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Frontiers in Immunology 2021
Topics: Alarmins; Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Homeostasis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity; Plant Diseases; Plant Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 35178047
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.844315 -
Clinical Epigenetics Oct 2021
Topics: DNA Methylation; Disease Susceptibility; Ethnicity; Humans
PubMed: 34635160
DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01180-9 -
European Review For Medical and... Jul 2021Sepsis is one of the most common complications and causes of death in patients with Alcohol-related Liver Disease. This narrative review will focus on several aspects of... (Review)
Review
Sepsis is one of the most common complications and causes of death in patients with Alcohol-related Liver Disease. This narrative review will focus on several aspects of sepsis in the context of Alcohol-related Liver Disease. The pathophysiology of the increased susceptibility to infections consists mainly of impaired innate and adaptive immunity, changes in gut microbiota with consequent gut translocation of bacteria due to both alcohol abuse and the underlying liver disease. The diagnosis of sepsis in the context of Alcohol-related Liver Disease is challenging. Moreover, the use of classical acute-phase serum proteins (e.g., C-reactive protein and procalcitonin) has several limitations in this setting. The early administration of an adequate antibiotic treatment is pivotal. Finally, measures of infection control and prevention are needed because the prognosis of sepsis in patients affected by Alcohol-related Liver Disease is poor.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; C-Reactive Protein; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic; Procalcitonin; Prognosis; Sepsis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34286499
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202107_26249 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021
Topics: Africa; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Noncommunicable Diseases; Public Health Surveillance
PubMed: 35087535
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816257 -
Immunity Oct 2021The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused a devastating... (Review)
Review
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused a devastating pandemic worldwide. Here, we explain basic concepts underlying the transition from an epidemic to an endemic state, where a pathogen is stably maintained in a population. We discuss how the number of infections and the severity of disease change in the transition from the epidemic to the endemic phase and consider the implications of this transition in the context of COVID-19.
Topics: COVID-19; Disease Susceptibility; Endemic Diseases; Epidemics; Humans; Immunity; Prevalence; SARS-CoV-2; Severity of Illness Index; Vaccination
PubMed: 34626549
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.019 -
Nature Reviews. Genetics Apr 2007Epidemiological evidence increasingly suggests that environmental exposures early in development have a role in susceptibility to disease in later life. In addition,... (Review)
Review
Epidemiological evidence increasingly suggests that environmental exposures early in development have a role in susceptibility to disease in later life. In addition, some of these environmental effects seem to be passed on through subsequent generations. Epigenetic modifications provide a plausible link between the environment and alterations in gene expression that might lead to disease phenotypes. An increasing body of evidence from animal studies supports the role of environmental epigenetics in disease susceptibility. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated for the first time that heritable environmentally induced epigenetic modifications underlie reversible transgenerational alterations in phenotype. Methods are now becoming available to investigate the relevance of these phenomena to human disease.
Topics: Alleles; Animals; DNA Methylation; Disease Susceptibility; Environmental Exposure; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genomic Imprinting; Humans; Male; Mice; Models, Genetic; Phenotype; Pregnancy
PubMed: 17363974
DOI: 10.1038/nrg2045 -
Current Environmental Health Reports Sep 2020This review aims to explore how circadian rhythms influence disease susceptibility and potentially modify the effect of environmental exposures. We aimed to identify... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review aims to explore how circadian rhythms influence disease susceptibility and potentially modify the effect of environmental exposures. We aimed to identify biomarkers commonly used in environmental health research that have also been the subject of chronobiology studies, in order to review circadian rhythms of relevance to environmental health and determine if time-of-day is an important factor to consider in environmental health studies. Moreover, we discuss opportunities for studying how environmental exposures may interact with circadian rhythms to structure disease pathology and etiology.
RECENT FINDINGS
In recent years, the study of circadian rhythms in mammals has flourished. Animal models revealed that all body tissues have circadian rhythms. In humans, circadian rhythms were also shown to exist at multiple levels of organization: molecular, cellular, and physiological processes, including responding to oxidative stress, cell trafficking, and sex hormone production, respectively. Together, these rhythms are an essential component of human physiology and can shape an individual's susceptibility and response to disease. Circadian rhythms are relatively unexplored in environmental health research. However, circadian clocks control many physiological and behavioral processes that impact exposure pathways and disease systems. We believe this review will motivate new studies of (i) the impact of exposures on circadian rhythms, (ii) how circadian rhythms modify the effect of environmental exposures, and (iii) how time-of-day impacts our ability to observe the body's response to exposure.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Circadian Rhythm; Disease Susceptibility; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Health; Humans; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 32662059
DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00285-2 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2021Live attenuated viral vaccines (LAV) have saved millions of lives globally through their capacity to elicit strong, cross-reactive and enduring adaptive immune... (Review)
Review
Live attenuated viral vaccines (LAV) have saved millions of lives globally through their capacity to elicit strong, cross-reactive and enduring adaptive immune responses. However, LAV can also act as a Trojan horse to reveal inborn errors of immunity, thereby highlighting important protective elements of the healthy antiviral immune response. In the following article, we draw out these lessons by reviewing the spectrum of LAV-associated disease reported in a variety of inborn errors of immunity. We note the contrast between adaptive disorders, which predispose to both LAV and their wild type counterparts, and defects of innate immunity in which parenterally delivered LAV behave in a particularly threatening manner. Recognition of the underlying pathomechanisms can inform our approach to disease management and vaccination in a wider group of individuals, including those receiving immunomodulators that impact the relevant pathways.
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity; Species Specificity; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 34107321
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.05.006 -
Immunology Jun 2018An ever-increasing collection of neurological human diseases are becoming appreciated as encompassing a strong immunological component in pathogenesis or regulation....
An ever-increasing collection of neurological human diseases are becoming appreciated as encompassing a strong immunological component in pathogenesis or regulation. This derives to a large extent from genome-wide association studies that have highlighted association with immune system genes, including those in the HLA and KIR regions. Along with the genomic findings have come insights from immune phenotyping and assays for autoimmunity. This is a group of disease processes that includes Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, stroke, narcolepsy, schizophrenia and psychosis. In most cases, these are diseases in which we assume that differential regulation of central nervous system inflammation may impact symptoms and severity. The specific roles played by the immune response in these disease processes is largely uncharted and will require considerable investigation.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Mental Disorders; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neuroimmunomodulation
PubMed: 29878338
DOI: 10.1111/imm.12943 -
Biology Letters Aug 2016Behavioural phenotypes may provide a means for identifying individuals that disproportionally contribute to disease spread and epizootic outbreaks. For example, bolder...
Behavioural phenotypes may provide a means for identifying individuals that disproportionally contribute to disease spread and epizootic outbreaks. For example, bolder phenotypes may experience greater exposure and susceptibility to pathogenic infection because of distinct interactions with conspecifics and their environment. We tested the value of behavioural phenotypes in larval amphibians for predicting ranavirus transmission in experimental trials. We found that behavioural phenotypes characterized by latency-to-food and swimming profiles were predictive of disease susceptibility and infectiousness defined as the capacity of an infected host to transmit an infection by contacts. While viral shedding rates were positively associated with transmission, we also found an inverse relationship between contacts and infections. Together these results suggest intrinsic traits that influence behaviour and the quantity of pathogens shed during conspecific interactions may be an important contributor to ranavirus transmission. These results suggest that behavioural phenotypes provide a means to identify individuals more likely to spread disease and thus give insights into disease outbreaks that threaten wildlife and humans.
Topics: Animals; DNA Virus Infections; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Susceptibility; Phenotype; Ranavirus
PubMed: 27555652
DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0480