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Journal of Animal Science Dec 2020A 16-wk growth trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted soybean meal (SBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM) with...
Dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted and fermented soybean meals with taurine supplementation for pompano fish: effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and biological parameters in a long-term feeding period.
A 16-wk growth trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted soybean meal (SBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM) with taurine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and biological parameters of pompano fish. The FSBM was produced by fermenting SBM with Lactobacillus spp. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 35% or 50% of fish meal by SBM or FSBM with taurine supplementation. The diets are denoted as follows: FM, SBM35, SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50, SBM50T, and FSBM50T. The FM (the basal diet) contained fish meal as a main source of dietary protein. Taurine was supplemented to SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50T, and FSBM50T at the level of 15 g/kg diet. Pompano juveniles with an initial body weight (BW) of 80 g reared in floating net cages were fed the experimental diets twice daily for 16 wk. Results showed that the final BW, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were significantly lower than those of fish fed FM (P < 0.05), indicating that the replacement of fish meal by SBM at the rate of 35% in the diet is excessive for pompano. Supplementation of taurine to the SBM-included diets significantly increased growth performance and feed utilization (P < 0.05); however, these diets did not restore the performance back to a level equivalent to that of fish offered the basal diet. Meanwhile, fish fed FSBM35T had comparable growth and feed performances to those fed FM. Hematocrit values, total biliary bile acid levels, whole body lipid contents, and tissue taurine concentrations of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were the lowest among the treatments, but these parameters were improved by taurine supplementation and FSBM inclusion in the diet. Taurine supplementation increased lipid ADC, and SBM fermentation slightly enhanced both lipid and protein ADCs of the fish. These findings suggest that the combination of FSBM and taurine supplementation is an effective way to improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and biological parameters, and that FSBM with taurine supplementation can replace 35% of fish meal in pompano diets without any negative effects on growth and feed performances in a long-term feeding period.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Fermented Foods; Meals; Nutrients; Glycine max; Taurine
PubMed: 33201238
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa367 -
Poultry Science Jul 2017This study evaluated the effects of different dietary levels and sources of zinc (Zn) on performance and carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in eggshell formation and...
This study evaluated the effects of different dietary levels and sources of zinc (Zn) on performance and carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in eggshell formation and quality in aged laying hens. A total of 504 Hy-line Grey layers aged 59 wk were fed a basal diet (Zn, 28.4 mg/kg) for 4 wks, then randomly allocated to 7 groups that were fed a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with inorganic (ZnSO4·H2O) or organic (amino acid metals, 9.58%) Zn at 35, 70, or 140 mg Zn per kg of feed for 6 weeks. Each group had 6 replicates of 12 hens. Results showed that egg weight decreased linearly with the supplemental level of organic Zn (P < 0.05). Dietary Zn supplementation had linear and quadratic effects on the CA activity in plasma (P < 0.05), and it was higher in the organic Zn-added groups at wks 2 and 4 (P < 0.05). Dietary Zn supplementation had a quadratic effect on the CA activity in the eggshell gland (P < 0.05). Shell thickness was greater in the organic Zn-added groups (P < 0.05), and its relationship with the supplemental level of Zn showed linearly and quadratically, increasing with the organic Zn and with the inorganic Zn at wk 4, while linearly increasing with the inorganic Zn at wk 6 (P < 0.05). At wk 4, the supplemental level of inorganic Zn had a linear effect on shell weight, and linear and quadratic effects on shell index and ratio (P < 0.05), while shell weight, the index, and ratio increased linearly and quadratically with the organic Zn level in the diet (P < 0.05), with more obvious effects in the organic Zn-added groups (P < 0.05). Overall, dietary Zn supplementation, up to 140 mg/kg feed, could increase eggshell thickness by enhancing CA activity in the plasma and eggshell gland of aged layers; thicker eggshells were found in the organic Zn-added groups, but the breaking strength did not increase despite the eggshell thickness increasing.
Topics: Age Factors; Animal Feed; Animals; Avian Proteins; Carbonic Anhydrases; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Egg Shell; Female; Random Allocation; Zinc Compounds
PubMed: 28204703
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew490 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Jan 2021Nucleotides are important to cell growth and division and are crucial to the rapid proliferation of such cells as the intestinal mucosa and immune cells. Accordingly,...
