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Ugeskrift For Laeger Jun 2020Vitamin D has been associated with numerous diseases and is important for bones and muscle strength. The sources of vitamin D are dietary and endogenous. Shifts from the... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D has been associated with numerous diseases and is important for bones and muscle strength. The sources of vitamin D are dietary and endogenous. Shifts from the Arctic night to midnight sun influences endogenous production of vitamin D as does dietary transition in Greenland. Seasonal shifts in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) are 30%. In addition, dietary transition in Greenland has reduced 25-OHD intake to levels of concern in younger individuals. Disease pattern in Greenland mirrors those seen elsewhere, but there are indicators of genetic adaption to Arctic night and diet, which is discussed in this review.
Topics: Arctic Regions; Diet; Greenland; Humans; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 32515335
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Clinical... Aug 2021Concerns regarding the adequacy of vegetarian diets with respect to fracture risk continue.
BACKGROUND
Concerns regarding the adequacy of vegetarian diets with respect to fracture risk continue.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to explore the influence of 5 previously defined dietary patterns on hip fracture risk and whether this association is modified by concomitant calcium and vitamin D supplementation.
METHODS
The Adventist Health Study 2 is a prospective cohort study in which participants were enrolled during 2002-2007; proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate fracture risk. Participants reside throughout the United States and Canada. A total of 34,542 non-Hispanic white peri- and postmenopausal women and men 45 y and older responded to the biennial hospital history form and were followed for a median of 8.4 y.
RESULTS
The study identified 679 incident hip fractures during 249,186 person-years of follow-up. Fracture risk varied according to dietary pattern, with a clear effect modification by concurrent supplementation with both vitamin D and calcium. In multivariable models, including adjustment for calcium and vitamin D supplementation, female vegans had 55% higher risk of hip fracture (HR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.26) than nonvegetarians (NVEGs), whereas there was no association between diet pattern and hip fracture risk in men. When further stratifying females on supplement use with both vitamin D and calcium, vegans taking both supplements were at no greater risk of hip fracture than the subjects with other dietary patterns including the NVEGs.
CONCLUSIONS
Without combined supplementation of both vitamin D and calcium, female vegans are at high risk of hip fracture. However, with supplementation the excessive risk associated with vegans disappeared. Further research is needed to confirm the adequacy of a vegan diet supplemented with calcium and vitamin D with respect to risk of fracture.
Topics: Aged; Calcium; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Hip Fractures; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Vegans; Vitamin D
PubMed: 33964850
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab095 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2013Many current experiments investigating the effects of diet, dietary supplements, and pre- and probiotics on the intestinal environments do not take into consideration... (Review)
Review
Many current experiments investigating the effects of diet, dietary supplements, and pre- and probiotics on the intestinal environments do not take into consideration the potential for using bile salts as markers of environmental change. Intestinal bacteria in vertebrates can metabolize bile acids into a number of different structures, with deamidation, hydroxyl group oxidation, and hydroxyl group elimination. Fecal bile acids are readily available to sample and contain a considerable structural complexity that directly relates to intestinal morphology, bile acid residence time in the intestine, and the species of microbial forms in the intestinal tract. Here we offer a classification scheme that can serve as an initial guide to interpret the different bile acid patterns expressed in vertebrate feces.
Topics: Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Biotransformation; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Feces; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Mass Spectrometry; Probiotics
PubMed: 23319120
DOI: 10.3945/an.112.003061 -
Lipids in Health and Disease Mar 2023Folate is considered to be related to lipid metabolism. With the increasing numbers of folic acid fortification nations, the associations of dietary folate and serum...
BACKGROUND
Folate is considered to be related to lipid metabolism. With the increasing numbers of folic acid fortification nations, the associations of dietary folate and serum folate with lipid profiles deserve more attention and are worth further study.
METHODS
US adults aged ≥ 20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were evaluated. Participants taking folic acid supplements were excluded. The multivariate linear regression model and smooth curve fitting were applied to assess the associations. The segmented regression model was employed to examine the threshold effect of nonlinear relationships.
