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British Medical Journal Feb 1967
Topics: Adult; Dermatitis; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Diaper Rash; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Infant; Intertrigo; Pityriasis; Soaps
PubMed: 4225016
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5536.349 -
Journal of Medical Internet Research Jul 2021Caregivers of patients who wear conventional diapers are required to check for voiding every hour because prolonged wearing of wet diapers causes health problems... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
A Smart Diaper System Using Bluetooth and Smartphones to Automatically Detect Urination and Volume of Voiding: Prospective Observational Pilot Study in an Acute Care Hospital.
BACKGROUND
Caregivers of patients who wear conventional diapers are required to check for voiding every hour because prolonged wearing of wet diapers causes health problems including diaper dermatitis and urinary tract infections. However, frequent checking is labor intensive and disturbs patients' and caregivers' sleep. Furthermore, assessing patients' urine output with diapers in an acute care setting is difficult. Recently, a smart diaper system with wetness detection technology was developed to solve these issues.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to evaluate the applicability of the smart diaper system for urinary detection, its accuracy in measuring voiding volume, and its effect on incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) occurrence in an acute care hospital.
METHODS
This prospective, observational, single-arm pilot study was conducted at a single tertiary hospital. We recruited 35 participants aged ≥50 years who were wearing diapers due to incontinence between August and November 2020. When the smart diaper becomes wet, the smart diaper system notifies the caregiver to change the diaper and measures voiding volume automatically. Caregivers were instructed to record the weight of wet diapers on frequency volume charts (FVCs). We determined the voiding detection rate of the smart diaper system and compared the urine volume as automatically calculated by the smart diaper system with the volume recorded on FVCs. Agreement between the two measurements was estimated using a Bland-Altman plot. We also checked for the occurrence or aggravation of IAD and bed sores.
RESULTS
A total of 30 participants completed the protocol and 390 episodes of urination were recorded. There were 108 records (27.7%) on both the FVCs and the smart diaper system, 258 (66.2%) on the FVCs alone, 18 (4.6%) on the smart diaper system alone, and 6 (1.5%) on the FVCs with sensing device lost. The detection rate of the smart diaper system was 32.8% (126/384). When analyzing records concurrently listed in both the FVCs and the smart diaper system, linear regression showed a strong correlation between the two measurements (R=0.88, P<.001). The Bland-Altman assessment showed good agreement between the two measurements, with a mean difference of -4.2 mL and 95% limits of agreement of -96.7 mL and 88.3 mL. New occurrence and aggravation of IAD and bed sores were not observed. Bed sores improved in one participant.
CONCLUSIONS
The smart diaper system showed acceptable accuracy for measuring urine volume and it could replace conventional FVCs in acute setting hospitals. Furthermore, the smart diaper system has the potential advantage of preventing IAD development and bed sore worsening. However, the detection rate of the smart diaper system was lower than expected. Detection rate polarization among participants was observed, and improvements in the user interface and convenience are needed for older individuals who are unfamiliar with the smart diaper system.
Topics: Hospitals; Humans; Pilot Projects; Prospective Studies; Smartphone; Urination
PubMed: 34328427
DOI: 10.2196/29979 -
American Family Physician Sep 2005Intertrigo is inflammation of skinfolds caused by skin-on-skin friction. It is a common skin condition affecting opposing cutaneous or mucocutaneous surfaces. Intertrigo... (Review)
Review
Intertrigo is inflammation of skinfolds caused by skin-on-skin friction. It is a common skin condition affecting opposing cutaneous or mucocutaneous surfaces. Intertrigo may present as diaper rash in children. The condition appears in natural and obesity-created body folds. The friction in these folds can lead to a variety of complications such as secondary bacterial or fungal infections. The usual approach to managing intertrigo is to minimize moisture and friction with absorptive powders such as cornstarch or with barrier creams. Patients should wear light, nonconstricting, and absorbent clothing and avoid wool and synthetic fibers. Physicians should educate patients about precautions with regard to heat, humidity, and outside activities. Physical exercise usually is desirable, but patients should shower afterward and dry intertriginous areas thoroughly. Wearing open-toed shoes can be beneficial for toe web intertrigo. Secondary bacterial and fungal infections should be treated with antiseptics, antibiotics, or antifungals, depending on the pathogens.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Intertrigo; Skin Diseases, Infectious
PubMed: 16156342
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Dermatology Sep 2020Although the majority of rashes in the diaper area are caused by irritation from urine and feces, irritant diaper dermatitis; IDD, there are some less common but...
