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CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Apr 2021
Topics: Acrodermatitis; Diaper Rash; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Infant; Male; Zinc
PubMed: 33903138
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.201181-f -
International Journal of Women's... Sep 2021This review looks at novel combinations of topical agents (i.e., zinc gluconate, zinc oxide, dexpanthenol, and taurine) that target a combination of mechanisms in diaper... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This review looks at novel combinations of topical agents (i.e., zinc gluconate, zinc oxide, dexpanthenol, and taurine) that target a combination of mechanisms in diaper dermatitis.
METHODS
A literature search of published studies was conducted using the search terms "diaper dermatitis", "treatment of diaper dermatitis in infants", "treatment of diaper dermatitis in adults", "nonsteroidal", "nonantibiotic", "antiinflammatory", "moisturizer", and "treatment for irritation". A total of 207 related articles were screened, and those categorized as clinical trials and reviews were studied and compared. Articles with common themes were categorized, summarized, and presented herein.
RESULTS
Diaper dermatitis, also referred to as diaper rash, napkin dermatitis, and nappy rash, is the most common skin eruption in infants and toddlers. In the last several years, there have been several technologic advances in diaper design to lessen the severity of diaper dermatitis symptoms. However, due to the unique environment of the diaper area, children and adults continue to have recurring symptoms of diaper dermatitis. Both commercially available products and certain home remedies are considered effective for managing sensitive and delicate skin in the diaper area. These topical agents create a protective barrier over the skin and reduce the impact of external irritants, which cause the reddening and burning sensation often associated with diaper dermatitis.
CONCLUSION
A range of therapeutic strategies for preventing and controlling diaper dermatitis are summarized in this manuscript.
PubMed: 34621960
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.02.003 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022Diaper dermatitis is a common type of irritant contact dermatitis occurring in infants and toddlers. Its occurrence is triggered by an unfavorable environment under the... (Review)
Review
Diaper dermatitis is a common type of irritant contact dermatitis occurring in infants and toddlers. Its occurrence is triggered by an unfavorable environment under the diaper, damage to skin integrity by fecal enzyme degradation, overhydration and disruption of the lipid bilayer structure facilitating the entry of irritants and microorganisms. In diaper dermatitis development, the central proinflammatory cytokines are IL-1α, IL-8 and TNF-α. The initial release of IL-1α and TNF-α starts a further cascade of pro-inflammatory chemo- and cytokines, resulting in inflammation and erythema of the skin. A recently recognized factor in diaper dermatitis is the composition of the skin microbiome; common pathogenic strains and are associated with skin irritation. The resulting impaired microbiome composition produces a local inflammatory response and may thus worsen the initial dermatitis clinical presentation and subsequent healing. Introduction of probiotics is an attractive treatment for microbiome modulation, which has shown success in other skin conditions in adults and children. Probiotics are thought to work as a protective shield against irritants, maintain low skin pH, secrete beneficial metabolites, and block pathogen invasion. There is preliminary evidence that certain probiotics given orally or topically could be used as a gentle intervention in diaper dermatitis.
PubMed: 35053737
DOI: 10.3390/children9010112 -
Pediatric Clinics of North America Aug 2000The relative importance of neonatal health and neonatal skin care has been highlighted in recent years as infant mortality rates have decreased while death rates during... (Review)
Review
The relative importance of neonatal health and neonatal skin care has been highlighted in recent years as infant mortality rates have decreased while death rates during the neonatal period remain unacceptably high in many areas of the world. During the neonatal period, many newborns develop preventable, clinically apparent skin problems, and many more, especially preterm neonates, experience morbidity caused by compromised skin barrier integrity. Several strategies are available for protecting the integrity and promoting the hygiene of the skin and augmenting its function as a barrier to TEWL and heat loss and the entrance of infectious or toxic agents. Research defining optimal applications of many of these strategies, however, and the development of new approaches in skin care is one of the greatest challenges in pediatric dermatology and holds promise for improving neonatal outcome in the future. The ability to modulate epidermal barrier function and integrity relies largely on the topical use of protective materials and substances and manipulation of the external environment. As understanding of epidermal barrier development advances, perhaps pharmacologic manipulation of barrier development, as now practiced for augmentation of neonatal lung maturity, will become a reality. In the meantime, greater awareness among neonatal health care practitioners of state-of-the-art strategies for optimizing skin integrity in neonates is an important step toward improving neonatal health.
Topics: Baths; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant Care; Infant, Newborn; Skin Care; Umbilical Cord
PubMed: 10943256
DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70239-x -
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine Dec 2016The aim of the study was to investigate the application of hydrocolloid dressings in the prevention and treatment of infant diaper rash. A total of 210 infants with...