Nucleotides are important to cell growth and division and are crucial to the rapid proliferation of such cells as the intestinal mucosa and immune cells. Accordingly, the nucleotide requirements of animals are high during periods of rapid growth and periods of stress like post-weaning period. Thus, nucleotide supplementation may be a possible alternative to in-feed antibiotics as growth promoter in this phase. The study aimed to evaluate dietary nucleotide supplementation as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics on performance and gut health of weaned piglets. Ninety-six 21-day-old piglets, weighing 7.44 ± 0.65 kg, were allocated into 1 of 3 treatments (8 pens per treatment; 4 pigs per pen) in a 14-day trial. Dietary treatments consisted of control: corn-soybean meal-based diet; nucleotides: control +2 g/kg of a nutritional additive with purified nucleotides; and antibiotic: control +0.8 g/kg of antibiotic growth promoter based on colistin and tylosin. Performance variables and fecal score were not affected (P > 0.05) by supplementing nucleotide or antibiotic. Nucleotides treatment had similar effect to antibiotic and superior to control (P < 0.05) on enhancing duodenum villus height, jejunum crypt depth, and reduction of Paneth cellular area. Duodenum and ileum of animals supplemented with nucleotides or antibiotics had higher (P < 0.05) number of proliferating cells than did those of control animals, whereas the jejunum of animals that received antibiotic diets presented more (P < 0.05) proliferating cells than either the nucleotides or control animals. Jejunum of nucleotide-treated piglets showed a greater number of apoptotic cells than those fed antibiotic or control diets (P < 0.05). Nucleotides and antibiotic treatments decreased the B lymphocyte counts in duodenum and ileum (P < 0.05) but increased in the jejunum (P < 0.05), when compared to the control treatment. Relative abundance of mitogen-activated protein kinases-6, haptoglobin, and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA was not influenced (P > 0.05) by treatments. In the ileal, antibiotic supplementation reduced total bacteria quantification compared to nucleotide supplementation or the control (P < 0.05), whereas nucleotides supplementation increased enterobacteria proliferation compared to the antibiotic or control diets (P < 0.05). However, nucleotides and antibiotic reduced (P < 0.05) colon total bacteria quantification when compared to control. These results suggest that the nucleotides source used to weaned piglets improved gut health by modulating the local immune response and modulating intestinal mucosa development, and, therefore, nucleotides may be an alternative to antibiotics as growth promoters.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Intestinal Mucosa; Nucleotides; Swine; Weaning
PubMed: 33573936
DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100021 -
Annals of Medicine 2023Plant-based diets reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease but also increase the risk of certain micronutrient deficiencies, particularly, of vitamin B12 (B12). The...
A cross-sectional study of nutritional status in healthy, young, physically-active German omnivores, vegetarians and vegans reveals adequate vitamin B status in supplemented vegans.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE
Plant-based diets reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease but also increase the risk of certain micronutrient deficiencies, particularly, of vitamin B12 (B12). The extent to which the unsupervised use of oral nutrient supplements is sufficient to prevent these deficiencies is not well established. We analyzed nutrient intake, laboratory biomarkers, supplementation behavior, and B12 status adequacy amongst young, healthy, physically active omnivores, lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans from Germany.
METHODS
We recruited 115 participants ( = 40 omnivores; = 37 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and = 38 vegans) with comparable age, sex, marital status, physical activity and educational levels through online advertisements and local newspapers in Freiburg, Germany.
RESULTS
Energy intake and macronutrient distribution were comparable across diets. Major differences included intake of fiber, cholesterol, and several vitamins. Vegans had the lowest intake of B12 from foods (0.43 (0.58) µg/d), compared to omnivores (2.14 (2.29) µg/d) and lacto-ovo-vegetarians (0.98 (1.34) µg/day). Multivariate analysis of 36 blood biomarkers revealed that three major classes of biomarkers contributed the most to the clustering of individuals by dietary group, namely, biomarkers of B12 status (B12, holoTC, Hcy), iron (iron, ferritin, transferrin) and lipid metabolism (vitamin A, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, TAG). This suggests that nutrients that modify the metabolic pathways represented by these biomarkers have the most penetrating effect on health status across diets. Analysis of B12 status (including 4cB12) revealed adequacy in omnivores and vegans, and a poorer B12 status amongst lacto-ovo-vegetarians. Fewer lacto-ovo-vegetarians used B12 supplements compared to vegans (51% versus 90%).
