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Journal of Dairy Science Dec 2023Rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation in the periparturient period has in some instances prevented and alleviated fatty liver disease in dairy cows....
Rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation in the periparturient period has in some instances prevented and alleviated fatty liver disease in dairy cows. Mechanistically, however, it is unclear how choline prevents the accumulation of lipid droplets (LD) in liver cells. In this study, primary liver cells isolated from liver tissue obtained via puncture biopsy from 3 nonpregnant mid-lactation multiparous Holstein cows (∼160 d postpartum) were used. Analyses of LD via oil red O staining, protein abundance via Western blotting, and phospholipid content and composition measured by thin-layer chromatography and HPLC/mass spectrometry were performed in liver cells cultured in choline-deficient medium containing 150 μmol/L linoleic acid for 24 h. In a subsequent experiment, lipophagy was assessed in liver cells cultured with 30, 60, or 90 µmol/L choline-chloride. All data were analyzed statistically using SPSS 20.0 via t-tests or one-way ANOVA. Compared with liver cells cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium alone, choline deficiency increased the average diameter of LD (1.59 vs. 2.10 µm), decreased the proportion of small LD (<2 µm) from 75.3% to 56.6%, and increased the proportion of large LD (>4 µm) from 5.6% to 15.0%. In addition, the speed of LD fusion was enhanced by the absence of choline. Among phospholipid species, the phosphatidylcholine (PC) content of liver cells decreased by 34.5%. Seventeen species of PC (PC [18:2_22:6], PC [15:0_16:1], PC [14:0_20:4], and so on) and 6 species of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC; LPC [15:0/0:0]), PC (22:2/0:0), LPC (20:2/0:0), and so on] were decreased, while PC (14:1_16:1) and LPC (0:0/20:1) were increased. Choline deficiency increased the triglyceride (TAG) content (0.57 vs. 0.39 μmol/mg) in liver cells and increased the protein abundance of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1, sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage activation protein, and fatty acid synthase by 23.5%, 17%, and 36.1%, respectively. Upon re-supplementation with choline, the phenotype of LD (TAG content, size, proportion, and phospholipid profile) was reversed, and the ratio of autophagy marker LC3II/LC3I protein was significantly upregulated in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, at least in vitro in mid-lactation cows, these data demonstrated that PC synthesis is necessary for normal LD formation, and both rely on choline availability. According to the limitation of the source of liver cells used, further work should be conducted to ascertain that these effects are applicable to liver cells from postpartum cows, the physiological stage where the use of RPC has been implemented for the prevention and treatment of fatty liver.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Choline Deficiency; Lipid Droplets; Choline; Lactation; Liver; Phospholipids; Dietary Supplements; Diet; Rumen; Milk; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37678795
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23452 -
The Journal of Nutrition Jun 2023Sea cucumber phospholipids, marine-derived lipids with high nutritional functions, have been proven to exhibit various biological activities. However, it is unclear how...
BACKGROUND
Sea cucumber phospholipids, marine-derived lipids with high nutritional functions, have been proven to exhibit various biological activities. However, it is unclear how sea cucumber phospholipids regulate cholesterol (Chol) metabolism in atherosclerosis.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of sea cucumber phospholipids on the metabolism of Chol and cholesterol esters (CE) in ApoE mice, including plasmenyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PE-P) and plasmanyl phosphatidylcholine (PC-O).
METHODS
Male ApoE mice were fed with Chow diet, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with PC-O or PE-P, respectively. We integrated a targeted lipidomics strategy to classify and compare the cholesteryl esters according to their fatty acid types, and then analyzed the individual cholesteryl ester molecular species in the liver and serum of mice. Furthermore, the Chol metabolism-related genes and pathways were analyzed in high-fat-induced ApoE mice.
RESULTS
Biochemical analysis showed that sea cucumber phospholipids significantly inhibit the generation of arterial plaque in ApoE mice. Compared with the HFD group, PE-P significantly reduced the contents of SFA-CE and MUFA-CE in mice liver (P < 0.05), whereas PC-O particularly upregulated CE20:5 and CE22:6 in the serum of mice (P < 0.001). Furthermore, PC-O and PE-P inhibited the Chol synthesis pathway (Cyp7A1 and Cyp27A1), as well as promoted the catabolism of Chol by upregulating gene expressions of bile acid synthesis (Abcb11) and lysosomal activity (Lamp1), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Sea cucumber phospholipids could ameliorate the atherosclerosis symptoms by regulating Chol metabolism. J Nutr 20xx;x:xx.
