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Biomolecules Nov 2021Ferroptosis, a newly described type of iron-dependent programmed cell death that is distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and other types of cell death, is involved in... (Review)
Review
Ferroptosis, a newly described type of iron-dependent programmed cell death that is distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and other types of cell death, is involved in lipid peroxidation (LP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Accumulating evidence has highlighted vital roles for ferroptosis in multiple diseases, including acute kidney injury, cancer, hepatic fibrosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, ferroptosis has become one of the research hotspots for disease treatment and attracted extensive attention in recent years. This review mainly summarizes the relationship between ferroptosis and various diseases classified by the system, including the urinary system, digestive system, respiratory system, nervous system. In addition, the role and molecular mechanism of multiple inhibitors and inducers for ferroptosis are further elucidated. A deeper understanding of the relationship between ferroptosis and multiple diseases may provide new strategies for researching diseases and drug development based on ferroptosis.
Topics: Digestive System Diseases; Ferroptosis; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Nervous System Diseases; Reactive Oxygen Species; Urologic Diseases
PubMed: 34944434
DOI: 10.3390/biom11121790 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Jun 2017Intermediate filament proteins (IFs), such as cytoplasmic keratins in epithelial cells and vimentin in mesenchymal cells and the nuclear lamins, make up one of the three... (Review)
Review
Intermediate filament proteins (IFs), such as cytoplasmic keratins in epithelial cells and vimentin in mesenchymal cells and the nuclear lamins, make up one of the three major cytoskeletal protein families. Whether in digestive organs or other tissues, IFs share several unique features including stress-inducible overexpression, abundance, cell-selective and differentiation state expression, and association with >80 human diseases when mutated. Whereas most IF mutations cause disease, mutations in simple epithelial keratins 8, 18, or 19 or in lamin A/C predispose to liver disease with or without other tissue manifestations. Keratins serve major functions including protection from apoptosis, providing cellular and subcellular mechanical integrity, protein targeting to subcellular compartments, and scaffolding and regulation of cell-signaling processes. Keratins are essential for Mallory-Denk body aggregate formation that occurs in association with several liver diseases, whereas an alternate type of keratin and lamin aggregation occurs upon liver involvement in porphyria. IF-associated diseases have no known directed therapy, but high-throughput drug screening to identify potential therapies is an appealing ongoing approach. Despite the extensive current knowledge base, much remains to be discovered regarding IF physiology and pathophysiology in digestive and nondigestive organs.
Topics: Animals; Digestive System; Digestive System Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Intermediate Filaments; Mallory Bodies; Mutation; Phenotype; Polymorphism, Genetic
PubMed: 28360031
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00455.2016 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2022Given the breakthroughs in key technologies, such as image recognition, deep learning and neural networks, artificial intelligence (AI) continues to be increasingly... (Review)
Review
Given the breakthroughs in key technologies, such as image recognition, deep learning and neural networks, artificial intelligence (AI) continues to be increasingly developed, leading to closer and deeper integration with an increasingly data-, knowledge- and brain labor-intensive medical industry. As society continues to advance and individuals become more aware of their health needs, the problems associated with the aging of the population are receiving increasing attention, and there is an urgent demand for improving medical technology, prolonging human life and enhancing health. Digestive system diseases are the most common clinical diseases and are characterized by complex clinical manifestations and a general lack of obvious symptoms in the early stage. Such diseases are very difficult to diagnose and treat. In recent years, the incidence of diseases of the digestive system has increased. As AI applications in the field of health care continue to be developed, AI has begun playing an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system. In this paper, the application of AI in assisted diagnosis and the application and prospects of AI in malignant and benign digestive system diseases are reviewed.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Deep Learning; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Neural Networks, Computer
PubMed: 35721881
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i20.2152 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Nov 2014Gastrointestinal endoscopy has a major diagnostic and therapeutic role in most gastrointestinal disorders; however, limited information is available about clinical... (Review)
Review
Gastrointestinal endoscopy has a major diagnostic and therapeutic role in most gastrointestinal disorders; however, limited information is available about clinical efficacy and safety in pregnant patients. The major risks of endoscopy during pregnancy include potential harm to the fetus because of hypoxia, premature labor, trauma and teratogenesis. In some cases, endoscopic procedures may be postponed until after delivery. When emergency or urgent indications are present, endoscopic procedures may be considered with some precautions. United States Food and Drug Administration category B drugs may be used in low doses. Endoscopic procedures during pregnancy may include upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, enteroscopy of the small bowel or video capsule endoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasonography. All gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures in pregnant patients should be performed in hospitals by expert endoscopists and an obstetrician should be informed about all endoscopic procedures. The endoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy may be safe for the fetus and pregnant patient, and may be performed during pregnancy when strong indications are present. Colonoscopy for pregnant patients may be considered for strong indications during the second trimester. Although therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may be considered during pregnancy, this procedure should be performed only for strong indications and attempts should be made to minimize radiation exposure.
