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International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2023Baby diaper rash is a common problem, especially allergic contact dermatitis, which could be due to heavy metals, pH, formaldehyde, or allergens in the diapers. This...
Baby diaper rash is a common problem, especially allergic contact dermatitis, which could be due to heavy metals, pH, formaldehyde, or allergens in the diapers. This study reports on the determination of formaldehyde, heavy metals (Pb, As, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Sr, Fe, and Cd), and pH in diapers purchased from low-, medium-, and high-end stores. Inductively coupled plasma was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals after extraction using artificial urine and artificial sweat. All heavy metals were found in all diapers except Sr, which was not found in sample M7. All samples had concentrations of heavy metals within the Oeko-Tex limits, except samples H2 and L2, whose Ni concentrations were above permissible limits. Fifty percent of diapers had a formaldehyde concentration above the Oeko-Tex recommended limits. The highest formaldehyde concentration of 17.62 mg/kg was found in diaper M2 and the lowest (ca. 10.4 mg/kg) in H1. All samples had pH values in the alkaline region, with only five samples having pH values within the recommended limits. The research concluded that the diaper rash experienced by some babies, among other factors, could be due to high alkaline skin pH and formaldehyde levels, which are higher than the Oeko-Tex recommended limits.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Diaper Rash; South Africa; Metals, Heavy; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Formaldehyde; Environmental Monitoring
PubMed: 36673779
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021023 -
Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Oct 2022Evaluation of circumcision bleeding cannot depend on the visual change in the diaper. Diapers have different product features and absorbency capacities. The apparent...
BACKGROUND
Evaluation of circumcision bleeding cannot depend on the visual change in the diaper. Diapers have different product features and absorbency capacities. The apparent changes in the diapers may vary according to their absorbent capacity and may not be in parallel with the amount of bleeding. Before significant visual difference occurs, the patient's hemodynamics may be impaired.
AIM
Aim of the study is to evaluate better circumcision bleeding.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients were divided into groups according to 12 different brand diapers of the same size, containing super-absorbent material. The study started by 15/01/2022, and finished by end of 01/03/2022. Diapers with concealed brands were soaked with blood with equal hematocrit value in 100 ml with increments of 5 ml. 252 images were obtained by taking 21 images of each diaper with the same method. The diapers were evaluated colorimetrically, and numerical values were obtained showing the color differences in red, green, and blue and saturation and lightness. Working groups were formed according to 12 different brands of diapers of the same size, containing super-absorbent material. Standard statistical tests were performed using obtained values.
RESULT
: Dry diapers had different weights, volumes, and specific gravities; the diapers with the lowest unit weight were ranked ninth in terms of volume; the diapers with the highest specific gravity were ranked third in terms of thinness. There were significant differences in the blood on the diaper, and significant differences between some groups (p < 0.005); on the other hand, there was not any difference between some other groups (p > 0.05). There was a significant relationship in terms of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Visual graphic examination showed that linear but non-parallel color changes occurred. As the blood load increased, the visual and statistical differences between the diapers became more pronounced, and the curves diverged.
CONCLUSION
Visual evaluation of the color change of the diapers may not give accurate results for bleeding follow-up. If necessary to use diapers after circumcision, it is more appropriate to prefer those with low absorbency capacity. Using fabric or cotton products in cases with bleeding risk may be recommended. If bleeding is suspected, hemogram control is the most appropriate option. Diaper manufacturers should warn consumers of the risk. In conclusion, we should be on the safe side for mortality and morbidity.
Topics: Infant; Male; Child; Humans; Diaper Rash; Infant Care; Hemorrhage
PubMed: 36308243
DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_187_22 -
Skin Research and Technology : Official... Mar 2021Infant diaper dermatitis (DD) is a prevalent condition due to multiple, interactive factors including increased skin hydration, irritant exposure, and increased skin pH....
BACKGROUND
Infant diaper dermatitis (DD) is a prevalent condition due to multiple, interactive factors including increased skin hydration, irritant exposure, and increased skin pH. We examined diaper dermatitis vs within diaper and non-diaper controls over time and characterized the association of skin color and texture relative to skin barrier integrity, hydration, and pH.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The prospective study included 46 infants with DD at well-child visits. Skin integrity was evaluated over 15 days, including visual skin condition, rate of stratum corneum transepidermal water accumulation, hydration, pH, and skin color and texture from high-resolution digital skin surface images. Effects by site and time were evaluated with general linear models.
