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Scientific Reports Nov 2018Calcium plays important roles in lipid metabolism and adipogenesis, but whether its status in early life affects later lipid profiles needs to be clarified. Three to...
Calcium plays important roles in lipid metabolism and adipogenesis, but whether its status in early life affects later lipid profiles needs to be clarified. Three to four-week old C57BL/6J female mice were fed with three different reproductive diets containing normal, low (insufficient) and high (excessive) calcium concentrations respectively throughout pregnancy and lactation. At postnatal 21 days, the weaning male and female pups from each group were sacrificed for experiments and the remaining were fed with the normal chow diet for 16 weeks. Meanwhile, some of the weaning female pups from maternal low calcium diet group were fed with the normal calcium, low calcium and high calcium mature diets respectively for 8 weeks. Maternal insufficient or excessive calcium status during pregnancy and lactation programmed an abnormal expression of hepatic and adipose genes (PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, FABP4, Fasn, UCP2, PPAR-α, HMG-Red1, Acc1, and SREBP-1c) in the offspring and this may lead to dyslipidemia and accumulation of hepatic triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in later life. The effects of maternal calcium status on lipid metabolism were found only in the female adult offspring, but were similar between offspring males and females at postnatal 21 days. Additionally, the dyslipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation caused by insufficient calcium status in early life may be reversed to some extent by dietary calcium supplementation in later life.
Topics: Animals; Calcium, Dietary; Cholesterol; Disease Models, Animal; Dyslipidemias; Female; Genetic Markers; Lactation; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Triglycerides
PubMed: 30410113
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34520-6 -
American Journal of Cardiovascular... Apr 2012The potential effects of inadequate or excessive calcium supply on cardiovascular disease (CVD) are receiving growing attention. We review experimental, epidemiologic,... (Review)
Review
The potential effects of inadequate or excessive calcium supply on cardiovascular disease (CVD) are receiving growing attention. We review experimental, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence regarding the role of calcium intake in the development of CVD in adults. In vitro and in vivo laboratory studies have shown that calcium may affect the risk of developing CVD through multiple mechanisms including blood cholesterol, insulin secretion and sensitivity, vasodilation, inflammatory profile, thrombosis, obesity, and vascular calcification. A number of prospective epidemiologic studies have examined the relationship between dietary calcium intake and CVD incidence or mortality in middle-aged and older adults. The results were inconsistent, and the pooled data do not strongly support a significant effect of greater dietary calcium intake on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) or stroke. Only a few prospective studies have examined calcium supplement use in association with risk of CVD. The pooled data show no significant benefits of calcium supplement use in reducing the risk of CAD or stroke. No randomized clinical trial has specifically tested the effect of calcium supplementation on CVD as its primary endpoint. Secondary analyses in existing trials to date suggest a neutral effect of calcium (with or without vitamin D) supplements on CVD events, but do not allow for a definitive conclusion. A large percentage of Americans, particularly older adults, fail to meet the US recommendations for optimal calcium intake and are encouraged to increase daily calcium consumption. More prospective cohort studies and large-scale randomized trials are needed to further evaluate the risks or benefits of calcium supplementation on CVD endpoints as the primary pre-specified outcome.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Nutrition Policy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; United States
PubMed: 22283597
DOI: 10.2165/11595400-000000000-00000 -
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism Jun 2016The proper dietary calcium intake and calcium supplementation, when indicated, are important factors in the acquisition of peak bone mass during youth and in the... (Review)
Review
The proper dietary calcium intake and calcium supplementation, when indicated, are important factors in the acquisition of peak bone mass during youth and in the prevention of fractures in old age. In addition to its deposition in bone, calcium confers an increase in its resistance and exhibits important activities in different enzymatic pathways in the body (e.g., neural, hormonal, muscle-related and blood clotting pathways). Thus, calcium supplementation can directly or indirectly affect important functions in the body, such as the control of blood pressure, plasma glucose, body weight, lipid profile and endothelial function. Since one publication reported increased cardiovascular risk due to calcium supplementation, many researchers have studied whether this risk actually exists; the results are conflicting, and the involved mechanisms are uncertain. However, studies that have evaluated the influence of the consumption of foods rich in calcium have reported no increase in the cardiovascular risk, which suggests that nutritional intake should be prioritized as a method for supplementation and that the use of calcium supplements should be reserved for patients who truly need supplementation and are unable to achieve the recommended daily nutritional intake of calcium.