RESULTS
Our cross-sectional study included 3706 participants in total. There was a negative relationship between serum folate (log transformed) and triglycerides (β = -0.223, 95% CI: -0.337, -0.110) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (β = -0.152, 95% CI: -0.296, -0.007) and a positive relationship between serum folate (log transformed) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (β = 0.090, 95% CI: 0.033,0.146). There was a negative association between dietary folate (log transformed) and total cholesterol (TC) (β = -0.299, 95% CI: -0.465, -0.134) and LDL-C (β = -0.266, 95% CI: -0.409, -0.123). A nonlinear relationship was found between dietary folate (log transformed) and HDL-C. Threshold effect analysis showed that the inflection point was 377.57 ug. Within the inflection point, the β-coefficient of HDL-C was 0.105 (95% CI: 0.018, 0.192); beyond the inflection point, there was no relationship (β = -0.067, 95% CI: -0.162, 0.028).
CONCLUSIONS
Optimal dietary folate and high serum folate were associated with favorable lipid profiles. Dietary folate, in the recommended 300-400 ug/d, had a beneficial effect on improving lipid profiles.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Folic Acid; Nutrition Surveys; Cholesterol, LDL; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Cholesterol, HDL
PubMed: 36859278
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01793-4 -
Poultry Science Oct 2020This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementation with canthaxanthin (Cx) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D) on the production performance, egg quality,...
This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementation with canthaxanthin (Cx) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D) on the production performance, egg quality, bone mineral content, blood biochemical parameters, and antioxidant status of European quail breeders. Two hundred and forty quail breeders were distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 diets and 8 replicates of 4 females and 2 males were used. All quail breeders received one of 5 diets: basal diet (containing 2,000 IU vitamin D) or the same diet supplemented with 3 ppm Cx and 34.5 μg 25-OH-D, 6 ppm Cx and 69 μg 25-OH-D, 9 ppm Cx and 103.5 μg 25-OH-D, or 12 ppm Cx and 138 μg 25-OH-D. Production performance and internal and external egg quality parameters were not influenced by diet. Eggshell dry weight decreased linearly with increasing supplementation levels, and eggshell ash and calcium content increased quadratically. Plasma phosphorus, calcium, and ionic calcium levels in females and plasma ionic calcium levels in males showed a positive quadratic response to dietary supplementation. Femoral and tibiotarsal dry weight and calcium content were influenced by diet. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity in the liver of males and females and in the serum of females showed a positive quadratic relationship with Cx and 25-OH-D levels, whereas the malonaldehyde concentration showed a negative quadratic relationship. DPPH scavenging activity in the serum of male quail increased linearly with supplementation. There was a positive quadratic effect on superoxide dismutase gene expression and a positive linear effect on glutathione peroxidase 7 gene expression, suggesting that dietary enrichment with Cx and 25-OH-D might help protect spermatozoa against oxidative damage. The dietary supplement was pro-oxidative at high concentrations (above 9 ppm Cx). The results indicate that diets with adequate levels of Cx and 25-OH-D have a beneficial effect on calcium and phosphorus metabolism as well as on the antioxidant defense system. We recommend supplementing European quail breeders in the laying period with 6 ppm Cx and 69 μg 25-OH-D.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Calcifediol; Canthaxanthin; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Male; Oxidation-Reduction; Quail
PubMed: 32988524
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.021 -
Annals of Medicine 2023Plant-based diets reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease but also increase the risk of certain micronutrient deficiencies, particularly, of vitamin B12 (B12). The...
A cross-sectional study of nutritional status in healthy, young, physically-active German omnivores, vegetarians and vegans reveals adequate vitamin B status in supplemented vegans.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE
Plant-based diets reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease but also increase the risk of certain micronutrient deficiencies, particularly, of vitamin B12 (B12). The extent to which the unsupervised use of oral nutrient supplements is sufficient to prevent these deficiencies is not well established. We analyzed nutrient intake, laboratory biomarkers, supplementation behavior, and B12 status adequacy amongst young, healthy, physically active omnivores, lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans from Germany.
METHODS
We recruited 115 participants ( = 40 omnivores; = 37 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and = 38 vegans) with comparable age, sex, marital status, physical activity and educational levels through online advertisements and local newspapers in Freiburg, Germany.
