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Nutrition Journal Oct 2017Previously, a "purchase" pattern (rich in vegetable oil, manufactured foods, red meat and poultry, fruits, and vegetables) was identified among adults in urban Ghana and...
BACKGROUND
Previously, a "purchase" pattern (rich in vegetable oil, manufactured foods, red meat and poultry, fruits, and vegetables) was identified among adults in urban Ghana and was inversely associated with T2D, while a "traditional" pattern (rich in fish, palm oil, plantain, green-leafy vegetables, beans, garden egg, fermented maize products,) increased the odds of T2D. To investigate, if specific fatty acids (FAs), partly reflecting the intakes of certain food groups and cooking methods, might explain the observed diet-disease relationships, serum phospholipid fatty acid profiles were characterized and their relationships with blood lipids that are common risk factors for T2D were analyzed.
METHODS
The relative proportions of 28 FAs (%) in 653 Ghanaians without T2D were measured by gas chromatography. In a cross-sectional analysis, the associations of FAs with dietary patterns and with serum lipids that are likely involved in T2D development were investigated. The FAs distributions across dietary pattern scores were examined. Standardized beta coefficients (β) were calculated for the associations of dietary pattern scores (per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase) with FAs. Across the tertiles of selected diet-related FAs, adjusted means of serum triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were calculated.
RESULTS
In this mainly female (76%), middle-aged (mean age: 46.4, SD: 15.3 years) and predominately overweight study population (mean body mass index: 25.8, SD: 5.4 kg/m), saturated FAs (SFAs) contributed 52% to total serum FAs, n-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) 27%, monounsaturated FAs 12%, n-3 PUFAs 9% and trans FAs (TFAs) <1%. The "purchase" pattern was related to lower proportions of n-3 PUFAs (β per 1 score SD: -0.25, p < 0.0001), but higher proportions of linoleic acid (LA) (β per 1 score SD: 0.24, p < 0.0001). The "traditional" pattern was characterized by lower proportions of arachidic acid (β per 1 score SD: -0.10, p = 0.001). LA was inversely associated with triglycerides, but positively with HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol.
CONCLUSIONS
In this Ghanaian population, serum FA profiles reflected the intake of key components of dietary patterns, such as fish and vegetable oil. FAs from manufactured foods (SFAs) and deep-fried meals (TFAs) did not contribute to the observed associations between dietary patterns and T2D. Still, LA might partly explain the health-beneficial effect of the "purchase" pattern.
Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Female; Ghana; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phospholipids; Risk Factors; Trans Fatty Acids; Triglycerides
PubMed: 28969694
DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0286-x -
Diabetes Care Feb 2021Islet autoimmunity is associated with diabetes incidence. We investigated whether there was an interaction between dietary fish intake or plasma phospholipid n-3...
Interaction Between GAD65 Antibodies and Dietary Fish Intake or Plasma Phospholipid n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Incident Adult-Onset Diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct Study.
OBJECTIVE
Islet autoimmunity is associated with diabetes incidence. We investigated whether there was an interaction between dietary fish intake or plasma phospholipid n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration with the 65-kDa isoform of GAD (GAD65) antibody positivity on the risk of developing adult-onset diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used prospective data on 11,247 incident cases of adult-onset diabetes and 14,288 noncases from the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study conducted in eight European countries. Baseline plasma samples were analyzed for GAD65 antibodies and phospholipid n-3 PUFAs. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes in relation to GAD65 antibody status and tertiles of plasma phospholipid n-3 PUFA or fish intake were estimated using Prentice-weighted Cox regression. Additive (proportion attributable to interaction [AP]) and multiplicative interactions between GAD65 antibody positivity (≥65 units/mL) and low fish/n-3 PUFA were assessed.
RESULTS
The hazard of diabetes in antibody-positive individuals with low intake of total and fatty fish, respectively, was significantly elevated (HR 2.52 [95% CI 1.76-3.63] and 2.48 [1.79-3.45]) compared with people who were GAD65 antibody negative and had high fish intake, with evidence of additive (AP 0.44 [95% CI 0.16-0.72] and 0.48 [0.24-0.72]) and multiplicative ( = 0.0465 and 0.0103) interactions. Individuals with high GAD65 antibody levels (≥167.5 units/mL) and low total plasma phospholipid n-3 PUFAs had a more than fourfold higher hazard of diabetes (HR 4.26 [2.70-6.72]) and an AP of 0.46 (0.12-0.80) compared with antibody-negative individuals with high n-3 PUFAs.
