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Nutrients Aug 2023This feeding trial evaluated the impact of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on changes in plasma choline, choline metabolites, and ceramides in obese... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
This feeding trial evaluated the impact of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on changes in plasma choline, choline metabolites, and ceramides in obese older adults; 28 adults consumed 3oz (n = 15) or 6oz (n = 13) of beef within a standardized DASH diet for 12 weeks. Plasma choline, betaine, methionine, dimethylglycine (DMG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphotidylcholine (LPC), sphingomyelin, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), L-carnitine, ceramide, and triglycerides were measured in fasted blood samples. Plasma LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species were also quantified. In response to the study diet, with beef intake groups combined, plasma choline decreased by 9.6% ( = 0.012); DMG decreased by 10% ( = 0.042); PC decreased by 51% ( < 0.001); total LPC increased by 281% ( < 0.001); TMAO increased by 26.5% ( < 0.001); total ceramide decreased by 22.1% ( < 0.001); and triglycerides decreased by 18% ( = 0.021). All 20 LPC species measured increased ( < 0.01) with LPC 16:0 having the greatest response. Sphingomyelin 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 increased (all < 0.001) by 10.4%, 22.5%, and 24%, respectively. In contrast, we observed that sphingomyelin 24:0 significantly decreased by 10%. Ceramide 22:0 and 24:0 decreased by 27.6% and 10.9% ( < 0.001), respectively, and ceramide 24:1 increased by 36.8% ( = 0.013). Changes in choline and choline metabolites were in association with anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes. These findings show the impact of the DASH diet on choline metabolism in older adults and demonstrate the influence of diet to modify circulating LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Ceramides; Choline; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension; Lecithins; Meat; Sphingomyelins
PubMed: 37686719
DOI: 10.3390/nu15173687 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and... Aug 2020The oral administration of solid dosage forms is the commonest method to achieve systemic therapy and relies on the drug's solubility in human intestinal fluid (HIF), a...
The oral administration of solid dosage forms is the commonest method to achieve systemic therapy and relies on the drug's solubility in human intestinal fluid (HIF), a key factor that influences bioavailability and biopharmaceutical classification. However, HIF is difficult to obtain and is known to be variable, which has led to the development of a range of simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) systems to determine drug solubility in vitro. In this study we have applied a novel multidimensional approach to analyse and characterise HIF composition using a published data set in both fasted and fed states with a view to refining the existing SIF approaches. The data set provided 152 and 172 measurements of five variables (total bile salt, phospholipid, total free fatty acid, cholesterol and pH) in time-dependent HIF samples from 20 volunteers in the fasted and fed state, respectively. The variable data sets for both fasted state and fed state are complex, do not follow normal distributions but the amphiphilic variable concentrations are correlated. When plotted 2-dimensionally a generally ellipsoid shaped data cloud with a positive slope is revealed with boundaries that enclose published fasted or fed HIF compositions. The data cloud also encloses the majority of fasted state and fed state SIF recipes and illustrates that the structured nature of design of experiment (DoE) approaches does not optimally cover the variable space and may examine media compositions that are not biorelevant. A principal component analysis in either fasted or fed state in combination with fitting an ellipsoid shape to enclose the data results in 8 points that capture over 95% of the compositional variability of HIF. The variable's average rate of concentration change in both fasted state and fed state over a short time scale (10 min) is zero and a Euclidean analysis highlights differences between the fasted and fed states and among individual volunteers. The results indicate that a 9-point DoE (8 + 1 central point) could be applied to investigate drug solubility in vitro and provide statistical solubility limits. In addition, a single point could provide a worst-case solubility measurement to define the lowest biopharmaceutical classification boundary or for use during drug development. This study has provided a novel description of HIF composition. The approach could be expanded in multiple ways by incorporation of further data sets to improve the statistical coverage or to cover specific patient groups (e.g., paediatric). Further development might also be possible to analyse information on the time dependent behaviour of HIF and to guide HIF sampling and analysis protocols.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Body Fluids; Fasting; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Secretions; Intestines; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phospholipids; Solubility
PubMed: 32585351
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.011 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2017Milk is one of the most important foods for mammals, because it is the first form of feed providing energy, nutrients and immunological factors. In the last few years,... (Review)
Review
Milk is one of the most important foods for mammals, because it is the first form of feed providing energy, nutrients and immunological factors. In the last few years, milk lipids have attracted the attention of researchers due to the presence of several bioactive components in the lipid fraction. The lipid fraction of milk and dairy products contains several components of nutritional significance, such as ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, CLA, short chain fatty acids, gangliosides and phospholipids. Prospective cohort evidence has shown that phospholipids play an important role in the human diet and reinforce the possible relationship between their consumption and prevention of several chronic diseases. Because of these potential benefits of phospholipids in the human diet, this review is focused on the recent advances in phospholipids from colostrum, milk and dairy by-products. Phospholipid composition, its main determination methods and the health activities of these compounds will be addressed.