RESULTS
Energy intake and macronutrient distribution were comparable across diets. Major differences included intake of fiber, cholesterol, and several vitamins. Vegans had the lowest intake of B12 from foods (0.43 (0.58) µg/d), compared to omnivores (2.14 (2.29) µg/d) and lacto-ovo-vegetarians (0.98 (1.34) µg/day). Multivariate analysis of 36 blood biomarkers revealed that three major classes of biomarkers contributed the most to the clustering of individuals by dietary group, namely, biomarkers of B12 status (B12, holoTC, Hcy), iron (iron, ferritin, transferrin) and lipid metabolism (vitamin A, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, TAG). This suggests that nutrients that modify the metabolic pathways represented by these biomarkers have the most penetrating effect on health status across diets. Analysis of B12 status (including 4cB12) revealed adequacy in omnivores and vegans, and a poorer B12 status amongst lacto-ovo-vegetarians. Fewer lacto-ovo-vegetarians used B12 supplements compared to vegans (51% versus 90%).
CONCLUSIONS
Even amongst homogeneously healthy Germans, each diet manifested with measurable differences in dietary intakes and biomarkers of health. Plant-based diets, in particular the vegan diet, exhibited the most favorable patterns of lipid metabolism and glycemic control, but the lowest food intake of B12. Supplementation of healthy vegans with B12 (median 250 µg B12/day, over 2 years) secured an adequate B12 status that was comparable to that of healthy omnivores. German Clinical Trial register number: DRKS00027425.
Topics: Humans; Vegans; Diet, Vegan; Nutritional Status; Vitamin B 12; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet, Vegetarian; Vegetarians; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Vitamins; Cholesterol; Iron; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37851870
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2269969 -
Hormones (Athens, Greece) Mar 2022The association of dietary patterns with testosterone (T) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels remains unclear. We investigated the associations of dietary...
PURPOSE
The association of dietary patterns with testosterone (T) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels remains unclear. We investigated the associations of dietary patterns with T and SHBG levels to determine whether these associations vary by obesity status.
METHODS
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 1376 middle-aged (≥ 40 years old) men of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Prudent (rich in whole grains and dietary fiber) and Western (rich in red meat and refined grains) diet scores were identified using principal component analysis. The Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010) score, a measure of overall diet quality, was defined based on foods and nutrients predictive of chronic disease risk.
RESULTS
We identified a weak inverse association between AHEI-2010 and T levels (P = 0.07), but no associations with other dietary patterns. Null associations were observed between diet scores and SHBG. Obesity status appeared to modify the associations for the Prudent diet and AHEI-2010 with both T and SHBG (P ≤ 0.05). T levels were lower (Q1 vs. Q4, 4.23 vs. 3.38) and SHBG higher (Q1 vs. Q4, 48.6 vs. 64.3) with adherence to a more prudent diet among obese men (P ≤ 0.05).
CONCLUSION
We observed a weak inverse association between AHEI-2010 and T levels. Null associations were identified for SHBG. Obesity status seemed to modulate associations of T and SHBG levels with diet scores, especially the AHEI-2010 and prudent diets. However, this research question warrants further investigation in prospective studies.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; Testosterone
PubMed: 35015287
DOI: 10.1007/s42000-021-00345-8 -
Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2023The effects of different dietary fatty acids (FA) on cardiovascular risk still needs clarification. Plasma lipids composition may be a biomarker of FA dietary intake.
BACKGROUND
The effects of different dietary fatty acids (FA) on cardiovascular risk still needs clarification. Plasma lipids composition may be a biomarker of FA dietary intake.
PURPOSE
To evaluate in a composite population the relationships between changes in dietary fat intake and changes in FA levels in serum cholesterol esters.
METHODS
In a multinational, parallel-design, dietary intervention (KANWU study), dietary intakes (3-day food record) and FA composition of serum cholesterol esters (gas-liquid chromatography) were evaluated at baseline and after 3 months in 162 healthy individuals, randomly assigned to a diet containing a high proportion of saturated (SFA) or monounsaturated (MUFA) fat, with a second random assignment to fish oil or placebo supplements.
RESULTS
Main differences in serum lipid composition after the two diets included saturated (especially myristic, C14:0, and pentadecanoic, C15:0) and monounsaturated (oleic acid, C18:1 n-9) FA. C14:0 and C15:0 were related to SFA intake, while C18:1 n-9 was associated with MUFA intake. Fish oil supplementation induced a marked increase in eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n-3) acids. After the 3-month intervention, Δ-9 desaturase activity, calculated as palmitoleic acid/palmitic acid (C16:1/C16:0) ratio, was more reduced after the MUFA (0.31±0.10 vs 0.25±0.09, p<0.0001) than SFA diet (0.31±0.09 vs 0.29±0.08, p=0.006), with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p<0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that serum cholesterol ester FA composition can be used during randomized controlled trials as an objective indicator of adherence to experimental diets based on saturated and monounsaturated fat modifications, as well as fish oil supplementation.
