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International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2022Lifestyle and dietary differences in urban and rural environments have different impacts on elderly health. We aimed to evaluate the nutritional intakes and metabolic...
Lifestyle and dietary differences in urban and rural environments have different impacts on elderly health. We aimed to evaluate the nutritional intakes and metabolic risks in the urban and rural elderly. We analyzed 3018 elderly individuals (1358 men, 1660 women) who were aged 65 years and older using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2013-2016). Anthropometric data, blood pressure, and blood profiles were collected using health examinations. Daily dietary intakes were analyzed by the 24-h dietary recall method. Rural elderly women had significantly higher triglycerides (TG) levels and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels than urban elderly women ( = 0.014, = 0.005). The rural elderly had higher carbohydrate intake and percentage of carbohydrate energy intake and lower intakes of fat, vitamin A, vitamin B, and vitamin C and percentage of fat energy intake than the urban elderly for both men and women ( < 0.05). The odds of high TG and low HDL-cholesterol were 1.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-2.23) and 1.33 (95% CI 1.01-1.77), respectively, in elderly women living in rural areas compared to their urban counterparts, after adjusting for confounding factors. Therefore, nutritional intervention might be needed to improve the nutritional status of the elderly in rural areas and to manage low HDL-cholesterol in rural women.
Topics: Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Carbohydrates; Cholesterol; Diet; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Lipoproteins, HDL; Male; Nutrition Surveys; Triglycerides; Vitamin A; Vitamins
PubMed: 36141947
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811675 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jul 2023In this perspective, we discuss new evidence relating to current dietary recommendations to reduce SFA intake to modulate an individual's global risk of CVD. Although it...
In this perspective, we discuss new evidence relating to current dietary recommendations to reduce SFA intake to modulate an individual's global risk of CVD. Although it is well established that lowering dietary SFA intake has a beneficial effect on LDL cholesterol concentrations, findings increasingly indicate an opposite effect on lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations. In recent years, many studies have firmly established a role for an elevated Lp(a) concentration as a genetically regulated, causal, and prevalent risk factor for CVD. However, there is less awareness of the effect of dietary SFA intake on Lp(a) concentrations. This study discusses this issue and highlights the contrasting effect of reducing dietary SFA intake on LDL cholesterol and Lp(a), 2 highly atherogenic lipoproteins. This calls attention to the need for precision nutrition approaches that move beyond a "one-size-fits-all" approach. To illustrate the contrast, we describe the dynamic contributions of Lp(a) and LDL cholesterol concentrations to CVD risk during interventions with a low-SFA diet, with the hope that this will stimulate further studies and discussions regarding dietary management of CVD risk.
Topics: Humans; Dietary Fats; Cholesterol, LDL; Lipoprotein(a); Cardiovascular Diseases; Fatty Acids; Diet; Risk Reduction Behavior
PubMed: 37178716
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.017 -
American Journal of Medical Genetics.... Nov 2012Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive genetic condition with a broad phenotype that results from deficiency of the final enzyme of the cholesterol... (Review)
Review
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive genetic condition with a broad phenotype that results from deficiency of the final enzyme of the cholesterol synthesis pathway. This defect causes low or low-normal plasma cholesterol levels and increased 7- and 8-dehydrocholesterol (DHC) levels. Many therapies for SLOS and other disorders of sterol metabolism have been proposed, and a few of them have been undertaken in selected patients, but robust prospective clinical trials with validated outcome measures are lacking. We review the current literature and expert opinion on treatments for SLOS and other selected sterol disorders, including dietary cholesterol therapy, statin treatment, bile acid supplementation, medical therapies, and surgical interventions, as well as directions for future therapies and treatment research.
Topics: Behavior Therapy; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholesterol, Dietary; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome; Steroid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Sterols; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 23042642
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31347 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Dec 2013Changes in population diet are likely to reduce cardiovascular disease and cancer, but the effect of dietary advice is uncertain. This review is an update of a previous... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Changes in population diet are likely to reduce cardiovascular disease and cancer, but the effect of dietary advice is uncertain. This review is an update of a previous review published in 2007.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of providing dietary advice to achieve sustained dietary changes or improved cardiovascular risk profile among healthy adults.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) and the HTA database on The Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2010). We searched MEDLINE (Ovid) (1950 to week 2 October 2010) and EMBASE (Ovid) (1980 to Week 42 2010). Additional searches were done on CAB Health (1972 to December 1999), CVRCT registry (2000), CCT (2000) and SIGLE (1980 to 2000). Dissertation abstracts and reference lists of articles were checked and researchers were contacted.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised studies with no more than 20% loss to follow-up, lasting at least three months and involving healthy adults comparing dietary advice with no advice or minimal advice. Trials involving children, trials to reduce weight or those involving supplementation were excluded.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information.