Topics: Animals; Colostrum; Dairy Products; Diet; Humans; Inflammation; Milk; Neoplasms; Nervous System Diseases; Phospholipids
PubMed: 28106745
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010173 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2012Cardiolipin is a signature phospholipid of major functional significance in mitochondria. In heart mitochondria the fatty acid composition of cardiolipin is commonly... (Review)
Review
Cardiolipin is a signature phospholipid of major functional significance in mitochondria. In heart mitochondria the fatty acid composition of cardiolipin is commonly viewed as highly regulated due to its high levels of linoleic acid (18:2n - 6) and the dominant presence of a 4×18:2 molecular species. However, analysis of data from a comprehensive compilation of studies reporting changes in fatty acid composition of cardiolipin in heart and liver mitochondria in response to dietary fat shows that, in heart the accrual of 18:2 into cardiolipin conforms strongly to its dietary availability at up to 20% of total dietary fatty acid and thereafter is regulated. In liver, no dietary conformer trend is apparent for 18:2 with regulated lower levels across the dietary range for 18:2. When 18:2 and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n - 3) are present in the same diet, 22:6 is incorporated into cardiolipin of heart and liver at the expense of 18:2 when 22:6 is up to ~20% and 10% of total dietary fatty acid respectively. Changes in fatty acid composition in response to dietary fat are also compared for the two other main mitochondrial phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the potential consequences of replacement of 18:2 with 22:6 in cardiolipin are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Cardiolipins; Diet; Dietary Fats; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Mitochondria; Myocardium
PubMed: 23203135
DOI: 10.3390/ijms131115447 -
Journal of Psychiatric Research Dec 2017Evidence from P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P MRS) studies suggest that different psychiatric disorders, which typically emerge during adolescence and young...
Evidence from P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P MRS) studies suggest that different psychiatric disorders, which typically emerge during adolescence and young adulthood, are associated with abnormalities in mitochondrial bioenergetics and membrane phospholipid metabolism. These disorders are also associated with deficits in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which accumulates in mitochondrial and synaptic membranes. The present study investigated the effects of dietary-induced alterations in brain DHA accrual during adolescence on phospholipid metabolism and bioenergetics in the adult rat brain using P MRS. During the peri-adolescent period (P21-P90), male rats were fed a diet with no n-3 fatty acids (Deficient, DEF, n = 20), a diet fortified with preformed DHA (fish oil, FO, n = 20), or a control diet fortified with alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, n = 20). On P90, P MRS was performed under isoflurane anesthetic using a 7 T Bruker Biospec system. Compared with controls, brain DHA levels were significantly lower in adult rats fed the DEF diet (-17%, p ≤ 0.0001) and significantly higher in rats fed the FO diet (+14%, p ≤ 0.0001). There were no significant group differences for indices of bioenergetics, including adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine levels, or indices of membrane phospholipid metabolism including phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters. Therefore, the present P MRS data suggest that rat brain DHA levels are not a significant predictor of mitochondrial bioenergetics or membrane phospholipid metabolism.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Brain; Diet; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Energy Metabolism; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Mitochondria; Phospholipids; Phosphorus; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans
PubMed: 28846858
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.014 -
Journal of Lipid Research May 2023Conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by autotaxin, a secreted phospholipase D, is a major pathway for producing LPA. We previously...
Conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by autotaxin, a secreted phospholipase D, is a major pathway for producing LPA. We previously reported that feeding Ldlr mice standard mouse chow supplemented with unsaturated LPA or lysophosphatidylcholine qualitatively mimicked the dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis induced by feeding a Western diet (WD). Here, we report that adding unsaturated LPA to standard mouse chow also increased the content of reactive oxygen species and oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) in jejunum mucus. To determine the role of intestinal autotaxin, enterocyte-specific Ldlr/Enpp2 KO (intestinal KO) mice were generated. In control mice, the WD increased enterocyte Enpp2 expression and raised autotaxin levels. Ex vivo, addition of OxPL to jejunum from Ldlr mice on a chow diet induced expression of Enpp2. In control mice, the WD raised OxPL levels in jejunum mucus and decreased gene expression in enterocytes for a number of peptides and proteins that affect antimicrobial activity. On the WD, the control mice developed elevated levels of lipopolysaccharide in jejunum mucus and plasma, with increased dyslipidemia and increased atherosclerosis. All these changes were reduced in the intestinal KO mice. We conclude that the WD increases the formation of intestinal OxPL, which i) induce enterocyte Enpp2 and autotaxin resulting in higher enterocyte LPA levels; that ii) contribute to the formation of reactive oxygen species that help to maintain the high OxPL levels; iii) decrease intestinal antimicrobial activity; and iv) raise plasma lipopolysaccharide levels that promote systemic inflammation and enhance atherosclerosis.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Enterocytes; Lipopolysaccharides; Reactive Oxygen Species; Lysophospholipids; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Diet, Western; Inflammation; Dyslipidemias; Atherosclerosis; Anti-Infective Agents
PubMed: 37059333
DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100370 -
Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental Oct 2008The brain is unusual among organs in that the rates of many of its characteristic enzymatic reactions are controlled by the local concentrations of their substrates,... (Review)
Review
The brain is unusual among organs in that the rates of many of its characteristic enzymatic reactions are controlled by the local concentrations of their substrates, which also happen to be nutrients that cross the blood-brain barrier. Thus, for example, brain levels of tryptophan, tyrosine, or choline can control the rates at which neurons synthesize serotonin, dopamine, or acetylcholine, respectively. The rates at which brain cells produce membrane phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) are also under such control, both in adult animals and, especially, during early development. If pregnant rats are fed the 3 dietary constituents needed for PC synthesis- docosahexaenoic acid, uridine, and choline-starting 10 days before parturition and continuing for 20 days during nursing, brain levels of PC, and of the other membrane phosphatides (per cell or per mg protein), are increased by 50% or more. In adult animals, this treatment is also known to increase synaptic proteins (eg, synapsin-l, syntaxin-3, GluR-l, PSD-95) but not ubiquitous proteins like beta-tubulin and to increase (by 30% or more) the number of dendritic spines on hippocampal neurons. Docosahexaenoic acid currently is widely used, in human infants, to diminish the negative effects of prematurity on cognitive development. Moreover, docosahexaenoic acid, uridine (as uridine monophosphate), and choline are all found in mother's milk, and included in most infant formulas. It is proposed that these substances are part of a regulatory mechanism through which plasma composition influences brain development.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cognition; Dendrites; Diet; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Food; Humans; Phospholipids; Synapses; Uridine
PubMed: 18803968
DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.07.007 -
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and... Jun 2017Lipids are a complex group of chemical compounds that are a significant component of the human diet and are one of the main constituents of milk. In mammals, lipids are... (Review)
Review
Lipids are a complex group of chemical compounds that are a significant component of the human diet and are one of the main constituents of milk. In mammals, lipids are produced in the milk-secreting cells in the form of milk fat globules. The chemical properties of these compounds necessitate developing separate processes for effective management of non-polar substances in the polar environment of the cell, not only during their biosynthesis and accumulation in the cell interior and secretion of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets outside the cell, but also during digestion in the offspring. Phospholipids play an important role in these processes. Their characteristic properties make them indispensable for the secretion of milk fat as well as other milk components. This review investigates how these processes depend on the coordinated flux and availability of phospholipids and how the relationship between the surface area (phospholipids) and volume (neutral lipids) of the cytoplasmic lipid droplets must be in biosynthetic balance. The structure formed as a result (i.e. a milk fat globule) is therefore a result of specified structural limitations inside the cell, whose overcoming enables the coordinated secretion of milk components. This structure and its composition also reflects the nutritional demands of the developing infant organism as a result of evolutionary adaptation.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Human; Milk; Phospholipids
PubMed: 28243823
DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9376-9 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Aug 2023Dietary fats are essential for maternal and fetal health. Fatty acids (FAs) in erythrocytes characterize the FA profile, which is influenced by diet and other factors....