The aim of the study was to investigate the application of hydrocolloid dressings in the prevention and treatment of infant diaper rash. A total of 210 infants with diaper rash were included in the study and randomized into 3 groups of 70 infants. Infants in group A received hydrocolloid dressings and individualized nursing; infants in group B received mupirocin plaster and topical application of pearl powder as well as routine nursing; and infants in group C received zinc oxide plaster and routine nursing. The clinical efficacy, incidence of adverse events, time to resolution of diaper rash, hospitalization duration, mean cost and satisfaction of nursing were compared between the 3 groups. After 1 cycle of treatment and nursing, the difference in the healing rate of mild diaper rash between groups A, B and C was significant (P<0.05), with the best healing rate in group A. Differences in the healing rate of grade I and II diaper rash between groups A, B and C was significant (P<0.05), with the best healing rate in group A. The incidence of adverse events in infants between groups A, B and C were significantly different (P<0.05), with the lowest incidence in group A (2.9%). The time to resolution of diaper rash, hospitalization duration and cost in infants were not significantly different (P<0.05). The satisfaction rate of nursing for the parents of groups A, B and C was 98.6, 87.1 and 80.0%, respectively (P<0.05). Hydrocolloid dressings combined with individualized nursing may prevent and treat infant diaper rash effectively, decrease the incidence of adverse reactions significantly, shorten time to resolution of diaper rash and hospitalization duration, reduce mean hospitalization cost, improve parent satisfaction and promote nursing-patient harmony. Thus, this method of treatment was worthy of clinical application.
PubMed: 28101161
DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3848 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Feb 1981
Topics: Candidiasis; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant; Infant Care
PubMed: 6780055
DOI: No ID Found -
Bioinformation 2014The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the sensitivity of Candida species isolated from oral candidiasis and diaper dermatitis infections in children. The...
The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the sensitivity of Candida species isolated from oral candidiasis and diaper dermatitis infections in children. The children referring to private and public clinics in Ilam, Iran were exmined for oral candidiasis and diaper dermatitis. In this study, 248 oral candidiasis and diaper dermatitis samples were collected and cultured.Candida species were identified by using standard methods. Resistance and sensitivity to amphotericin B, nystatin, ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, clotrimazole, and posaconazole were determined using the CLSI M44-A standard disk diffusion method. From the 248 studied samples, 149 were positive for Candida, among which the Candida albicans was the most prevalent (64.4%). The resistance of different Candida species to nystatin, itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole were 4, 43, 34.2, 34.9, 21.5, 6, and 6.7%, respectively. No resistance to amphotericin B was observed. Considering rather low resistance to nystatin, this drug is the best choice for oral candidiasis and diaper dermatitis.
PubMed: 25512681
DOI: 10.6026/97320630010667 -
British Medical Journal Jul 1971
Review
Topics: Acrodermatitis; Arthritis, Infectious; Arthritis, Reactive; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloroquine; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Emotions; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Hypocalcemia; Infant, Newborn; Light; Male; Pregnancy; Psoriasis; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 4934376
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.3.5768.231 -
Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and... 2022Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition commonly affecting infants with notable sparing of the diaper region. Though sources anecdotally... (Review)
Review
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition commonly affecting infants with notable sparing of the diaper region. Though sources anecdotally attribute this sparing to the physical barrier formed by the diaper and the subsequent retention of moisture, urine, sweat and feces, no studies have formally investigated the factors contributing to this sparing phenomenon. We performed a scoping literature review to investigate the factors involved in sparing of AD in the diaper region, namely humidity, scratching, urine, sweat, feces, and microbiome composition. A total of 130 papers met the inclusion criteria, and extracted data were analyzed in an iterative manner. Increased local humidity facilitates protective changes at the cellular level and offsets transepidermal water loss. Exposure to urea from both sweat and urine may contribute to improved moisturization of the skin through its natural humectant properties and ability to modulate gene expression. Introduction of flora in feces contributes to the generation of protective immune responses and outcompetes growth of pathogens such as . Finally, diapers physically prevent scratching, which directly interrupts the itch-scratch cycle classically implicated in AD. Our study reviews factors that may contribute to the sparing of AD in the diaper region in infants. A limitation to our findings is that the studies reviewed here explore the impacts of these factors on AD broadly, and not explicitly in the diaper region. Additional studies investigating this may further our understanding of AD pathogenesis and contribute to the development of effective therapeutics.
Topics: Child; Dermatitis, Atopic; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant; Infant Care; Skin
PubMed: 35317630
DOI: 10.1177/12034754221088533 -
American Family Physician Mar 2022
Topics: Child; Diaper Rash; Exanthema; Humans; Infant; Infant Care
PubMed: 35289583
DOI: No ID Found