MAIN RESULTS
Forty-four trials with 52 intervention arms (comparisons) comparing dietary advice with no advice were included in the review; 18,175 participants or clusters were randomised. Twenty-nine of the 44 included trials were conducted in the USA. Dietary advice reduced total serum cholesterol by 0.15 mmol/L (95% CI 0.06 to 0.23) and LDL cholesterol by 0.16 mmol/L (95% CI 0.08 to 0.24) after 3 to 24 months. Mean HDL cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels were unchanged. Dietary advice reduced blood pressure by 2.61 mm Hg systolic (95% CI 1.31 to 3.91) and 1.45 mm Hg diastolic (95% CI 0.68 to 2.22) and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion by 40.9 mmol (95% CI 25.3 to 56.5) after 3 to 36 months but there was heterogeneity between trials for the latter outcome. Three trials reported plasma antioxidants, where small increases were seen in lutein and β-cryptoxanthin, but there was heterogeneity in the trial effects. Self-reported dietary intake may be subject to reporting bias, and there was significant heterogeneity in all the following analyses. Compared to no advice, dietary advice increased fruit and vegetable intake by 1.18 servings/day (95% CI 0.65 to 1.71). Dietary fibre intake increased with advice by 6.5 g/day (95% CI 2.2 to 10.82), while total dietary fat as a percentage of total energy intake fell by 4.48% (95% CI 2.47 to 6.48) with dietary advice, and saturated fat intake fell by 2.39% (95% CI 1.4 to 3.37).Two trials analysed incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events (TOHP I/II). Follow-up was 77% complete at 10 to 15 years after the end of the intervention period and estimates of event rates lacked precision but suggested that sodium restriction advice probably led to a reduction in cardiovascular events (combined fatal plus non-fatal events) plus revascularisation (TOHP I hazards ratio (HR) 0.59, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.08; TOHP II HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.12).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Dietary advice appears to be effective in bringing about modest beneficial changes in diet and cardiovascular risk factors over approximately 12 months, but longer-term effects are not known.
Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Diet; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Dietetics; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 24318424
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002128.pub5 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Mar 2013Changes in population diet are likely to reduce cardiovascular disease and cancer, but the effect of dietary advice is uncertain. This review is an update of a previous... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Changes in population diet are likely to reduce cardiovascular disease and cancer, but the effect of dietary advice is uncertain. This review is an update of a previous review published in 2007.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of providing dietary advice to achieve sustained dietary changes or improved cardiovascular risk profile among healthy adults.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) and the HTA database on The Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2010). We searched MEDLINE (Ovid) (1950 to week 2 October 2010) and EMBASE (Ovid) (1980 to Week 42 2010). Additional searches were done on CAB Health (1972 to December 1999), CVRCT registry (2000), CCT (2000) and SIGLE (1980 to 2000). Dissertation abstracts and reference lists of articles were checked and researchers were contacted.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised studies with no more than 20% loss to follow-up, lasting at least three months and involving healthy adults comparing dietary advice with no advice or minimal advice. Trials involving children, trials to reduce weight or those involving supplementation were excluded.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information.
MAIN RESULTS
Forty-four trials with 52 intervention arms (comparisons) comparing dietary advice with no advice were included in the review; 18,175 participants or clusters were randomised. Twenty-nine of the 44 included trials were conducted in the USA. Dietary advice reduced total serum cholesterol by 0.15 mmol/L (95% CI 0.06 to 0.23) and LDL cholesterol by 0.16 mmol/L (95% CI 0.08 to 0.24) after 3 to 24 months. Mean HDL cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels were unchanged. Dietary advice reduced blood pressure by 2.61 mm Hg systolic (95% CI 1.31 to 3.91) and 1.45 mm Hg diastolic (95% CI 0.68 to 2.22) and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion by 40.9 mmol (95% CI 25.3 to 56.5) after 3 to 36 months but there was heterogeneity between trials for the latter outcome. Three trials reported plasma antioxidants, where small increases were seen in lutein and β-cryptoxanthin, but there was heterogeneity in the trial effects. Self-reported dietary intake may be subject to reporting bias, and there was significant heterogeneity in all the following analyses. Compared to no advice, dietary advice increased fruit and vegetable intake by 1.18 servings/day (95% CI 0.65 to 1.71). Dietary fibre intake increased with advice by 6.5 g/day (95% CI 2.2 to 10.82), while total dietary fat as a percentage of total energy intake fell by 4.48% (95% CI 2.47 to 6.48) with dietary advice, and saturated fat intake fell by 2.39% (95% CI 1.4 to 3.37).Two trials analysed incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events (TOHP I/II). Follow-up was 77% complete at 10 to 15 years after the end of the intervention period and estimates of event rates lacked precision but suggested that sodium restriction advice probably led to a reduction in cardiovascular events (combined fatal plus non-fatal events) plus revascularisation (TOHP I hazards ratio (HR) 0.59, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.08; TOHP II HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.12).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Dietary advice appears to be effective in bringing about modest beneficial changes in diet and cardiovascular risk factors over approximately 12 months, but longer-term effects are not known.
Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Diet; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Dietetics; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 23543514
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002128.pub4 -
Journal of Animal Science Jan 2023This study aimed to investigate the effects of diets supplemented with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25-(OH)D3] and additional vitamin E on growth performance, antioxidant...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of diets supplemented with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25-(OH)D3] and additional vitamin E on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, bone development, and carcass characteristics at different stocking densities on commercial broiler farms. A total of 118,800 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial treatment consisting of two dietary vitamin levels (5,500 IU vitamin D3 and 60 IU vitamin E: normal diet, using half 25-(OH)D3 as a source of vitamin D3 and an additional 60 IU of vitamin E: 25-(OH)D3+VE diet) and two stocking densities (high density of 20 chickens/m2: HD and 16 chickens/m2: LD). The experiment lasted for 42 d. The results showed that high-density stocking negatively affected the growth performance of broilers during the first four weeks, whereas the vitamin diet treatment significantly improved the feed conversion ratios (FCR) during the last 2 wk. Vitamin diets increased catalase at 14 and 42 d, and the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) levels at 42 d in high-density-stocked broilers. The interaction showed that serum vitamin E levels were significantly improved at 28 d of age in high-density-stocked broilers as a result of the vitamin diets. Stocking density and dietary treatments were found to significantly affect bone development, with the vitamin diet significantly increasing metatarsal length and femoral bone strength in broilers from high-density stocking density at 28 d of age. High stocking density increased the proportion of leg muscles and meat yield per square meter. In general, 25-(OH)D3 and additional vitamin E suppressed oxidative stress and ameliorated the negative effects of high-density stocking on bone development in a commercial chicken farm setting. Vitamin diets improved the FCR of broilers, while high-density stocking resulted in better economic outcomes.
Topics: Animals; Calcifediol; Chickens; Antioxidants; Vitamin E; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Vitamins; Cholecalciferol; Bone Development; Animal Feed
PubMed: 37933958
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad369 -
Nutrients Mar 2023The gut microbiome has been shown to play a role in the relationship between diet and cardiometabolic health. We sought to examine the degree to which key microbial...
The gut microbiome has been shown to play a role in the relationship between diet and cardiometabolic health. We sought to examine the degree to which key microbial lignan metabolites are involved in the relationship between diet quality and cardiometabolic health using a multidimensional framework. This analysis was undertaken using cross-sectional data from 4685 US adults (age 43.6 ± 16.5 years; 50.4% female) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 1999-2010. Dietary data were collected from one to two separate 24-hour dietary recalls and diet quality was characterized using the 2015 Healthy Eating Index. Cardiometabolic health markers included blood lipid profile, glycemic control, adiposity, and blood pressure. Microbial lignan metabolites considered were urinary concentrations of enterolignans, including enterolactone and enterodiol, with higher levels indicating a healthier gut microbial environment. Models were visually examined using a multidimensional approach and statistically analyzed using three-dimensional generalized additive models. There was a significant interactive association between diet quality and microbial lignan metabolites for triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, oral glucose tolerance, adiposity, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure (all < 0.05). Each of these cardiometabolic health markers displayed an association such that optimal cardiometabolic health was only observed in individuals with both high diet quality and elevated urinary enterolignans. When comparing effect sizes on the multidimensional response surfaces and model selection criteria, the strongest support for a potential moderating relationship of the gut microbiome was observed for fasting triglycerides and oral glucose tolerance. In this study, we revealed interactive associations of diet quality and microbial lignan metabolites with cardiometabolic health markers. These findings suggest that the overall association of diet quality on cardiometabolic health may be affected by the gut microbiome.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Female; Middle Aged; Male; Risk Factors; Nutrition Surveys; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Obesity; Triglycerides; Cholesterol, HDL; Lignans
PubMed: 36986142