CONCLUSIONS
Even amongst homogeneously healthy Germans, each diet manifested with measurable differences in dietary intakes and biomarkers of health. Plant-based diets, in particular the vegan diet, exhibited the most favorable patterns of lipid metabolism and glycemic control, but the lowest food intake of B12. Supplementation of healthy vegans with B12 (median 250 µg B12/day, over 2 years) secured an adequate B12 status that was comparable to that of healthy omnivores. German Clinical Trial register number: DRKS00027425.
Topics: Humans; Vegans; Diet, Vegan; Nutritional Status; Vitamin B 12; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet, Vegetarian; Vegetarians; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Vitamins; Cholesterol; Iron; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37851870
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2269969 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024Many researchers consider gut microbiota (trillions of microorganisms) an endogenous organ of its animal host, which confers a vast genetic diversity in providing the... (Review)
Review
Many researchers consider gut microbiota (trillions of microorganisms) an endogenous organ of its animal host, which confers a vast genetic diversity in providing the host with essential biological functions. Particularly, the gut microbiota regulates not only gut tissue structure but also gut health and gut functionality. This paper first summarized those common bacterial species (dominated by the , , and phyla) in swine gut and then briefly discussed their roles in swine nutrition and health, which include roles in nutrient metabolism, pathogen exclusion, and immunity modulation. Secondly, the current knowledge on how dietary nutrients and feed additives affect the gut bacterial composition and nutrient metabolism in pigs was discussed. Finally, how dietary amino acids affect the relative abundances and metabolism of bacteria in the swine gut was reviewed. Tryptophan supplementation promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria and suppresses pathogens, while arginine metabolism affects nitrogen recycling, impacting gut immune response and health. Glutamate and glutamine supplementations elevate the levels of beneficial bacteria and mitigate pathogenic ones. It was concluded that nutritional strategies to manipulate gut microbial ecosystems are useful measures to optimize gut health and gut functions. For example, providing pigs with nutrients that promote the growth of and can lead to better gut health and growth performance, especially when dietary protein is limited. Further research to establish the mechanistic cause-and-effect relationships between amino acids and the dynamics of gut microbiota will allow swine producers to reap the greatest return on their feed investment.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Ecosystem; Diet; Bacteria; Amino Acids; Animal Feed; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 38279233
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021237 -
Journal of Animal Science Apr 2022Our objective was to review the literature related to the health and management of newly received cattle published since a previous review by Duff and Galyean (2007).... (Review)
Review
Our objective was to review the literature related to the health and management of newly received cattle published since a previous review by Duff and Galyean (2007). Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) continues to be a major challenge for the beef industry. Depending on disease severity, animals treated for BRD have decreased performance and lowered carcass value. Diagnosis of BRD is less effective than desired, and progress on developing real-time, chute-side methods to diagnose BRD has been limited. Systems that combine lung auscultation with temperature and body weight data show promise. Assessment of blood metabolites and behavior monitoring offer potential for early identification of morbid animals. Vaccination and metaphylaxis continue to be important tools for the prevention and control of BRD, but antimicrobial resistance is a concern with antibiotic use. Dietary energy concentration and roughage source and level continue to be important topics. Mineral supplementation has received considerable attention, particularly the use of organic vs. inorganic sources and injectable minerals or drenches given on arrival. The use of probiotics and prebiotics for newly received cattle has shown variable results, but further research is warranted. The health and nutrition of newly received cattle will continue to be an important research area in the years to come.
Topics: Animals; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Cattle; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Nutritional Status; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 35246687
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac067 -
Journal of Dairy Science Oct 2021The effects of dietary fatty acid (FA) and starch content as well as supplemental digestible Lys (sdLys) on production, energy utilization, and N utilization were...
