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Nutrients Mar 2019For decades, gluten-free dieting (GFD) has been accepted as the only therapeutic approach to coeliac disease (CD) and, more recently, for non-coeliac gluten sensitivity...
For decades, gluten-free dieting (GFD) has been accepted as the only therapeutic approach to coeliac disease (CD) and, more recently, for non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), a term to refer to the so-called gluten-related disorders (GRD) [...].
Topics: Celiac Disease; Diet, Gluten-Free; Humans
PubMed: 30862034
DOI: 10.3390/nu11030589 -
Behavioural Pharmacology Apr 2018As the influence of diet on health may take place over a period of decades, there is a need for biomarkers that help to identify those aspects of nutrition that have... (Review)
Review
As the influence of diet on health may take place over a period of decades, there is a need for biomarkers that help to identify those aspects of nutrition that have either a positive or a negative influence. The evidence is considered that heart-rate variability (HRV) (the time differences between one beat and the next) can be used to indicate the potential health benefits of food items. Reduced HRV is associated with the development of numerous conditions for example, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, obesity and psychiatric disorders. Although more systematic research is required, various aspects of diet have been shown to benefit HRV acutely and in the longer term. Examples include a Mediterranean diet, omega-3 fatty acids, B-vitamins, probiotics, polyphenols and weight loss. Aspects of diet that are viewed as undesirable, for example high intakes of saturated or trans-fat and high glycaemic carbohydrates, have been found to reduce HRV. It is argued that the consistent relationship between HRV, health and morbidity supports the view that HRV has the potential to become a widely used biomarker when considering the influence of diet on mental and physical health.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Diet Therapy; Heart Rate; Humans; Nutritional Status; Obesity
PubMed: 29543648
DOI: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000383 -
Nutrients Oct 2020High protein calorie restriction diets have shown clinical efficacy for obesity, but the mechanisms are not fully known. The intestinal microbiome is a mediator of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
High protein calorie restriction diets have shown clinical efficacy for obesity, but the mechanisms are not fully known. The intestinal microbiome is a mediator of obesity and preclinical data support an effect of high protein diet (HPD) on the gut microbiome of obesity, but there are few studies in humans.
METHODS
To address this, we conducted a dietary intervention trial of 80 overweight and obese subjects who were randomized to a calorie-restricted high protein diet (HPD) (30% calorie intake) or calorie-restricted normal protein diet (NPD) (15%) for 8 weeks. Baseline dietary intake patterns were assessed by the Diet History Questionnaire III. Longitudinal fecal sampling was performed at baseline, week 1, week 2, week 4, week 6, and week 8, for a total of 365 samples. Intestinal microbiome composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
RESULTS
At baseline, microbial composition was associated with fiber and protein intake. Subjects on the HPD showed a significant increase in microbial diversity as measured by the Shannon index compared to those on the NPD. The HPD was also associated with significant differences in microbial composition after treatment compared to the NPD. Both diets induced taxonomic shifts compared to baseline, including enrichment of and and depletion of Conclusion: These findings provide evidence that weight loss diets alter the gut microbiome in obesity and suggest differential effects of HPDs compared to NPDs which may influence the clinical response to HPD.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Caloric Restriction; Diet, High-Protein; Diet, Reducing; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Energy Intake; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity
PubMed: 33096810
DOI: 10.3390/nu12103221 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Mar 2013There is evidence that reducing blood glucose concentrations, inducing weight loss, and improving the lipid profile reduces cardiovascular risk in people with type 2... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
There is evidence that reducing blood glucose concentrations, inducing weight loss, and improving the lipid profile reduces cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes.
OBJECTIVE
We assessed the effect of various diets on glycemic control, lipids, and weight loss.
DESIGN
We conducted searches of PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar to August 2011. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with interventions that lasted ≥6 mo that compared low-carbohydrate, vegetarian, vegan, low-glycemic index (GI), high-fiber, Mediterranean, and high-protein diets with control diets including low-fat, high-GI, American Diabetes Association, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and low-protein diets.