RESULTS
Six distinct texture patterns were observed. All three sites differed significantly for texture class frequency. Normal dermatoglyphics were more frequent for non-diaper vs both within diaper and rash sites. Dermatoglyphics with marked furrows or lines (class 3) were common within diaper vs rash but not for non-diaper vs within diaper. Streaks were highest for DD and lowest for non-diaper. Flat regions were more frequent DD. Barrier integrity, that is, moisture accumulation rate, was lower for normal dermatoglyphics than streaks or flat texture. DD severity decreased over 15 days. Barrier properties of within diaper and non-diaper areas were not well-differentiated.
CONCLUSION
The incidence of streak texture in the within diaper high magnification images was high despite being visually normal. This finding suggests that it is an "early indicator" of skin damage and may be clinically useful for early detection and treatment.
Topics: Diaper Rash; Diapers, Infant; Epidermis; Humans; Infant; Prospective Studies; Skin
PubMed: 33085142
DOI: 10.1111/srt.12925 -
Child Health Nursing Research Apr 2019The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of diaper dermatitis (DD), knowledge of DD prevention and treatment, and diaper hygiene practices among...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of diaper dermatitis (DD), knowledge of DD prevention and treatment, and diaper hygiene practices among mothers with diaper-wearing children.
METHODS
The participants were 176 mothers who presented to an outpatient clinic at a children's hospital with diaper-wearing children. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire.
RESULTS
The percent of correct answer for knowledge about DD was 59.7%. Almost half of the participants' children had experienced at least 1 episode of DD during the last 6 months. Inappropriate diaper hygiene practices, such as using talcum powder on DD and rubbing with a dry towel after cleansing, were reported. Moreover, only 37% of mothers used the recommended skin barrier to prevent DD. Although many children suffer from DD, levels of educational experience and perceived need for education on this topic were low. Almost 70% of mothers obtained DD-related information through internet sites.
CONCLUSION
Educating parents about the etiology of DD and evidence-based diaper hygiene practices is an important aspect of effective DD prevention and treatment. Internet sites or smartphone apps may be effective methods for education on DD prevention and treatment considering parents' preferences for ways to obtain health information.
PubMed: 35004404
DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2019.25.2.112 -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2019In this symposium, we present a novel breathable protective ointment (BPO) formulation developed at the University of Shizuoka for the prevention of moisture-associated... (Review)
Review
In this symposium, we present a novel breathable protective ointment (BPO) formulation developed at the University of Shizuoka for the prevention of moisture-associated skin damage (MASD) intended for use in healthcare settings. MASD occurs when moisture is in constant contact with the skin for prolonged periods of time, causing degradation of the skin barrier. Exposure to physical or chemical stimuli in addition to moisture may lead to different types of moisture-associated dermatitis such as incontinence-associated or periwound dermatitis. Another type of moisture-associated dermatitis, diaper dermatitis, is treated with protective ointments such as white petrolatum and zinc ointment. These ointments protect the skin from irritants but also block insensible dermal perspiration, which promotes further skin maceration. Therefore, we have developed a BPO formulation from white petrolatum and calcium carbonate, which serve as a protectant and pore-forming agent, respectively. In vitro water-proof tests confirmed the skin-protective properties of the BPO, and moisture-permeation tests indicated its breathability. Moreover, the BPO protected the skin from irritants without the loss of skin hydration in rats. Our next step involves the trial of BPO in infants with diaper dermatitis. In the future, this BPO could be used as an ointment base for active pharmaceutical ingredients used to prevent MASD.
Topics: Animals; Diaper Rash; Drug Compounding; Humans; Ointment Bases; Ointments; Permeability; Petrolatum; Pharmacy Service, Hospital; Rats; Skin; Water
PubMed: 31582613
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00121-3 -
MBio Jun 2022Candida albicans is one of the most prevalent human fungal pathogens. Its ability to transition between budding yeast and filamentous morphological forms (pseudohyphae...
Candida albicans is one of the most prevalent human fungal pathogens. Its ability to transition between budding yeast and filamentous morphological forms (pseudohyphae and hyphae) is tightly associated with its pathogenesis. Based on studies, the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway is a key regulator of C. albicans morphogenesis. Using an intravital imaging approach, we investigated the role of the cAMP-PKA pathway during infection. Consistent with their roles , the downstream effectors of the cAMP-PKA pathway Efg1 and Nrg1 function, respectively, as an activator and a repressor of filamentation. Surprisingly, strains lacking the adenylyl cyclase, , showed only slightly reduced filamentation despite being completely unable to filament in RPMI + 10% serum at 37°C. Consistent with these findings, deletion of the catalytic subunits of PKA (Tpk1 and Tpk2), either singly or in combination, generated strains that also filamented but not . transcription profiling of C. albicans isolated from both ear and kidney tissue showed that the expression of a set of 184 environmentally responsive genes correlated well with filamentation (, 0.62 to 0.68) genes. This concordance suggests that the and transcriptional responses are similar but that the upstream regulatory mechanisms are distinct. As such, these data emphatically emphasize that C. albicans filamentation is a complex phenotype that occurs in different environments through an intricate network of distinct regulatory mechanisms. The fungus Candida albicans causes a wide range of disease in humans from common diaper rash to life-threatening infections in patients with compromised immune systems. As such, the mechanisms for its ability to cause disease are of wide interest. An intensely studied virulence property of C. albicans is its ability to switch from a round yeast form to filament-like forms (hyphae and pseudohyphae). Surprisingly, we have found that a key signaling pathway that regulates this transition , the protein kinase A pathway, is not required for filamentation during infection of the host. Our work not only demonstrates that the regulation of filamentation depends upon the specific environment C. albicans inhabits but also underscores the importance of studying these mechanisms during infection.