Topics: Analgesics; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Digestive System Diseases; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Endosonography; Female; Fetus; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Patient Selection; Predictive Value of Tests; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Injuries; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 25386072
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15241 -
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Oct 2021Organoid culture systems have emerged as a frontier technology in liver and biliary research. These three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures derived from pluripotent and... (Review)
Review
Organoid culture systems have emerged as a frontier technology in liver and biliary research. These three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures derived from pluripotent and adult hepatobiliary cells model organ structure and function. Building on gastrointestinal organoid establishment, hepatobiliary organoid cultures were generated from mouse leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5-positive liver progenitor cells. Subsequently, 3D hepatobiliary organoid cultures were developed from hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to model human and animal hepatobiliary health and disease. Hepatocyte organoids have been used to study Alagille syndrome, fatty liver disease, Wilson disease, hepatitis B viral infection, and cystic fibrosis. Cholangiocyte organoids have been established to study normal cholangiocyte biology and primary sclerosing cholangitis and to test organoid potential to form bile ducts and gallbladder tissue in vitro. Hepatobiliary cancer organoids, termed tumoroids, have been established from frozen and fresh human tissues and used as a drug-testing platform and for biobanking of cancer samples. CRISPR-based gene modifications and organoid exposure to infectious agents have permitted the generation of organoid models of carcinogenesis. This review summarizes currently available adult cell-derived hepatobiliary organoid models and their applications. Challenges faced by this young technology will be discussed, including the cellular immaturity of organoid-derived hepatocytes, co-culture development to better model complex tissue structure, the imperfection of extracellular matrices, and the absence of standardized protocols and model validation.
Topics: Animals; Digestive System Diseases; Gastroenterology; Humans; Models, Biological; Organoids
PubMed: 33638203
DOI: 10.1002/hep.31772 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... May 2023The gastric mucosal immune system is a unique immune organ independent of systemic immunity that not only maintains nutrient absorption but also plays a role in... (Review)
Review
The gastric mucosal immune system is a unique immune organ independent of systemic immunity that not only maintains nutrient absorption but also plays a role in resisting the external environment. Gastric mucosal immune disorder leads to a series of gastric mucosal diseases, including autoimmune gastritis (AIG)-related diseases, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced diseases, and various types of gastric cancer (GC). Therefore, understanding the role of gastric mucosal immune homeostasis in gastric mucosal protection and the relationship between mucosal immunity and gastric mucosal diseases is very important. This review focuses on the protective effect of gastric mucosal immune homeostasis on the gastric mucosa, as well as multiple gastric mucosal diseases caused by gastric immune disorders. We hope to offer new prospects for the prevention and treatment of gastric mucosal diseases.