RESULTS
A total of 20 RCTs were included (n = 3073 included in final analyses across 3460 randomly assigned individuals). The low-carbohydrate, low-GI, Mediterranean, and high-protein diets all led to a greater improvement in glycemic control [glycated hemoglobin reductions of -0.12% (P = 0.04), -0.14% (P = 0.008), -0.47% (P < 0.00001), and -0.28% (P < 0.00001), respectively] compared with their respective control diets, with the largest effect size seen in the Mediterranean diet. Low-carbohydrate and Mediterranean diets led to greater weight loss [-0.69 kg (P = 0.21) and -1.84 kg (P < 0.00001), respectively], with an increase in HDL seen in all diets except the high-protein diet.
CONCLUSION
Low-carbohydrate, low-GI, Mediterranean, and high-protein diets are effective in improving various markers of cardiovascular risk in people with diabetes and should be considered in the overall strategy of diabetes management.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Diet, Mediterranean; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Diet, Vegetarian; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Glycemic Index; Humans; Lipids; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Weight Loss
PubMed: 23364002
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.042457 -
Nutrients Jul 2019Several studies have reported some efficacy of diets low in fermentable carbohydrates (Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Monosaccharides and Polyols (FODMAPs)) in Irritable Bowel... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Several studies have reported some efficacy of diets low in fermentable carbohydrates (Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Monosaccharides and Polyols (FODMAPs)) in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). There is no evidence of its superiority compared to gluten-free and balanced diets in improving IBS patients' quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study is to assess whether different diets can improve QoL in IBS. Forty-two patients with IBS, according to Rome IV criteria, were enrolled. Low-FODMAP, gluten-free and balanced diets were proposed to each patient in the same succession. Each diet was followed for 4 weeks. The Bristol Stool Scale, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for bloating and abdominal pain, and the SF12 questionnaire for health-related quality of life were applied at the beginning and at the end of each diet. Twenty-eight of the forty-two patients completed all the three diets. All the three diets reduced symptom severity ( < 0.01), bloating ( < 0.01) and abdominal pain ( < 0.01), and improved quality of life ( 0.05); 3% of patients expressed a preference for the low-FODMAP diet, 11% for the gluten-free and 86% for the balanced diet ( 0.01). The balanced diet improves QoL and VAS pain, provides an adequate quantity of FODMAPs and is more appreciated by patients. For these reasons, the balanced diet could be recommended to patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adult; Diet, Gluten-Free; Diet, Mediterranean; Feces; Female; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Male; Monosaccharides; Quality of Life; Young Adult
PubMed: 31336747
DOI: 10.3390/nu11071566 -
Nutrients Jan 2021Lipoedema is a subcutaneous adipose tissue disease characterized by the increase in the amount and structure of fat mass (FM) in specific areas, causing pain and...
Lipoedema is a subcutaneous adipose tissue disease characterized by the increase in the amount and structure of fat mass (FM) in specific areas, causing pain and discomfort. 95% of patients fail to lose weight in the lipoedema areas. The study was conducted to evaluate body composition and general health status modification in a group of lipoedema patients (LIPPY) and a control group (CTRL) after four weeks of a modified Mediterranean diet therapy (mMeD). A total of 29 subjects were included in the data analysis, divided in two groups: 14 LIPPY and 15 CTRL. After the mMeD, both groups significantly decreased their weight and body mass index; the CTRL also showed a reduction of all the circumferences and all FM's compartments. LIPPY showed a decrease of FM in upper and lower limbs. No significant differences in Δ% between the groups were observed for the lean mass (LM). In LIPPY, an increase in the patients' ability to perform various daily physical activities related to the loss of arms' and legs' fat was observed. According to the European Quality of Life scale, the possibility for LIPPY subjects to perform simple daily activities with less fatigue, pain and anxiety is highlighted. Further long-term studies are recommended to confirm the mMeD as a good strategy for Lipoedema treatment.