Topics: Candida albicans; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Hyphae
PubMed: 35475642
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00851-22 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2021We identified the first-generation antihistamine hydroxyzine as the earliest and most frequently prescribed drug affecting the central nervous system in children under...
We identified the first-generation antihistamine hydroxyzine as the earliest and most frequently prescribed drug affecting the central nervous system in children under the age of 5 years in the province of British Columbia, Canada (1. 1% prevalence). Whereas, the antagonism of H1-receptors exerts anti-pruritic effects in atopic dermatitis and diaper rash, animal studies suggest an adverse association between reduced neurotransmission of histamine and psychomotor behavior. In order to investigate hydroxyzine safety, we characterized the longitudinal patterns of hydroxyzine use in children under the age of 5 years and determined mental- and psychomotor disorders up to the age of 10 years. We found significantly higher rates of ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for disorders such as tics (307), anxiety (300) and disturbance of conduct (312) in frequent users of hydroxyzine. Specifically, repeat prescriptions of hydroxyzine compared to a single prescription show an increase in tic disorder, anxiety and disturbance of conduct by odds ratios of: 1.55 (95%CI: 1.23-1.96); 1.34 (95%CI: 1.05-1.70); and 1.34 (95%CI: 1.08-1.66) respectively in children up to the age of 10 years. Furthermore, a non-significant increased trend was found for ADHD (314) and disturbance of emotions (313). This is the first study reporting an association between long-term neurodevelopmental adverse effects and early use of hydroxyzine. Controlled studies are required in order to prove a causal relationship and to confirm the safety of hydroxyzine in the pediatric population. For the time being, we suggest the shortest possible duration for hydroxyzine use in preschool-age children.
PubMed: 35153845
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721875 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jul 2006Napkin dermatitis is a common condition that occurs in otherwise healthy infants. It causes discomfort to infants, anxiety to parents and caregivers and contributes to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Napkin dermatitis is a common condition that occurs in otherwise healthy infants. It causes discomfort to infants, anxiety to parents and caregivers and contributes to the load on the health care system. A large variety of napkins, both disposable and non-disposable, are available. Evidence is required to assist carers and health care workers in making informed decisions when balancing the pros and cons of different napkin choices.
OBJECTIVES
To assess whether disposable napkins prevent napkin dermatitis in infants.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Skin Group Specialised Register (up to June 2003), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in (The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004), MEDLINE (from 1966 to November 2004), EMBASE (from 1980 to February 2003) and CINAHL (from 1982 to November 2004). We searched reference lists of articles. We contacted lead investigators in the area and companies that manufacture disposable napkins for access to unpublished trials.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials in which disposable napkins were compared with other types of disposable napkins or non-disposable napkins, in infants up to two years of age, for preventing napkin dermatitis.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently extracted data. The same two authors independently assessed trials for methodological quality. Attempts were made to contact trial authors of the trials identified for clarification of methods and results of published trials.
MAIN RESULTS
We identified 28 studies of the effects of various napkin types on napkin dermatitis. Seventeen studies from nine reports were included. Eleven studies were excluded due to methodology that did not fit the inclusion criteria of this review. Due to the poor reporting of methodology and results of the studies found in this review, there were no quantitative data available for analysis (or meta-analysis). Although the included studies appeared to favour cellulose-core disposable napkins over cloth, absorbent gelling material over cellulose-only core napkins, breathable outer shell over occlusive outer shell napkins and linings impregnated with formulations over plain linings, all of these studies were open to bias due to flawed methodology.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is not enough evidence from good quality randomised controlled trials to support or refute the use and type of disposable napkins for the prevention of napkin dermatitis in infants.
Topics: Diaper Rash; Diapers, Infant; Disposable Equipment; Humans; Infant; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 16856040
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004262.pub2 -
British Medical Journal Aug 1971
Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Diaper Rash; Erythema; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Psoriasis
PubMed: 4254937
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Jun 1970
Topics: Boric Acids; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant
PubMed: 5526625
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5709.603