Topics: Humans; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Stomach Neoplasms; Autoimmune Diseases; Homeostasis; Helicobacter pylori; Helicobacter Infections
PubMed: 36905807
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114338 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Mar 2016This review focuses on the laparoscopic approach to gastrointestinal emergencies and its more recent indications. Laparoscopic surgery has a specific place in elective... (Review)
Review
This review focuses on the laparoscopic approach to gastrointestinal emergencies and its more recent indications. Laparoscopic surgery has a specific place in elective procedures, but that does not apply in emergency situations. In specific emergencies, there is a huge range of indications and different techniques to apply, and not all of them are equally settle. We consider that the most controversial points in minimally invasive procedures are indications in emergency situations due to technical difficulties. Some pathologies, such as oesophageal emergencies, obstruction due to colon cancer, abdominal hernias or incarcerated postsurgical hernias, are nearly always resolved by conventional surgery, that is, an open approach due to limited intraabdominal cavity space or due to the vulnerability of the bowel. These technical problems have been solved in many diseases, such as for perforated peptic ulcer or acute appendectomy for which a laparoscopic approach has become a well-known and globally supported procedure. On the other hand, endoscopic procedures have acquired further indications, relegating surgical solutions to a second place; this happens in cholangitis or pancreatic abscess drainage. This endoluminal approach avoids the need for laparoscopic development in these diseases. Nevertheless, new instruments and new technologies could extend the laparoscopic approach to a broader array of potentials procedures. There remains, however, a long way to go.
Topics: Acute Disease; Digestive System Diseases; Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Emergencies; Humans; Laparoscopy; Postoperative Complications; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26973409
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i9.2701 -
Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2020Nutrition has been neglected for a long time as an important factor in the pathogenesis of digestive diseases, but also in the treatment, despite Hippocrates long ago... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Nutrition has been neglected for a long time as an important factor in the pathogenesis of digestive diseases, but also in the treatment, despite Hippocrates long ago insisted "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food."
SUMMARY
New insights into the importance of nutrition in the emergence of disease, and especially in the field of prevention of diseases of the digestive tract, impose the need to pay special attention to the nutrition field. The goal of nutrition as one of the focuses of European Association on Gastroenterology, Endoscopy and Nutrition (EAGEN) activities means awareness of the importance and the goal of making nutrition knowledge a part of comprehensive gastroenterologist's continuous education. All the above arguments directed the EAGEN to have nutrition (N) - in the name of the organization - acronym, on an equal basis with clinical gastroenterology (G) and endoscopy (E). Key Messages: "Nomen est omen" - The name is a sign, the name speaks for itself; that is, the best explanation for a name change in the fifth decade of organization's existence and activity, such as pointing to the direction of future activities and priorities.
Topics: Digestive System Diseases; Endoscopy; Gastroenterologists; Gastroenterology; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 31851966
DOI: 10.1159/000505288 -
Advances in Surgery Sep 2019
Review
Topics: Abdominal Injuries; Appendicitis; Cholecystitis, Acute; Digestive System Diseases; Emergencies; Female; Fetal Monitoring; Humans; Intestinal Obstruction; Postoperative Complications; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Radiography; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 31327444
DOI: 10.1016/j.yasu.2019.04.008 -
American Family Physician Dec 2016Gastrointestinal disorders are common complications of diabetes mellitus and include gastroparesis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease,... (Review)
Review
Gastrointestinal disorders are common complications of diabetes mellitus and include gastroparesis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and chronic diarrhea. Symptoms of gastroparesis include early satiety, postprandial fullness, nausea, vomiting of undigested food, bloating, and abdominal pain. Gastroparesis is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and a delay in gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Gastric emptying scintigraphy is the preferred diagnostic test. Treatment involves glucose control, dietary changes, and prokinetic medications when needed. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its more severe variant, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, are becoming increasingly prevalent in persons with diabetes. Screening for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is not recommended, and most cases are diagnosed when steatosis is found incidentally on imaging or from liver function testing followed by diagnostic ultrasonography. Liver biopsy is the preferred diagnostic test for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clinical scoring systems are being developed that, when used in conjunction with less invasive imaging, can more accurately predict which patients have severe fibrosis requiring biopsy. Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease involves weight loss and improved glycemic control; no medications have been approved for treatment of this condition. Diabetes is also a risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Patients may be asymptomatic or present with atypical symptoms, including globus sensation and dysphagia. Diabetes also may exacerbate hepatitis C and pancreatitis, resulting in more severe complications. Glycemic control improves or reverses most gastrointestinal complications of diabetes.
Topics: Biopsy; Breath Tests; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diarrhea; Digestive System Diseases; Disease Management; Dopamine Antagonists; Elasticity Imaging Techniques; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Gastroparesis; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Radionuclide Imaging; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 28075092
DOI: No ID Found