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Dietary fats are essential for maternal and fetal health. Fatty acids (FAs) in erythrocytes characterize the FA profile, which is influenced by diet and other factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the main FAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and their influencing factors-dietary fat and supplement intake and lifestyle factors-in Latvian pregnant women.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study included 236 pregnant and postpartum women. The data were collected from medical documentation, a food frequency questionnaire, and a questionnaire on demographic, lifestyle, health status, and nutritional habits in outpatient clinics and maternity departments. FAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids were determined using gas chromatography.
RESULTS
Correlations were found between dietary SFAs and erythrocyte SFAs (r = -0.140, = 0.032) and PUFAs (r = 0.167, = 0.01) and between dietary PUFAs and erythrocyte MUFAs (r = -0.143, = 0.028). Dietary SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs positively correlated with the studied n-3 and n-6 FAs in erythrocytes. Vitamin D correlated positively with MUFA and negatively with total PUFA and AA in erythrocytes. There was a negative correlation between dietary vitamin A and linoleic acid in erythrocytes. Physical activity negatively correlated with erythrocyte MUFAs and positively with erythrocyte PUFAs. Alcohol consumption positively correlated with erythrocyte SFAs and negatively with erythrocyte PUFAs.
CONCLUSIONS
There are indications that some dietary FAs may be correlated with erythrocyte FAs. Possible influencing factors for this association are alcohol, physical activity, vitamin D, and vitamin A.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Fatty Acids; Phospholipids; Vitamin A; Cross-Sectional Studies; Latvia; Pregnant Women; Diet; Erythrocytes; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Dietary Fats
PubMed: 37763633
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091514 -
Journal of Lipid Research Jun 1983The effects of fiber ingestion on the incorporation of oleic acid into triglyceride and lecithin, acetate incorporation into cholesterol, and monosaccharide and amino...
The effects of fiber ingestion on the incorporation of oleic acid into triglyceride and lecithin, acetate incorporation into cholesterol, and monosaccharide and amino acid transport were determined in rat intestine. Prolonged pectin (10% by weight) ingestion caused a decrease in jejunal and ileal cholesterol synthesis (33% and 52%, respectively). Pectin ingestion reduced cholesterol synthesis by 60% in ileal crypt cells, but did not affect cholesterol synthesis in the jejunal or ileal villus cells or in jejunal crypt cells. Cholesterol synthesis in isolated crypt cells was markedly less than in isolated villus cells. Prolonged ingestion of a fiber-free diet supplemented with either cellulose or pectin (10% and 5% by weight, respectively) decreased jejunal lecithin glucose and leucine absorption but did not affect jejunal triglyceride synthesis.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Cholesterol; Dietary Fiber; Epithelium; Ileum; In Vitro Techniques; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum; Kinetics; Male; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains
PubMed: 6310013
DOI: No ID Found