjunct in determining aetiology. Evidence based guidelines have been developed to assist doctors in the selection of appropriate investigations for this group of children.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Developmental Disabilities; Diagnostic Imaging; Electrocardiography; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 16861488
DOI: 10.1136/adc.2005.078147 -
Journal of Child Psychology and... Apr 2010Early intervention approaches have rarely been implemented for the prevention of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this paper we explore whether such... (Review)
Review
Early intervention approaches have rarely been implemented for the prevention of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this paper we explore whether such an approach may represent an important new direction for therapeutic innovation. We propose that such an approach is most likely to be of value when grounded in and informed by developmental models of the dynamic, complex and heterogeneous nature of the condition. First, we set out a rationale for early intervention grounded in the science of ADHD viewed through developmental models. Second, we re-examine the concept of disorder-onset from the perspective of developmental trajectories and phenotypes. Third, we examine potential causal pathways to ADHD with regard to originating risk, pathophysiological mediators, environmental moderators and developmental continuities. Finally, we explore the potential value of strategies for identifying young children at risk for ADHD, and implementing interventions in ways that can target these underlying pathogenic processes. The utility of such an approach represents an important area for future research but still requires 'proof of concept'. Therefore prior to widespread clinical implementation, far greater knowledge is required of (i) developmental pathways into ADHD, (ii) the value of identifying neuropsychological mediators of these pathways, and (iii) the extent to which targeting mediating mechanisms will improve treatment outcomes for children with ADHD.
Topics: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Brain; Child; Child, Preschool; Developmental Disabilities; Early Intervention, Educational; Female; Humans; Male; Nerve Net; Phenotype
PubMed: 20015192
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02195.x -
Maternal and Child Health Journal Apr 2018Objectives To examine the association between intensity of home visits in early intervention (EI), perceived helpfulness of home visits in EI, and positive family...
Objectives To examine the association between intensity of home visits in early intervention (EI), perceived helpfulness of home visits in EI, and positive family relationships as predictors of maternal competence at age 3, as well as moderating effects of predictors, controlling for child characteristics, family demographics, and negative life events. Methods Data were drawn from the Early Intervention Collaborative Study (EICS), a 24-year longitudinal investigation of approximately 190 families of children with developmental disabilities who participated in EI programs in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The primary analytic strategy was multivariable regression modeling. Each independent predictor was tested individually and then all together to build the final model. Interactions between independent predictors were also examined. Results After controlling for child and family characteristics and negative life events, the intensity of home visits was not significantly associated with maternal competence at age 3. However, the helpfulness of home visits (β = 2.94, S.E. = 1.12, p < .01) and positive family relationships (β = 5.11, S.E. = 1.08, p < .001) were associated with higher maternal competence when the child was 3 years old. Conclusions for Practice Recommendations for programs and policy include collecting life course data on families, particularly on their family relationships and experiences in EI and home visiting, assessing family relationships at the beginning of EI using a strengths-based perspective, and closely monitoring the quality of services.
Topics: Adult; Child, Preschool; Developmental Disabilities; Early Intervention, Educational; Family Relations; Female; House Calls; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Massachusetts; Mothers; New Hampshire; Parenting; Social Support
PubMed: 29344751
DOI: 10.1007/s10995-018-2429-x -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Apr 2009
Topics: Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Developmental Disabilities; Humans; Parenting
PubMed: 19335560
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03275.x -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Sep 2011Research over the past three decades has shown that early intervention in infants biologically at risk of developmental disorders, irrespective of the presence of a... (Review)
Review
Research over the past three decades has shown that early intervention in infants biologically at risk of developmental disorders, irrespective of the presence of a brain lesion, is associated with improved cognitive development in early childhood without affecting motor development. However, at present it is unknown whether early intervention is also able to improve developmental outcome in infants with a serious lesion of the brain. This paper discusses factors that might play a role in the effect of early intervention. The following picture emerged from the limited evidence available: (1) coaching of parents seems an effective means of intervention; (2) our understanding of the plasticity of the developing human brain is currently too limited to allow a direct practical implementation in early intervention; (3) intervention before term age should primarily focus on stress reduction, intervention after term age on stimulation of infant development; and (4) our knowledge of the best ways to stimulate infant development is scant. Nevertheless, preliminary data suggest that offering the infant ample opportunities to explore by self-produced motor activities the borders of their own abilities might be a good strategy for promoting developmental outcome, including functional mobility.