CONCLUSIONS
High fish intake or relative plasma phospholipid n-3 PUFA concentrations may partially counteract the increased diabetes risk conferred by GAD65 antibody positivity.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Phospholipids; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 33303636
DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1463 -
Nutrients Oct 2018Choline, an essential dietary nutrient for humans, is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, the methyl group donor, betaine, and... (Review)
Review
Choline, an essential dietary nutrient for humans, is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, the methyl group donor, betaine, and phospholipids; and therefore, choline is involved in a broad range of critical physiological functions across all stages of the life cycle. The current dietary recommendations for choline have been established as Adequate Intakes (AIs) for total choline; however, dietary choline is present in multiple different forms that are both water-soluble (e.g., free choline, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine) and lipid-soluble (e.g., phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin). Interestingly, the different dietary choline forms consumed during infancy differ from those in adulthood. This can be explained by the primary food source, where the majority of choline present in human milk is in the water-soluble form, versus lipid-soluble forms for foods consumed later on. This review summarizes the current knowledge on dietary recommendations and assessment methods, and dietary choline intake from food sources across the life cycle.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adult; Betaine; Choline; Diet; Eating; Human Development; Humans; Infant; Milk, Human; Nutritional Requirements; Phospholipids
PubMed: 30332744
DOI: 10.3390/nu10101513 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2018The worldwide demographical trend is changing towards a more elderly population. In particular, this phenomenon is increasing the number of neurodegenerative disease... (Review)
Review
The worldwide demographical trend is changing towards a more elderly population. In particular, this phenomenon is increasing the number of neurodegenerative disease cases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) in advanced countries. Therefore, there is a fertile field for neuroprotective approaches to address this problem. A useful strategy to protect the membrane integrity of cells and reduce inflammatory processes. In this context, the neurons represent particularly vulnerable cells. Thus, a protection strategy should include their membrane preservation and improved anti-inflammatory processes. The contribution of phospholipid derivatives to this issue is crucial and many articles evidence their role in both health and disease. On the other hand, some lipids containing choline actively participate to increase the choline levels in the nervous system. It is acknowledged that the cholinergic system plays a pivotal role both in the central and in the peripheral nervous system. Neurons cannot synthesize choline, which is provided by the diet. The reuptake of ACh and its hydrolysis represent the principal source of choline. Therefore, to cover choline needs, choline-containing lipids may be used. There are different works which demonstrate their neuroprotective features This review article analyzes phospholipid and lipid derivatives that through different mechanisms are involved in these protective processes, although, sometimes the same molecules may behave as neurotoxic elements, therefore, their protective machinery should be detailed better.
Topics: Animals; Cholesterol; Choline; Humans; Lipids; Membrane Lipids; Neurons; Neuroprotection; Neuroprotective Agents; Phospholipids; Receptors, Lysosphingolipid; Sphingosine
PubMed: 30189584
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092257 -
Nutrients Apr 2015Eggs are a major source of phospholipids (PL) in the Western diet. Dietary PL have emerged as a potential source of bioactive lipids that may have widespread effects on... (Review)
Review
Eggs are a major source of phospholipids (PL) in the Western diet. Dietary PL have emerged as a potential source of bioactive lipids that may have widespread effects on pathways related to inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function. Based on pre-clinical studies, egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin appear to regulate cholesterol absorption and inflammation. In clinical studies, egg PL intake is associated with beneficial changes in biomarkers related to HDL reverse cholesterol transport. Recently, egg PC was shown to be a substrate for the generation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-dependent metabolite associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. More research is warranted to examine potential serum TMAO responses with chronic egg ingestion and in different populations, such as diabetics. In this review, the recent basic science, clinical, and epidemiological findings examining egg PL intake and risk of CVD are summarized.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Cholesterol, HDL; Diet; Eggs; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Methylamines; Models, Animal; Phospholipids; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 25871489
DOI: 10.3390/nu7042731 -
Nutrients May 2018Since the Seven Countries Study, dietary cholesterol and the levels of serum cholesterol in relation to the development of chronic diseases have been somewhat demonised.... (Review)
Review
Since the Seven Countries Study, dietary cholesterol and the levels of serum cholesterol in relation to the development of chronic diseases have been somewhat demonised. However, the principles of the Mediterranean diet and relevant data linked to the examples of people living in the five blue zones demonstrate that the key to longevity and the prevention of chronic disease development is not the reduction of dietary or serum cholesterol but the control of systemic inflammation. In this review, we present all the relevant data that supports the view that it is inflammation induced by several factors, such as platelet-activating factor (PAF), that leads to the onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) rather than serum cholesterol. The key to reducing the incidence of CVD is to control the activities of PAF and other inflammatory mediators via diet, exercise, and healthy lifestyle choices. The relevant studies and data supporting these views are discussed in this review.
Topics: Cholesterol; Chronic Disease; Diet, Healthy; Diet, Mediterranean; Exercise; Health Behavior; Humans; Incidence; Inflammation; Life Style; Observational Studies as Topic; Platelet Activating Factor; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29757226
DOI: 10.3390/nu10050604 -
Scientific Reports May 2024This study was conducted to verify the essentiality of dietary cholesterol for early juvenile slipper lobster, Thenus australiensis (initial weight 4.50 ± 0.72 g,...