Topics: Age Factors; Bone Density; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Osteoporosis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Risk Factors; Vitamin D
PubMed: 27355855
DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000173 -
Ciencia & Saude Coletiva Aug 2019Low calcium consumption and high sodium intake among adolescents is a serious public health problem. Thehigh content and bioavailability of calcium in milk makes it the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Low calcium consumption and high sodium intake among adolescents is a serious public health problem. Thehigh content and bioavailability of calcium in milk makes it the best choice for meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for calcium. Since milk also contributes to sodium intake, programs promoting milk consumption should be preceded by initiatives to reduce its sodium content. Knowing the calcium and sodium content of processed milk is essential for establishing the adequate consumption of milk. The aim of this study was to estimate the calcium and sodium content of different brands of powdered and ultra heat treated (UHT) milk sold in supermarkets in Rio de Janeiro and calculate the amount of these milks that should be consumed by adolescents to meet daily calcium needs and the impact of this consumption on sodium intake. Volumetric analysis was used to measure calcium content and sodium content was determined using flame photometry. The mean calcium and sodium concentrations of powdered (mg/26g) and UHT milk (mg/200ml) were 262.5 ± 5.1 mg and 116.8 ± 3.1 mg and 246.0 ± 10.3 mg and 162.5 ± 16.3 mg, respectively. Milk intake sufficient to meet the DRI for calcium among adolescents would result in a sodium intake of 584 mg (39% of the AI) from the consumption of powdered milk and 812.5 mg (54% of the AI) from the consumption of UHT milk.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Brazil; Calcium, Dietary; Hot Temperature; Humans; Milk; Nutritional Requirements; Sodium, Dietary
PubMed: 31389556
DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018248.23642017 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2015Globally, more than 800 million people are undernourished while >2 billion people have one or more chronic micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs). More than 6% of global...
Globally, more than 800 million people are undernourished while >2 billion people have one or more chronic micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs). More than 6% of global mortality and morbidity burdens are associated with undernourishment and MNDs. Here we show that, in 2011, 3.5 and 1.1 billion people were at risk of calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) deficiency respectively due to inadequate dietary supply. The global mean dietary supply of Ca and Zn in 2011 was 684 ± 211 and 16 ± 3 mg capita(-1) d(-1) (± SD) respectively. Between 1992 and 2011, global risk of deficiency of Ca and Zn decreased from 76 to 51%, and 22 to 16%, respectively. Approximately 90% of those at risk of Ca and Zn deficiency in 2011 were in Africa and Asia. To our knowledge, these are the first global estimates of dietary Ca deficiency risks based on food supply. We conclude that continuing to reduce Ca and Zn deficiency risks through dietary diversification and food and agricultural interventions including fortification, crop breeding and use of micronutrient fertilisers will remain a significant challenge.
Topics: Calcium, Dietary; Energy Intake; Humans; Income; Phytic Acid; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Zinc
PubMed: 26098577
DOI: 10.1038/srep10974 -
Journal of Animal Science Jan 2023Variations in the dietary Ca concentration may affect inositol phosphate (InsP) degradation, and thereby, P digestibility in pigs. This study assessed the effects of...
Variations in the dietary Ca concentration may affect inositol phosphate (InsP) degradation, and thereby, P digestibility in pigs. This study assessed the effects of dietary Ca concentration and exogenous phytase on InsP degradation, nutrient digestion and retention, blood metabolites, and microbiota composition in growing pigs with ileal cannulation. In a completely randomized row-column design with four periods, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight 27 kg) were fed four corn-soybean- and rapeseed meal-based diets containing 5.5 or 8.5 g Ca/kg dry matter (DM), with or without 1,500 FTU of an exogenous hybrid-6-phytase/kg diet. No mineral P was added and the P concentration in the feed was 4.8 g P/kg DM. Prececal InsP6 disappearance in pigs fed diets containing exogenous phytase was lower (P = 0.022) with additional Ca than without. Concentrations of InsP2-4 isomers and myo-inositol in the distal ileal digesta and prececal P digestibility were greater (P < 0.001) with exogenous phytase than without exogenous phytase. In feces, InsP6 disappearance was lower (P < 0.002) and concentration of InsP5 and InsP4 isomers was higher (P ≤ 0.031) with additional Ca compared to without additional Ca. The prececal amino acid digestibility, energy digestibility, and hindgut disappearance of energy did not differ. The Shannon diversity index of the microbiota in the distal ileal digesta and feces was similar among the diets but was lower in the distal ileal digesta than in the feces (P < 0.001). Permutation analysis of variance revealed no dietary differences between the bacterial groups within the ileal digesta and fecal samples (P > 0.05). In conclusion, additional Ca reduced the effect of exogenous phytase on prececal InsP6 degradation. Endogenous InsP degradation was impaired by additional Ca only in the hindgut but the abundance of bacterial genera in feces was not affected.