Topics: Mice; Male; Animals; Phospholipids; Diet, High-Fat; Sea Cucumbers; Cholesterol; Atherosclerosis; Apolipoproteins E; Mice, Inbred C57BL
PubMed: 37105382
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.04.017 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jun 2022Plasma phospholipid pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), and trans-palmitoleic acid (trans-C16:1n-7) are correlates of dairy fat intake. However,... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Plasma phospholipid pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), and trans-palmitoleic acid (trans-C16:1n-7) are correlates of dairy fat intake. However, their relative concentrations may be influenced by other endogenous factors, such as liver fat content, and their validity as biomarkers of dairy fat intake has yet to be established.
OBJECTIVES
We investigated whether liver fat content modifies relations between concentrations of C15:0, C17:0, and trans-C16:1n-7 (alone and in combination with iso-C17:0) and known dairy fat intake in the context of a randomized controlled intervention study. We further examined the proportion of dairy fat intake explained by these fatty acids on their own and when considering liver fat content.
METHODS
We used data from a 12-wk intervention trial in which participants (n = 62) consumed diets limited in dairy (0.3 g/d of dairy fat), rich in low-fat dairy (8.7 g/d of dairy fat), or rich in full-fat dairy (28.5 g/d of dairy fat). We used linear regression models to examine relations between relative fatty acid concentrations and grams per day of dairy fat intake, liver fat percentage, and their interaction.
RESULTS
Only trans-C16:1n-7 in isolation (β: 0.0004 ± 0.0002, P = 0.03) and combined with iso-C17:0 (β: 0.002 ± 0.0005, P < 0.0001) were consistently positively associated with dairy fat intake regardless of liver fat content. Trans-C16:1n-7 combined with iso-C17:0 also explained the greatest proportion of variation (35.4%) in dairy fat intake. C15:0 and C17:0 were not associated with dairy fat intake after adjusting for liver fat and were predicted to be higher in relation to increased dairy fat intake only among individuals with elevated liver fat.
CONCLUSIONS
The potential for liver fat to affect relative plasma phospholipid concentrations of C15:0 and C17:0 raises questions about their validity as biomarkers of dairy fat intake. Of the fatty acid measures tested, trans-C16:1n-7 combined with iso-C17:0, especially with adjustment of liver fat, age, and sex, may provide the most robust estimate of dairy fat consumption.
Topics: Biomarkers; Dairy Products; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Humans; Phospholipids
PubMed: 35134818
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac029 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Oct 2008Nonenzymatic molecular modifications induced by reactive carbonyl species (RCS) generated by peroxidation of membrane phospholipids acyl chains play a causal role in the... (Review)
Review
Nonenzymatic molecular modifications induced by reactive carbonyl species (RCS) generated by peroxidation of membrane phospholipids acyl chains play a causal role in the aging process. Most of the biological effects of RCS, mainly alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, di-aldehydes, and keto-aldehydes, are due to their capacity to react with cellular constituents, forming advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALEs). Compared to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, lipid-derived RCS are stable and can diffuse within or even escape from the cell and attack targets far from the site of formation. Therefore, these soluble reactive intermediates, precursors of ALEs, are not only cytotoxic per se, but they also behave as mediators and propagators of oxidative stress and cellular and tissue damage. The consequent loss-of-function and structural integrity of modified biomolecules can have a wide range of downstream functional consequences and may be the cause of subsequent cellular dysfunctions and tissue damage. The causal role of ALEs in aging and longevity is inferred from the findings that follow: a) its accumulation with aging in several tissues and species; b) physiological interventions (dietary restriction) that increase longevity, decrease ALEs content; c) the longer the longevity of a species, the lower is the lipoxidation-derived molecular damage; and finally d) exacerbated levels of ALEs are associated with pathological states.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Caloric Restriction; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Longevity; Membrane Lipids; Molecular Structure; Oxidative Stress; Phospholipids; Reactive Oxygen Species; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 18721793
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.07.003 -
Marine Drugs Dec 2023The continuous growth of aquaculture places a growing demand on alternative sources of fish oil (FO). Certain microorganisms provide a sustainable replacement for FO due...