This study was conducted to verify the essentiality of dietary cholesterol for early juvenile slipper lobster, Thenus australiensis (initial weight 4.50 ± 0.72 g, mean ± SD, CV = 0.16), and to explore the potential for interactions between dietary cholesterol and phospholipid. An 8-week experiment was conducted using six experimental feeds containing three supplemental cholesterol concentrations (0, 0.2 and 0.4% dry matter) at two supplemental phospholipid concentrations (0% and 1.0% dry matter). Dietary cholesterol concentrations of ≥ 0.2% resulted in up to threefold greater weight gain compared to 0% dietary cholesterol, but without any significant main or interactive dietary phospholipid effect. An interaction was observed for lobster survival with lowest survival (46%) recorded for combined 0% cholesterol and 0% phospholipid compared to every other treatment (71-100%). However, all surviving lobsters at 0% dietary cholesterol, regardless of dietary phospholipid level, were in poor nutritional condition. Apparent feed intake (AFI) was significantly higher at dietary cholesterol ≥ 0.2% but was lower for each corresponding dietary cholesterol level at 1% dietary phospholipid. This implied that the feed conversion ratio was improved with supplemental phospholipid. In conclusion, this study confirms the essential nature of dietary cholesterol and that dietary phospholipid can provide additional benefits.
Topics: Animals; Phospholipids; Cholesterol, Dietary; Palinuridae; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 38710742
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60367-1 -
BioMed Research International 2013Dietary fatty acids regulate several physiological functions. However, to exert their properties, they have to be present in the diet in an optimal balance. Particular... (Review)
Review
Dietary fatty acids regulate several physiological functions. However, to exert their properties, they have to be present in the diet in an optimal balance. Particular attention has been focused on tissue highly polyunsaturated fatty acids (HPUFAs) n-6/n-3 ratio, influenced by the type and the esterified form of dietary fatty acids. Dietary EPA and DHA when esterified to phospholipids (PLs) are more efficiently incorporated into tissue PLs and seem to possess peculiar properties through specific mechanism(s) of action, such as the capacity to affect endocannabinoid biosynthesis at much lower doses than EPA and DHA in triglyceride form, probably because of the above mentioned higher incorporation into tissue PLs. Downregulation of the endocannabinoid system seems to mediate the positive effects exerted by omega-3-enriched PLs on several parameters of metabolic syndrome. PLs are one of the major dietary forms of EPA and DHA we are exposed to with the everyday diet; therefore, it is not surprising that it guarantees an effective EPA and DHA nutritional activity. Future studies should address whether EPA and DHA in PL form are also more effective than other formulations in ameliorating other pathological conditions where n-3 HPUFAs seem to exert beneficial activities such as cancer and psychiatric disorders.
Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Diet; Eicosanoids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Phospholipids
PubMed: 23984423
DOI: 10.1155/2013/965417 -
PloS One 2015The inclusion of intact phospholipids in the diet is essential during larval development and can improve culture performance of many fish species. The effects of...
The inclusion of intact phospholipids in the diet is essential during larval development and can improve culture performance of many fish species. The effects of supplementation of dietary phospholipid from marine (krill) or plant (soy lecithin) sources were investigated in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. First feeding fry were fed diets containing either krill oil or soybean lecithin supplying phospholipid at 2.6%, 3.2%, 3.6% and 4.2% of diet. Fish were sampled at ~ 2.5 g (~1,990°day post fertilization, dpf) and ~10 g (2,850°dpf). By comparison of the intestinal transcriptome in specifically chosen contrasts, it was determined that by 2,850°dpf fish possessed a profile that resembled that of mature and differentiated intestinal cell types with a number of changes specific to glycerophospholipid metabolism. It was previously shown that intact phospholipids and particularly phosphatidylcholine are essential during larval development and that this requirement is associated with the inability of enterocytes in young fry to endogenously synthesize sufficient phospholipid for the efficient export of dietary lipid. In the immature phase (~1,990°dpf), the dietary phospholipid content as well as its class composition impacted on several biochemical and morphological parameters including growth, but these differences were not associated with differences in intestinal transcriptomes. The results of this study have made an important contribution to our understanding of the mechanisms associated with lipid transport and phospholipid biosynthesis in early life stages of fish.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Biological Transport; Diet; Dietary Fats; Dietary Supplements; Gene Expression Profiling; Glycerophospholipids; Intestines; Lipid Metabolism; Plant Oils; Salmo salar; Transcriptome
PubMed: 26488165
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140964 -
Journal of Cellular and Molecular... Feb 2019Insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet and impropriate life style is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. However, the underlying molecular... (Review)
Review
Insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet and impropriate life style is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Recent studies in metabolic dysfunction have extended this beyond simply elevated cholesterol and triglycerides levels and have identified a key role for lipid metabolism. For example, altered phospholipid metabolism has now become central in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. In this review, we discuss the association between insulin sensitivity and phospholipid metabolism and highlight the most significant discoveries generated over the last several decades. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge surrounding the molecular mechanisms related to phospholipids and insulin resistance and provide new insight for future research into their relationship.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Fat; Glucose; Glycerophospholipids; Glycosphingolipids; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolic Diseases; Obesity; Phospholipids; Triglycerides; Vascular Diseases
PubMed: 30402908
DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13984