Topics: Humans; Fatty Acids; Cholesterol Esters; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Diet; Fish Oils
PubMed: 37263854
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2023.05.095 -
Journal of Animal Science Jul 2022Choline is an essential nutrient linked to hepatic lipid metabolism in many animal species, including cats. The current study investigated the serum lipid profiles,...
Dose-response relationship between dietary choline and serum lipid profile, energy expenditure, and respiratory quotient in overweight adult cats fed at maintenance energy requirements.
Choline is an essential nutrient linked to hepatic lipid metabolism in many animal species, including cats. The current study investigated the serum lipid profiles, serum liver enzymes, respiratory quotients, and energy expenditures of overweight cats fed maintenance diets, in response to graded doses of supplemental dietary choline. Overweight (body condition score [BCS]: ≥6/9) adult male neutered cats (n = 14) were supplemented with five choline chloride doses for 3-wk periods, in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Doses were based on individual body weight (BW) and the daily recommended allowance (RA) for choline (63 mg/kg BW0.67) according to the National Research Council. Doses were control (no additional choline: 1.2 × RA, 77 mg/kg BW0.67), 2 × RA (126 mg/kg BW0.67), 4 × RA (252 mg/kg BW0.67), 6 × RA (378 mg/kg BW0.67), and 8 × RA (504 mg/kg BW0.67). Choline was top-dressed over the commercial extruded cat food (3,620 mg choline/kg diet), fed once a day at maintenance energy requirements (130 kcal/kgBW0.4). Body weight and BCS were assessed weekly. Fasted blood samples were taken and indirect calorimetry was performed at the end of each 3-wk period. Serum was analyzed for cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase. Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were calculated. Data were analyzed via SAS using proc GLIMMIX, with group and period as the random effects, and treatment as the fixed effect. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Body weight and BCS did not change (P > 0.05). Serum cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, and VLDL increased with 6 × RA (P < 0.05). Serum ALP decreased with 8 × RA (P = 0.004). Choline at 4 × and 6 × RA decreased serum BUN (P = 0.006). Fed or fasted respiratory quotient and energy expenditure did not differ among dietary choline doses (P > 0.05). These results suggest that dietary choline supplementation at 6 × RA may increase hepatic fat mobilization through increased lipoprotein transport and beneficially support hepatic health in overweight cats. Future studies that combine these results with existing knowledge of feline weight loss and hepatic lipidosis are warranted.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cholesterol; Choline; Diet; Energy Metabolism; Lipoproteins, LDL; Male; Overweight; Triglycerides
PubMed: 35641141
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac202 -
Nutrients Jun 2018The 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that individuals should minimize their dietary cholesterol intake. However, current dietary cholesterol intake and...
The 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that individuals should minimize their dietary cholesterol intake. However, current dietary cholesterol intake and its food sources have not been well-characterized. We examined dietary cholesterol intake by age, sex, race, and food sources using 24-h dietary recall data from a nationally representative sample of 5047 adults aged 20 years or older who participated in NHANES (2013⁻2014 survey cycle). We also reported trends in cholesterol intake across the past seven NHANES surveys. Mean dietary cholesterol intake was 293 mg/day (348 mg/day for men and 242 mg/day for women) in the 2013⁻2014 survey cycle; 39% of adults had dietary cholesterol intake above 300 mg/day (46% for men and 28% for women). Meat, eggs, grain products, and milk were the highest four food sources of cholesterol, contributing to 96% of the total consumption. Both average cholesterol intake and food source varied by age, sex, and race (each < 0.05). Mean cholesterol intake of the overall population had been relatively constant at ~290 mg/day from 2001⁻2002 to 2013⁻2014 (-trend = 0.98). These results should inform public health efforts in implementing dietary guidelines and tailoring dietary recommendations.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Cholesterol, Dietary; Diet; Energy Intake; Female; Food Analysis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Retrospective Studies; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 29903993
DOI: 10.3390/nu10060771