The continuous growth of aquaculture places a growing demand on alternative sources of fish oil (FO). Certain microorganisms provide a sustainable replacement for FO due to their content of EPA and DHA, which are essential for fish health. Appreciable evidence shows that changes in feeding sources may alter the nutritional components of salmon; however, the influence of diets on lipid species remains unclear. In this study, the identification and semi-quantification of lipid molecular species in salmon muscle during feeding with a microbial oil (MO) were carried out by focusing on triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacyl-phospholipid using shotgun-based mass spectrometry analysis. DHA in the MO diet was efficiently incorporated into phospholipid structures on feeding, followed by accumulation in salmon muscle. The MO diet elevated the level of certain EPA-containing TAGs, such as TAG C52:5 (16:0_16:0_20:5) and TAG C54:6 (16:0_18:1_20:5), indicating that the MO diet may be an excellent source for enhancement of the abundance of ω3 lipids. Further, prostaglandins (PGs) PGE2 and PGF3α were identified and quantified for the first time in salmonid tissue.
Topics: Animals; Phospholipids; Triglycerides; Salmon; Plant Oils; Eicosanoids; Fish Oils; Muscles; Salmo salar; Fatty Acids
PubMed: 38276649
DOI: 10.3390/md22010011 -
Poultry Science May 1997This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary safflower phospholipids (crude safflower phospholipid and purified safflower phospholipid) on...
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary safflower phospholipids (crude safflower phospholipid and purified safflower phospholipid) on performance and lipid metabolism of laying hens. Sixty-week-old Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens were divided into four groups of seven birds each, and were given one of four experimental diets containing 5% beef tallow (served as a control, tallow), a mixture of safflower oil and palm oil (SP-oil), crude safflower phospholipid (Saf-PLcrude), or purified safflower phospholipid (Saf-PL) for 7 wk. Egg production ratio and daily egg mass were significantly higher in hens fed Saf-PLcrude diets than in hens of the other diet groups. There were no significant differences in egg weight among groups. Liver cholesterol and triglyceride contents were significantly decreased in all treated groups as compared with the control. The activity of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase was the highest in hens fed the Saf-PLcrude diet. Serum esterified cholesterol concentration was decreased by feeding of SP-oil, Saf-PLcrude, or Saf-PL diets. Serum lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity was highest in hens fed the tallow diet. Excreta neutral steroid excretion was significantly increased in the Saf-PLcrude or Saf-PL diet groups, although acidic steroid excretion was not affected by dietary treatments. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid contents in egg yolks were not different for any dietary treatments. The fatty acid compositions of egg yolks from hens fed Saf-PLcrude diets were not different with those fed the SP-oil diet, although eggs of hens fed the Saf-PL diet showed lower total polyunsaturated fatty acids. These results suggest that dietary safflower phospholipids may be a valuable ingredient to layers for reducing liver triglycerides and serum cholesterol without any adverse effects.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Cholesterol; Diet; Dietary Fats; Eating; Egg Yolk; Fatty Liver; Feces; Female; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; Incidence; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Liver; Oviposition; Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase; Phospholipids; Poultry Diseases; Safflower Oil; Steroids; Syndrome; Time Factors
PubMed: 9154621
DOI: 10.1093/ps/76.5.689 -
Nutrients Feb 2010Experiments carried out with cultured cells and in experimental animals have consistently shown that phospholipids (PLs) can inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption....
Experiments carried out with cultured cells and in experimental animals have consistently shown that phospholipids (PLs) can inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption. Limited evidence from clinical studies suggests that dietary PL supplementation has a similar effect in man. A number of biological mechanisms have been proposed in order to explain how PL in the gut lumen is able to affect cholesterol uptake by the gut mucosa. Further research is however required to establish whether the ability of PLs to inhibit cholesterol absorption is of therapeutic benefit.
Topics: Cholesterol, Dietary; Diet; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Lecithins; Phospholipids; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 22254012
DOI: 10.3390/nu2020116 -
Journal of Lipid Research Nov 2022Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) predisposes to chronic kidney disease via activation of proinflammatory pathways, and omega-3 PUFAs (n-3 PUFAs) have...