Topics: Animals; 6-Phytase; Animal Feed; Calcium, Dietary; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inositol Phosphates; Minerals; Phosphorus, Dietary; Phytic Acid; Swine
PubMed: 37526942
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad254 -
The Journal of Urology Oct 2013Because of high correlations between dairy intake and total dietary calcium, previously reported associations between lower calcium intake and increased kidney stone...
PURPOSE
Because of high correlations between dairy intake and total dietary calcium, previously reported associations between lower calcium intake and increased kidney stone risk represent de facto associations between milk products and risk. We examined associations between dietary calcium from nondairy and dairy sources, and symptomatic nephrolithiasis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed prospective studies in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) in 30,762 men, and in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) I and II in 94,164 and 101,701 women, respectively. We excluded men 60 years old or older because we previously reported inverse associations between calcium intake and risk only in men younger than 60 years. Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess calcium intake every 4 years. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to adjust for age, body mass index, supplemental calcium, diet and other factors.
RESULTS
We documented 5,270 incident kidney stones during the combined 56 years of followup. In participants in the highest vs the lowest quintile of nondairy dietary calcium the multivariate relative risk of kidney stones was 0.71 (95% CI 0.56-0.92, p for trend 0.007) in HPFS, 0.82 (95% CI 0.69-0.98, p trend 0.08) in NHS I and 0.74 (95% CI 0.63-0.87, p trend 0.002) in NHS II. When comparing the highest to the lowest quintile of dairy calcium, the multivariate relative risk was 0.77 (95% CI 0.63-0.95, p trend 0.01) for HPFS, 0.83 (95% CI 0.69-0.99, p trend 0.05) for NHS I and 0.76 (95% CI 0.65-0.88, p trend 0.001) for NHS II.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher dietary calcium from nondairy or dairy sources is independently associated with a lower kidney stone risk.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Calcium, Dietary; Dairy Products; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 23535174
DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.03.074 -
BJOG : An International Journal of... Jul 2014Epidemiological data link low dietary calcium with pre-eclampsia. Current recommendations are for 1.5-2 g/day calcium supplementation for low-intake pregnant women,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Epidemiological data link low dietary calcium with pre-eclampsia. Current recommendations are for 1.5-2 g/day calcium supplementation for low-intake pregnant women, based on randomised controlled trials of ≥1 g/day calcium supplementation from 20 weeks of gestation. This is problematic logistically in low-resource settings; excessive calcium may be harmful; and 20 weeks may be too late to alter outcomes.
OBJECTIVES
To review the impact of lower dose calcium supplementation on pre-eclampsia risk.
SEARCH STRATEGY AND SELECTION CRITERIA
We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors extracted data from eligible randomised and quasi-randomised trials of low-dose calcium (LDC, <1 g/day), with or without other supplements.
MAIN RESULTS
Pre-eclampsia was reduced consistently with LDC with or without co-supplements (nine trials, 2234 women, relative risk [RR] 0.38; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.28-0.52), as well as for subgroups: LDC alone (four trials, 980 women, RR 0.36; 95% CI 0.23-0.57]); LDC plus linoleic acid (two trials, 134 women, RR 0.23; 95% CI 0.09-0.60); LDC plus vitamin D (two trials, 1060 women, RR 0.49; 0.31-0.78) and a trend for LDC plus antioxidants (one trial, 60 women, RR 0.24; 95% CI 0.06-1.01). Overall results were consistent with the single quality trial of LDC alone (171 women, RR 0.30; 95% CI 0.06-1.38). LDC plus antioxidants commencing at 8-12 weeks tended to reduce miscarriage (one trial, 60 women, RR 0.06; 95% CI 0.00-1.04).