Topics: Body Composition; Diet, Mediterranean; Female; Humans; Lipedema; Middle Aged; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33504026
DOI: 10.3390/nu13020358 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Nov 2018Obesity has now become a huge public health issue not only in the developed world but also in developing countries. In view of the health hazards associated with obesity... (Review)
Review
Obesity has now become a huge public health issue not only in the developed world but also in developing countries. In view of the health hazards associated with obesity and more importantly for cosmetic reasons, many people, particularly the youth, have started resorting to 'extreme' weight-loss diets to achieve a rapid reduction in weight. These extreme diets are either very low in carbohydrate or very low in fat. Such extreme diets not only make the diet unbalanced but also have safety issues. Moreover, these are not sustainable in the long run. The weight that is lost is regained within a short period of time when people go off these extreme diets. This explains why the popularity of most extreme diets peaks as well as wanes rapidly. Instead of resorting to such extreme diets, correction of obesity is best achieved with balanced, healthy, nutritious diets which are low in calories, combined with adequate physical activity (exercise). Motivational counselling can also help people to initiate weight loss and sustain this weight loss over longer periods of time.
Topics: Caloric Restriction; Diet, Reducing; Energy Intake; Humans; Motivation; Obesity; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30666989
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1793_18 -
Cell Metabolism Sep 2015Dietary carbohydrate restriction has been purported to cause endocrine adaptations that promote body fat loss more than dietary fat restriction. We selectively...
Dietary carbohydrate restriction has been purported to cause endocrine adaptations that promote body fat loss more than dietary fat restriction. We selectively restricted dietary carbohydrate versus fat for 6 days following a 5-day baseline diet in 19 adults with obesity confined to a metabolic ward where they exercised daily. Subjects received both isocaloric diets in random order during each of two inpatient stays. Body fat loss was calculated as the difference between daily fat intake and net fat oxidation measured while residing in a metabolic chamber. Whereas carbohydrate restriction led to sustained increases in fat oxidation and loss of 53 ± 6 g/day of body fat, fat oxidation was unchanged by fat restriction, leading to 89 ± 6 g/day of fat loss, and was significantly greater than carbohydrate restriction (p = 0.002). Mathematical model simulations agreed with these data, but predicted that the body acts to minimize body fat differences with prolonged isocaloric diets varying in carbohydrate and fat.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Diet, Reducing; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Obesity; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 26278052
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.021 -
European Journal of Epidemiology Feb 2018The aim of the present study is to assess the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The aim of the present study is to assess the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a systematic review of the literature. Electronic and hand searches were performed until July 2017. The inclusion criteria were defined as follows: (1) randomized trial with a dietary approach; (2) adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus; (3) outcome either HbA1c (%) and/or fasting glucose (mmol/l); (4) minimum intervention period of 12 weeks. For each outcome measure, random effects network meta-analysis was performed in order to determine the pooled effect of each intervention relative to each of the other interventions. A total of 56 trials comparing nine dietary approaches (low-fat, Vegetarian, Mediterranean, high-protein, moderate-carbohydrate, low-carbohydrate, control, low GI/GL, Palaeolithic) enrolling 4937 participants were included. For reducing HbA1c, the low-carbohydrate diet was ranked as the best dietary approach (SUCRA: 84%), followed by the Mediterranean diet (80%) and Palaeolithic diet (76%) compared to a control diet. For reducing fasting glucose, the Mediterranean diet (88%) was ranked as the best approach, followed by Palaeolithic diet (71%) and Vegetarian diet (63%). The network analysis also revealed that all dietary approaches significantly reduce HbA1c (- 0.82 to - 0.47% reduction) and fasting glucose (- 1.61 to - 1.00 mmol/l reduction) compared to a control diet. According to the network meta-analysis the Mediterranean diet is the most effective and efficacious dietary approach to improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes patients.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet Therapy; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Mediterranean; Female; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Network Meta-Analysis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 29302846
DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0352-x -
Nutrients Nov 2020Celiac disease (CD) is a permanent, chronic, gluten-sensitive disorder characterized by small intestinal inflammation and malabsorption in genetically predisposed...
Celiac disease (CD) is a permanent, chronic, gluten-sensitive disorder characterized by small intestinal inflammation and malabsorption in genetically predisposed individuals [...].
Topics: Celiac Disease; Diet, Gluten-Free; Humans
PubMed: 33218026
DOI: 10.3390/nu12113540