BACKGROUND
Although the majority of rashes in the diaper area are caused by irritation from urine and feces, irritant diaper dermatitis; IDD, there are some less common but potentially serious cutaneous eruptions associated with systemic diseases that should not be discounted.
METHODS
This prospective descriptive study aimed to explore variation in cutaneous disease in the diaper area. It was conducted as a prospective descriptive study between October 2016 and November 2019 in the pediatric department of a tertiary-level hospital.
RESULTS
Three hundred consecutive patients with rashes in the diaper area were enrolled. The most common diagnosed was IDD (125 cases; 41.7%), followed by rashes exacerbated by the diaper (101 cases; 33.67%) and non-diaper-related rashes (74 cases; 24.67%).
CONCLUSIONS
Our finding suggests that when diagnosing rashes that occur in the diaper area, general pediatricians should consider, in addition to IDD, the possibility of less-common conditions. The simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was linked to diagnoses of systemic diseases other than IDD, (P < 0.001).
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Eczema; Exanthema; Female; Humans; Infant; Intertrigo; Male; Prospective Studies; Scabies; Skin
PubMed: 32957981
DOI: 10.1186/s12895-020-00104-z -
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic... Jan 2016Diaper dermatitis is referred to the inflammation in outer layers of the skin in the perineal area, lower abdomen, and inner thighs. The lesions are maculopapular and...
INTRODUCTION
Diaper dermatitis is referred to the inflammation in outer layers of the skin in the perineal area, lower abdomen, and inner thighs. The lesions are maculopapular and usually itchy, which could cause bacterial or candida infection, and predispose the infants to penis or vaginal and urinary infection and lead to discomfort, irritability, and restlessness. The drugs which have been so far administered for this disease (topical steroids) cause special complications for the sensitive skin in this area. Magnesium (Mg) is known for its anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties.
AIM
The aim of the present study was to study the effect of the cream containing Mg 2% on treatment of diaper dermatitis and diaper rash in children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this clinical trial study, 64 children aged less than two years old with diaper dermatitis referring Paediatric Ward of Hajar Hospital were randomly assigned to two groups of 32. Group one was treated with the combined cream Mg 2% and Calendula and group two with Calendula cream alone. The duration of recovery was compared between the two groups.
RESULTS
The duration of recovery was significantly lower in the intervention group than the control group (p-value<0.001), but there was no significant difference in the lesions size and diapers' number between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
Based on the finding of this study, Mg is effective on treatment of diaper dermatitis and could be used for treating diaper dermatitis and other types of dermatitis.
PubMed: 26894161
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/14997.7143 -
Pediatric Dermatology Jan 2020To compare prevalence and severity of diaper dermatitis (DD) in infants and toddlers (babies) across three countries (China, USA, and Germany), including diapered skin...
OBJECTIVES
To compare prevalence and severity of diaper dermatitis (DD) in infants and toddlers (babies) across three countries (China, USA, and Germany), including diapered skin measures and caregiver practices.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study of 1791 babies (~600 from each country) was recruited at each clinical site. Based on regional toilet-training habits, exclusively diaper-wearing infants were recruited between ages 2-8 months in China and 2-18 months in the USA and Germany. DD was measured, as well as skin pH, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and relative humidity (RH) in the diapered region. Caregiver habits were collected via a questionnaire and included information on hygienic practices.