DOI: 10.3390/nu15061412 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Dec 2022Childbearing decreases HDL-cholesterol, potentially contributing to the increased risk of CVD in parous women. Large HDL particles (HDL-P) are associated with lower risk... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Childbearing decreases HDL-cholesterol, potentially contributing to the increased risk of CVD in parous women. Large HDL particles (HDL-P) are associated with lower risk of CVD. In this secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial, we investigated the effects of 12-week dietary and exercise treatments on HDL-P subclass concentration, size and apoA1 in lactating women with overweight/obesity. At 10-14 weeks postpartum, 68 women with pre-pregnant BMI 25-35 kg/m were randomised to four groups using 2 × 2 factorial design: (1) dietary treatment for weight loss; (2) exercise treatment; (3) both treatments and (4) no treatment. Lipoprotein subclass profiling by NMR spectroscopy was performed in serum at randomisation and after 3 and 12 months, and the results analysed with two-way ANCOVA. Lipid concentrations decline naturally postpartum. At 3 months (5-6 months postpartum), both diet ( = 0·003) and exercise ( = 0·008) reduced small HDL-P concentration. Concurrently, exercise limited the decline in very large HDL-P ( = 0·002) and the effect was still significant at 12 months (15 months postpartum) ( = 0·041). At 12 months, diet limited the decline in very large HDL-P ( = 0·005), large HDL-P ( = 0·001) and apoA1 ( = 0·002) as well as HDL size ( = 0·002). The dietary treatment for weight loss and the exercise treatment both showed effects on HDL-P subclasses in lactating women with overweight and obesity possibly associated with lower CVD risk. The dietary treatment had more effects than the exercise treatment at 12 months, likely associated with a 10 % weight loss.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Overweight; Lactation; Obesity; Diet; Weight Loss; Cholesterol, HDL; Cardiovascular Diseases
PubMed: 35067237
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114522000241 -
ELife Jan 2021Diet plays a significant role in maintaining lifelong health. In particular, lowering the dietary protein: carbohydrate ratio can improve lifespan. This has been...
Diet plays a significant role in maintaining lifelong health. In particular, lowering the dietary protein: carbohydrate ratio can improve lifespan. This has been interpreted as a direct effect of these macronutrients on physiology. Using , we show that the role of protein and carbohydrate on lifespan is indirect, acting by altering the partitioning of limiting amounts of dietary sterols between reproduction and lifespan. Shorter lifespans in flies fed on high protein: carbohydrate diets can be rescued by supplementing their food with cholesterol. Not only does this fundamentally alter the way we interpret the mechanisms of lifespan extension by dietary restriction, these data highlight the important principle that life histories can be affected by nutrient-dependent trade-offs that are indirect and independent of the nutrients (often macronutrients) that are the focus of study. This brings us closer to understanding the mechanistic basis of dietary restriction.
Topics: Animals; Caloric Restriction; Diet; Drosophila melanogaster; Female; Longevity; Reproduction; Sterols
PubMed: 33494859
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.62335 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Dec 2010Oxysterols (oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and phytosterols) can be generated in the human organism through different oxidation processes, some requiring enzymes.... (Review)
Review
Oxysterols (oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and phytosterols) can be generated in the human organism through different oxidation processes, some requiring enzymes. Furthermore, oxysterols are also present in food due to lipid oxidation reactions caused by heating treatments, contact with oxygen, exposure to sunlight, etc., and they could be absorbed from the diet, at different rates depending on their side chain length. In the organism, oxysterols can follow different routes: secreted into the intestinal lumen, esterified and distributed by lipoproteins to different tissues or degraded, mainly in the liver. Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) have shown cytotoxicity, apoptotic and pro-inflammatory effects and they have also been linked with chronic diseases including atherosclerotic and neurodegenerative processess. In the case of phytosterol oxidation products (POPs), more research is needed on toxic effects. Nevertheless, current knowledge suggests they may also cause cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects, although at higher concentrations than COPs. Recently, new beneficial biological activities of oxysterols are being investigated. Whereas COPs are associated with cholesterol homeostasis mediated by different mechanisms, the implication of POPs is not clear yet. Available literature on sources of oxysterols in the organism, metabolism, toxicity and potential beneficial effects of these compounds are reviewed in this paper.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Diet; Food Analysis; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction; Phytosterols; Sterols
PubMed: 20870006
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.09.023