CONCLUSIONS
These limited data are consistent with LDC reducing the risk of pre-eclampsia; confirming this in sufficiently powered randomised controlled trials would have implications for current guidelines and their global implementation.
Topics: Calcium, Dietary; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 24621141
DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12613 -
Journal of Animal Science Jul 2019The quality and strength of the skeleton is regulated by mechanical loading and adequate mineral intake of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). Whole body vibration (WBV)...
The quality and strength of the skeleton is regulated by mechanical loading and adequate mineral intake of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). Whole body vibration (WBV) has been shown to elicit adaptive responses in the skeleton, such as increased bone mass and strength. This experiment was designed to determine the effects of WBV and dietary Ca and P on bone microarchitecture and turnover. A total of 26 growing pigs were utilized in a 60-d experiment. Pigs were randomly assigned within group to a 2 × 2 factorial design with dietary Ca and P concentration (low and adequate) as well as WBV. The adequate diet was formulated to meet all nutritional needs according to the NRC recommendations for growing pigs. Low Ca, P diets had 0.16% lower Ca and 0.13% lower P than the adequate diet. Pigs receiving WBV were vibrated 30 min/d, 3 d/wk at a magnitude of 1 to 2 mm and a frequency of 50 Hz. On days 0, 30, and 60, digital radiographs were taken to determine bone mineral content by radiographic bone aluminum equivalency (RBAE) and serum was collected to measure biochemical markers of bone formation (osteocalcin, OC) and bone resorption (carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks, CTX-I). At day 60, pigs were euthanized and the left third metacarpal bone was excised for detailed analysis by microcomputed tomography (microCT) to measure trabecular microarchitecture and cortical bone geometry. Maximum RBAE values for the medial or lateral cortices were not affected (P > 0.05) by WBV. Pigs fed adequate Ca and P tended (P = 0.10) to have increased RBAE max values for the medial and lateral cortices. WBV pigs had significantly decreased serum CTX-1 concentrations (P = 0.044), whereas animals fed a low Ca and P diet had increased (P < 0.05) OC concentrations. In bone, WBV pigs showed a significantly lower trabecular number (P = 0.002) and increased trabecular separation (P = 0.003), whereas cortical bone parameters were not significantly altered by WBV or diet (P > 0.05). In summary, this study confirmed the normal physiological responses of the skeleton to a low Ca, P diet. Interestingly, although the WBV protocol utilized in this study did not elicit any significant osteogenic response, decreases in CTX-1 in response to WBV may have been an early local adaptive bone response. We interpret these data to suggest that the frequency and amplitude of WBV was likely sufficient to elicit a bone remodeling response, but the duration of the study may not have captured the full extent of an entire bone remodeling cycle.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Bone and Bones; Calcium, Dietary; Diet; Female; Male; Osteogenesis; Phosphorus, Dietary; Random Allocation; Swine; Vibration; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 31265734
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz189 -
The American Journal of Clinical... May 2013The findings from epidemiologic studies of calcium intake and risk of stroke have been conflicting. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The findings from epidemiologic studies of calcium intake and risk of stroke have been conflicting.
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to conduct a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies to assess the association between dietary calcium intake and stroke risk.
DESIGN
Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases until 11 December 2012 and by reviewing the reference lists of relevant articles. Observational prospective studies that reported RRs and 95% CIs for the association of calcium intake with stroke incidence or mortality were eligible. Study-specific RRs were combined by using a random-effects model.
RESULTS
Eleven prospective studies, including 9095 cases of stroke, were included in the meta-analysis. Evidence of a nonlinear association between dietary calcium intake and risk of stroke was found. In a stratified analysis, calcium intake was inversely associated with risk of stroke in populations with a low to moderate average calcium intake (<700 mg/d; RR for a 300-mg/d increase in calcium intake: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.88) but was weakly positively associated with risk in populations with a high calcium intake (≥700 mg/d; corresponding RR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.06). An inverse association between calcium intake and risk of stroke was observed only in Asian populations (n = 4; RR for a 300-mg/d increase in calcium intake: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.87).
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that dietary calcium intake may be inversely associated with stroke in populations with low to moderate calcium intakes and in Asian populations.
Topics: Asian People; Calcium, Dietary; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Nonlinear Dynamics; Risk Factors; Stroke
PubMed: 23553167
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.052449