The effects of dietary fatty acid (FA) and starch content as well as supplemental digestible Lys (sdLys) on production, energy utilization, and N utilization were evaluated. Each factor was fed at 5 different amounts, and factor limits were as follows: 3.0 to 6.2% of dry matter (DM) for FA; 20.2 to 31.3% of DM for starch, and 0 to 17.8 g/d of sdLys. Dietary FA and starch were increased by replacing soyhulls with supplemental fat and corn grain, respectively, and sdLys increased with rumen-protected Lys. Fifteen unique treatments were fed to 25 Jersey cows (mean ± SD; 80 ± 14 d in milk) across 3 blocks in a partially balanced incomplete block design. Each block consisted of 4 periods of 28 d, where the final 4 d were used to determine milk production and composition, feed intake, energy utilization (via total collection and headbox-style indirect calorimetry), and N utilization (via total collection). Response surface models were used to evaluate treatment responses. Increasing dietary FA decreased DM intake and milk protein yield. When dietary starch was less than 24%, milk protein concentration increased with increasing sdLys, but when dietary starch was greater than 26% milk protein concentration decreased with increasing sdLys. Digestibility of FA increased when dietary FA increased from 3.0 to 4.2% and decreased as FA increased beyond 4.2%. Although neutral detergent fiber digestibility decreased as dietary starch increased, energy digestibility increased. As dietary FA increased, metabolizable energy (ME) content quadratically increased. Supply of ME increased as dietary FA increased from 3.0 to 4.2% and decreased as FA increased beyond 4.2%. Increasing dietary FA and starch decreased CH production and urinary energy. Increasing dietary starch increased the efficiency of utilizing dietary N for milk N. Increasing sdLys quadratically decreased N balance as sdLys increased from 0 to 8 g/d and increased N balance as sdLys increased from 8 to 18 g/d. Increasing dietary FA can increase ME content, however, at high dietary FA, decreased DM intake and FA digestibility resulted in a plateau in ME content and a decrease in ME supply. Our results demonstrate that sdLys supply is important for milk protein when dietary starch is low, and some Lys may be preferentially used for muscle protein synthesis at the expense of milk protein when sdLys is high.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Diet; Digestion; Fatty Acids; Female; Lactation; Lysine; Nitrogen; Rumen; Starch
PubMed: 34364648
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20055 -
PloS One 2022A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of maternal supplementation from day 83 of gestation and/or direct supplementation from weaning of...
A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of maternal supplementation from day 83 of gestation and/or direct supplementation from weaning of a bovine casein hydrolysate plus a yeast β-glucan (CH-YBG) on pig performance and intestinal health on day ten post-weaning. Twenty cross bred gilts (Large White × Landrace) were randomly assigned to one of two dietary groups (n = 10 gilts/group): basal diet (basal sows) and basal diet supplemented with CH-YBG (supplemented sows) from day 83 of gestation until weaning (2g/sow/day). At weaning, 120 pigs (6 pigs/sow) were selected. The two dam groups were further divided, resulting in four experimental groups (10 replicates/group; 3 pigs/pen) as follows: 1) BB (basal sows + basal pigs); 2) BS (basal sows + supplemented pigs); 3) SB (supplemented sows + basal pigs); 4) SS (supplemented sows + supplemented pigs). Supplemented pigs were offered 0.5g CH-YBG/kg of feed for 10 days post-weaning. On day 10 post-weaning, 1 pig/pen was humanely sacrificed and samples were taken from the gastrointestinal tract for analysis. Pigs weaned from supplemented sows (SS, SB) had reduced faecal scores and incidence of diarrhoea (P<0.05) compared to pigs weaned from basal sows (BB, BS), with SS pigs not displaying the transient rise in faecal scores seen in the other three groups from day 3 to day 10 post-weaning (P<0.05). Pigs weaned from supplemented sows had reduced feed intake (P<0.05), improved feed efficiency (P<0.05), increased butyrate concentrations (P<0.05), increased abundance of Lactobacillus (P<0.05) and decreased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Campylobacteraceae (P<0.05) compared to pigs weaned from basal sows. In conclusion, maternal supplementation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Campylobacteraceae while also increasing butyrate concentrations. The combination of maternal and direct supplementation led to pigs having the lowest faecal scores compared to all other groups.
Topics: Animals; Butyrates; Caseins; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Lactation; Plant Breeding; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sus scrofa; Swine; Weaning; beta-Glucans
PubMed: 35839254
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265051 -
Journal of Dairy Science Feb 2022Dairy cows commonly undergo negative Ca balance accompanied by hypocalcemia after parturition. A negative dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) strategy has been used...