RESULTS
Diaper dermatitis was highest in the perianal area, followed by the intertriginous, genital, and buttock regions. In general, DD was significantly lower in babies in China, highest in Germany, and intermediate in the USA. This rank ordering of DD by geography was also observed in baby age 2-8 months. The lower DD observed in China was associated with lower skin pH and TEWL on diapered skin and decreased RH in the diaper. Chinese caregivers had the highest rate of prophylactic topical product usage, the most robust cleaning of the diapered area, lack of cleansing after urine-only diaper changes, and Chinese infants spent the least time in an overnight diaper.
CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest caregiver behaviors including prophylactic use of topical products, thorough cleaning after stooling and reduced time in an overnight diaper are associated with less DD, lower superficial skin pH, and enhanced skin barrier.
Topics: Buttocks; Caregivers; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diaper Rash; Diapers, Infant; Female; Germany; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infant; Infant Care; Male; Prevalence; Skin; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States
PubMed: 31793090
DOI: 10.1111/pde.14047 -
Skin Therapy Letter Sep 2006Common diaper dermatitis is an irritant contact diaper dermatitis (IDD) created by the combined influence of moisture, warmth, urine, feces, friction, and secondary... (Review)
Review
Common diaper dermatitis is an irritant contact diaper dermatitis (IDD) created by the combined influence of moisture, warmth, urine, feces, friction, and secondary infection. It is difficult to completely eradicate these predisposing factors in a diapered child. Thus, IDD presents an ongoing therapeutic challenge for parents, family physicians, pediatricians, and dermatologists. This article will focus on practical management strategies for IDD.
Topics: Candidiasis; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant; Risk Factors
PubMed: 17021645
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Pediatrics Dec 2015
Topics: Buttocks; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Dermatitis; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant; Male; Skin
PubMed: 26713999
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Primary Care & Community... 2020Diaper dermatitis is uncommon in children older than 2 years because the majority of these children are diaper independent. However, diaper dermatitis still occurs,...
Diaper dermatitis is uncommon in children older than 2 years because the majority of these children are diaper independent. However, diaper dermatitis still occurs, especially in children in daycare settings. This study attempted to determine the prevalence of diaper dermatitis and its associated factors among children aged 2 to 4 years attending daycare centers. Cross-sectional analysis and tests for correlation were conducted to determine the factors associated with diaper dermatitis among the study population. The prevalence of diaper dermatitis during the study period was 17.2%. Factors significantly correlated with the occurrence of diaper dermatitis were beginning toilet training later than 2 years of age (odds ratio [OR] = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.17-6.86, = .02) and the use of oral antibiotics (OR = 15.92, 95%CI = 3.57-70.94, < .001). Two major adjustable factors for preventing diaper dermatitis in the study population were toilet training before 2 years of age and avoiding the use of unnecessary oral antibiotics. These results may help in devising a preventive protocol for diaper dermatitis among this age group in the future.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Universities
PubMed: 31920146
DOI: 10.1177/2150132719898924 -
Revue Medicale de Liege Apr 2006Diaper dermatitis is the most frequent skin disorder of the newborn. Several clinical types are distinguished. The most frequent type results from increased fragility of... (Review)
Review
Diaper dermatitis is the most frequent skin disorder of the newborn. Several clinical types are distinguished. The most frequent type results from increased fragility of the newborn buttock skin when covered by diapers. According to the mechanisms involved and the severity of the dermatitis, one can distinguish the intertrigo of the chubby baby, and the so-called "W", "Y" and "red panties" types of diaper dermatitis. When the effects of occlusion are not controlled by adequate absorption by the diapers maceration of the stratum corneum occurs. As a result, degradation of the skin barrier function takes place. In addition, the value of the coefficient of friction of the skin increases with epidermal weakening to rubbing. In addition, fecal enzymes alter urines and skin. Judicious hygiene measures and a correct choice of care and diapers are mandatory. Cutaneous colonisation by microorganisms, in particular the yeasts Candida spp, is the main complication. Adequate preventive and curative measures can combat diaper dermatitis with confidence. A miconazole paste allows to improve the tribological properties of the interface between diapers and the skin. It also corrects the degradation of the skin barrier function, reduces inflammation and abates the impact of Candida spp. in the pathogenesis of the skin disorder.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant; Skin Care
PubMed: 16789605
DOI: No ID Found