Topics: Brain; Child Development; Developmental Disabilities; Early Intervention, Educational; Humans; Infant; Risk Factors
PubMed: 21950395
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04064.x -
American Journal of Preventive Medicine Apr 2019A negative relationship between adverse childhood experiences and both physical and mental health in adulthood is well established, as is the positive impact of...
INTRODUCTION
A negative relationship between adverse childhood experiences and both physical and mental health in adulthood is well established, as is the positive impact of parenting on child development and future health. However, few studies have investigated unique influences of adverse childhood experiences and positive parenting together within a large, diverse early childhood sample.
METHODS
The study used data on all children aged 0-5 years (n=29,997) from the National Survey of Children's Health 2011/2012 to examine effects of positive parenting practices and adverse childhood experiences on early childhood social-emotional skills and general development. All analyses were performed in 2017 and 2018.
RESULTS
More than a third of the sample reported experiencing at least one adverse childhood experience. More than a fourth (26.7%) met study criteria for social-emotional deficits, and 26.2% met criteria for developmental delay risks. The number of adverse childhood experiences exhibited negative marginal associations with social-emotional deficits and developmental delay risks, whereas the number of positive parenting practices showed independent protective effects. Risks associated with an absence of positive parenting were often greater than those of four or more adverse childhood experiences, even among no/low adversity families. The population attributable fractions for social-emotional deficits and developmental delay risks were 17.3% and 13.9% (translating to prevalence reductions of 4.5% and 3.6%) when adopting all positive parenting practices and 4.5% and 7.2% (prevalence reductions of 1.2% and 1.9%) when eliminating adverse childhood experiences.
CONCLUSIONS
The number of adverse childhood experiences was associated with both social-emotional deficits and developmental delay risks in early childhood; however, positive parenting practices demonstrated robust protective effects independent of the number of adverse childhood experiences. This evidence further supports promotion of positive parenting practices at home, especially for children exposed to high levels of adversity.
Topics: Adverse Childhood Experiences; Child Development; Child Health; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mental Health; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; United States
PubMed: 30772146
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.11.018 -
American Family Physician May 2018Developmental disabilities are attributable to a cognitive impairment, physical impairment, or both. They manifest during the developmental period from birth to early...
Developmental disabilities are attributable to a cognitive impairment, physical impairment, or both. They manifest during the developmental period from birth to early adulthood, and are likely to continue indefinitely. The life expectancy of most persons with developmental disabilities now approaches that of the general population. According to the neurodiversity model of care, developmental disability is accepted as a valued part of human neurologic diversity. The social model focuses on improving participation in society with accommodations such as adaptive equipment or improvements to the social and physical environment. The goal of health care for patients with developmental disabilities is to improve their well-being, function, and participation in family and community. Physicians should communicate directly with their patients, even those who have communication or cognitive differences. Communication may include speech, sign language, writing, letter boards, voice output devices, pictures, facial expressions, gestures, vocalizations, and behavior. Supported decision making is a paradigm, support practice, and emerging legal structure that focuses on assisting patients with communicating their wants and needs as an alternative to guardianship or power of attorney. When establishing care, it is critical to get a detailed history of baseline traits and characteristics in the areas of cognition and communication; neuromuscular function; sensory function such as vision, hearing, and sensory processing; seizure threshold; mental health; and behavior. In general, guidelines for age-appropriate health maintenance in the general population should be followed unless the risk outweighs the benefit for an individual patient. With accurate diagnosis, psychiatric conditions can be treated effectively with the same medical, behavioral, and therapeutic modalities used in the general population. Just like any patient, those with developmental disabilities should have access to a full range of life-sustaining, curative, and end-of-life services.
Topics: Adult; Cognition; Developmental Disabilities; Environment; Humans; Patient Care Management; Physician-Patient Relations; Quality of Life; Social Environment
PubMed: 29763271
DOI: No ID Found -
Canadian Family Physician Medecin de... Apr 2019
Topics: Administrative Personnel; Adult; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Health Services for Persons with Disabilities; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male; Professional-Patient Relations; Quality Improvement
PubMed: 31023771
DOI: No ID Found