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) predisposes to chronic kidney disease via activation of proinflammatory pathways, and omega-3 PUFAs (n-3 PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory properties. In female rats, we investigated 1) how an elevated dietary n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio (1:1) during postnatal kidney development modifies kidney phospholipid (PL) and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolite content and 2) whether the diet counteracts adverse molecular protein signatures expected in IUGR kidneys. IUGR was induced by bilateral uterine vessel ligation or intrauterine stress through sham operation 3.5 days before term. Control (C) offspring were born after uncompromised pregnancy. On postnatal (P) days P2-P39, rats were fed control (n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio 1:20) or n-3 PUFA intervention diet (N3PUFA; ratio 1:1). Plasma parameters (P33), kidney cortex lipidomics and proteomics, as well as histology (P39) were studied. We found that the intervention diet tripled PL-DHA content (PC 40:6; P < 0.01) and lowered both PL-AA content (PC 38:4 and lyso-phosphatidylcholine 20:4; P < 0.05) and AA metabolites (HETEs, dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids) to 25% in all offspring groups. After ligation, our network analysis of differentially expressed proteins identified an adverse molecular signature indicating inflammation and hypercoagulability. N3PUFA diet reversed 61 protein alterations (P < 0.05), thus mitigating adverse IUGR signatures. In conclusion, an elevated n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio in early diet strongly reduces proinflammatory PLs and mediators while increasing DHA-containing PLs regardless of prior intrauterine conditions. Counteracting a proinflammatory hypercoagulable protein signature in young adult IUGR individuals through early diet intervention may be a feasible strategy to prevent developmentally programmed kidney damage in later life.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Animals; Rats; Female; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Diet; Phospholipids; Arachidonic Acid; Fetal Growth Retardation; Kidney
PubMed: 36152882
DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100283 -
Marine Drugs Oct 2023The weight loss effects of dietary phospholipids have been extensively studied. However, little attention has been paid to the influence of phospholipids (PLs) with...
The weight loss effects of dietary phospholipids have been extensively studied. However, little attention has been paid to the influence of phospholipids (PLs) with different fatty acids and polar headgroups on the development of obesity. High-fat-diet-fed mice were administrated with different kinds of PLs (2%, /) with specific fatty acids and headgroups, including EPA-enriched phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylserine (EPA-PC/PE/PS), DHA-PC/PE/PS, Egg-PC/PE/PS, and Soy-PC/PE/PS for eight weeks. Body weight, white adipose tissue weight, and the levels of serum lipid and inflammatory markers were measured. The expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in the liver were determined. The results showed that PLs decreased body weight, fat storage, and circulating lipid levels, and EPA-PLs had the best efficiency. Serum TNF-α, MCP-1 levels were significantly reduced via treatment with DHA-PLs and PS groups. Mechanistic investigation revealed that PLs, especially EPA-PLs and PSs, reduced fat accumulation through enhancing the expression of genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation (, , , and ) and downregulating lipogenesis gene (, , , and ) expression. These data suggest that EPA-PS exhibits the best effects among other PLs in terms of ameliorating obesity, which might be attributed to the fatty acid composition of phospholipids, as well as their headgroup.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Fatty Acids; Phospholipids; Phosphatidylcholines; Obesity; Diet, High-Fat; Phosphatidylserines; Eicosapentaenoic Acid
PubMed: 37999379
DOI: 10.3390/md21110555 -
Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Feb 2010The outcome of coronary diseases is influenced by lifestyle and diet. Among dietary factors, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce mortality from cardiovascular...
BACKGROUND
The outcome of coronary diseases is influenced by lifestyle and diet. Among dietary factors, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce mortality from cardiovascular diseases.
AIMS
To evaluate the impact of dietary and lifestyle advice by calculation of scores and analysis of plasmatic lipids and the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids after 1 year of patient education in 66 patients with acute coronary syndromes.
METHODS
The answers given by patients during questioning were transformed into scores (atherosclerosis risk, dietary habits and global scores) at inclusion and after 1 year of follow-up. Classical metabolic risk factors and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids were determined at the same time.
RESULTS
After 1 year of education, patients improved their different scores, particularly by changing dietary habits. The positive impact was seen in the blood lipid and erythrocyte fatty acid levels: plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were lowered and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid percentages were improved in phospholipids.
CONCLUSION
Global score, lipid variables and the nature of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocyte phospholipids help us to evaluate patients with high coronary artery disease risk and the benefits of long-term dietary and lifestyle advice.
Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Aged; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol, LDL; Diet; Erythrocyte Membrane; Exercise; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Education as Topic; Phospholipids; Risk Reduction Behavior; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides
PubMed: 20226430
DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2009.12.005