Dairy cows commonly undergo negative Ca balance accompanied by hypocalcemia after parturition. A negative dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) strategy has been used prepartum to improve periparturient Ca homeostasis. Our objective was to determine the influence of a negative DCAD diet with different amounts of dietary Ca on the blood acid-base balance, blood gases, and metabolic adaptation to lactation. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 81) were blocked into 1 of 3 dietary treatments from 252 d of gestation until parturition: (1) positive DCAD diet and low Ca (CON; containing +6.0 mEq/100 g DM, 0.4% DM Ca); (2) negative DCAD diet and low Ca (ND; -24.0 mEq/100 g DM, 0.4% DM Ca); or (3) negative DCAD diet plus high Ca supplementation (NDCA; -24.1 mEq/100 g DM, 2.0% DM Ca). There were 28, 27, and 26 cows for CON, ND, and NDCA, respectively. Whole blood was sampled at 0, 24, 48, and 96 h after calving for immediate determination of blood acid-base status and blood gases. Serum samples collected at -21, -14, -7, -4, -2, -1, at calving, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d relative to parturition were analyzed for metabolic components. Results indicated that cows fed ND or NDCA had lower blood pH at calving but greater pH at 24 h after calving compared with CON. Blood bicarbonate, base excess, and total CO (tCO) concentrations of cows in ND and NDCA groups were less than those of cows in CON at calving but became greater from 24 to 96 h postpartum. The NDCA cows had lower blood bicarbonate, base excess, and tCO at 48 h and greater partial pressure of oxygen after calving compared with ND. Cows fed ND or NDCA diets had lower serum glucose concentrations than CON cows before calving but no differences were observed postpartum. Serum concentrations of total protein and albumin were greater prepartum for cows in ND and NDCA groups than for those in CON. Postpartum serum urea N and albumin concentrations tended to be higher for ND and NDCA cows. Cows fed ND or NDCA diets had elevated serum total cholesterol concentration prepartum. During the postpartum period, triglycerides and NEFA of cows fed ND or NDCA diets tended to be lower than those of CON. Cows fed the NDCA diet had greater postpartum total cholesterol in serum and lower NEFA concentration at calving than ND. In conclusion, feeding a prepartum negative DCAD diet altered blood acid-base balance and induced metabolic acidosis at calving, and improved protein and lipid metabolism. Supplementation of high Ca in the negative DCAD diet prepartum was more favorable to metabolic adaptation to lactation in dairy cows than the negative DCAD diet with low Ca.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anions; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Cations; Cattle; Diet; Female; Lactation; Milk; Postpartum Period
PubMed: 34955266
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21191 -
Poultry Science Nov 2021Supplementation of betaine in the diet appears to regulate fatty acid metabolism and decrease fat deposition. This study aims to identify the effects of dietary...
Supplementation of betaine in the diet appears to regulate fatty acid metabolism and decrease fat deposition. This study aims to identify the effects of dietary supplementation of betaine on zootechnical performance, fatty acid synthesis, abdominal fat deposition, and morphology. Three hundred healthy, male, one-day-old Jiangnan White geese of similar body weight were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 geese per replicate, and given the following amounts of supplementary betaine: 0 (group A), 600 mg/kg (group B), 1,200 mg/kg (group C), 1,800 mg/kg (group D), or 2,400 mg/kg (group E). Feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), abdominal fat and sebum thickness, clinical blood parameters, hepatic enzyme activity, and abdominal fat morphology were monitored during the experiment. All geese had free access to feed and water throughout the study. Our results indicate that supplementation of betaine increased zootechnical performance at 21 and 42 d of age. The percentage of abdominal fat and sebum thickness of geese at 63 d of age decreased linearly with the addition of betaine (P < 0.05). The triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TCHOL) content of serum decreased with the increased level of betaine when measured at 63 d of age (P<0.05). Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) increased with the level of betaine (P<0.05). However, dietary betaine appeared to decrease the activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the geese at 42 d and 63 d of age (P<0.05). The percentage of total area of lipid droplet decreased with the increased level of betaine supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of betaine increased lipolysis and decreased fat deposition in the finishing period of geese via reducing feed intake. However, the precise mode-of-action is yet unclear and warrants further research.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Betaine; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids; Geese; Lipolysis; Male
PubMed: 34564022
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101460