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Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and... Apr 2018
Topics: DNA Glycosylases; Diet, Mediterranean; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29305132
DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.09.026 -
Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San... Jul 2018The ultimate goal of MRI is to provide information on biological tissue microstructure and function. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) is one of the newer... (Review)
Review
The ultimate goal of MRI is to provide information on biological tissue microstructure and function. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) is one of the newer approaches for studying tissue microstructure by means of measuring phase of Gradient Recalled Echo (GRE) MRI signal. The fundamental question in the heart of this approach is: what is the relationship between the net phase/frequency of the GRE signal from an imaging voxel and the underlying tissue microstructure at the cellular and sub-cellular levels? In the presence of external magnetic field, biological media (e.g. cells, cellular components, blood) become magnetized leading to the MR signal frequency shift that is affected not only by bulk magnetic susceptibility but by the local cellular environment as well. The latter effect is often termed the Lorentzian contribution to the frequency shift. Evaluating the Lorentzian contribution - one of the most intriguing and challenging problems in this field - is the main focus of this review. While the traditional approach to this problem is based on introduction of an imaginary Lorentzian cavity, a more rigorous treatment was proposed recently based on a statistical approach and a direct solution of the Maxwell equations. This approach, termed the Generalized Lorentzian Tensor Approach (GLTA), is especially fruitful for describing anisotropic biological media. The GLTA adequately accounts for two types of anisotropy: anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and tissue structural anisotropy (e.g., cylindrical axonal bundles in white matter). In the framework of the GLTA the frequency shift due to the local environment is described in terms of the Lorentzian tensor L̂ which can have a substantially different structure than the susceptibility tensor χ̂. While the components of χ̂ are compartmental susceptibilities "weighted" by their volume fractions, the components of L̂ are additionally weighted by specific numerical factors depending on cellular geometrical symmetry. In addition to describing the GLTA that is a phenomenological approach largely based on considering the system symmetry, we also briefly discuss a microscopic approaches to the problem that are based on modeling of the MR signal in different regimes (i.e. static dephasing vs. motion narrowing) and in different cellular environments (e.g., accounting for WM microstructure).
Topics: Algorithms; Animals; Anisotropy; Disease Susceptibility; Heart; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 29730126
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.04.014 -
European Respiratory Review : An... Dec 2014
Topics: Diet; Disease Susceptibility; Fabaceae; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
PubMed: 25445939
DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00005414 -
Annual Review of Animal Biosciences Feb 2024The study of adipose tissue (AT) is enjoying a renaissance. White, brown, and beige adipocytes are being investigated in adult animals, and the critical roles of small... (Review)
Review
The study of adipose tissue (AT) is enjoying a renaissance. White, brown, and beige adipocytes are being investigated in adult animals, and the critical roles of small depots like perivascular AT are becoming clear. But the most profound revision of the AT dogma has been its cellular composition and regulation. Single-cell transcriptomic studies revealed that adipocytes comprise well under 50% of the cells in white AT, and a substantial portion of the rest are immune cells. Altering the function of AT resident leukocytes can induce or correct metabolic syndrome and, more surprisingly, alter adaptive immune responses to infection. Although the field is dominated by obesity research, conditions such as rapid lipolysis, infection, and heat stress impact AT immune dynamics as well. Recent findings in rodents lead to critical questions that should be explored in domestic livestock as potential avenues for improved animal resilience to stressors, particularly as animals age.
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Adipose Tissue; Inflammation; Livestock; Transcriptome
PubMed: 38064480
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-113212 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Jun 2014A recent surge in newly described inborn errors of immune function-related genes that result in susceptibility to fungal disease has greatly enhanced our understanding... (Review)
Review
A recent surge in newly described inborn errors of immune function-related genes that result in susceptibility to fungal disease has greatly enhanced our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of antifungal immune responses. Characterization of single-gene defects that predispose to various combinations of superficial and deep-seated infections caused by yeasts, molds, and dimorphic fungi has unmasked the critical role of novel molecules and signaling pathways in mucosal and systemic antifungal host defense. These experiments of nature offer a unique opportunity for developing new knowledge in immunological research and form the foundation for devising immune-based therapeutic approaches for patients infected with fungal pathogens.
Topics: Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Markers; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Mutation; Mycoses; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 24890837
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019638 -
Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Dec 2014The phenomenon that adverse environmental exposures in early life are associated with increased susceptibilities for many adult, particularly metabolic diseases, is now... (Review)
Review
The phenomenon that adverse environmental exposures in early life are associated with increased susceptibilities for many adult, particularly metabolic diseases, is now referred to as 'developmental origins of health and disease (DOHAD)' or 'Barker' hypothesis. Fetal overnutrition and undernutrition have similar long-lasting effects on the setting of the neuroendocrine control systems, energy homeostasis, and metabolism, leading to life-long increased morbidity. There are sensitive time windows during early development, where environmental cues can program persistent epigenetic modifications which are generally assumed to mediate these gene-environment interactions. Most of our current knowledge on fetal programing comes from animal models and epidemiological studies in humans, in particular the Dutch famine birth cohort. In industrialized countries, there is more concern about adverse long-term consequences of fetal overnutrition, i.e. by exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus and/or maternal obesity which affect 10-20% of pregnancies. Epigenetic changes due to maternal diabetes/obesity may predispose the offspring to develop metabolic disease later in life and, thus, transmit the adverse environmental exposure to the next generation. This vicious cycle could contribute significantly to the worldwide metabolic disease epidemics. In this review article, we focus on the epigenetics of an adverse intrauterine environment, in particular gestational diabetes, and its implications for the prevention of complex disease.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes, Gestational; Disease Susceptibility; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Mice; Models, Animal; Phenotype; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Risk Factors
PubMed: 25187623
DOI: 10.1530/REP-14-0334 -
ELife May 2020Interactions between immune cell receptors and proteins that determine disease susceptibility shed light on how different arms of the immune system are involved in three...
Interactions between immune cell receptors and proteins that determine disease susceptibility shed light on how different arms of the immune system are involved in three viral infections and Crohn's disease.
Topics: Disease Susceptibility; Humans
PubMed: 32406819
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.56886 -
Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis :... Apr 2018
Topics: Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 29607605
DOI: 10.1111/jth.13990 -
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and... Mar 2013Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism plays a key role in meeting energetic demands of cells by oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Here, we have briefly discussed (a) the... (Review)
Review
Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism plays a key role in meeting energetic demands of cells by oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Here, we have briefly discussed (a) the dynamic relationship that exists among glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and OxPhos; (b) the evidence of impaired OxPhos (i.e. mitochondrial dysfunction) in breast cancer; (c) the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction can predispose to cancer; and (d) the effects of host and environmental factors that can negatively affect mitochondrial function. We propose that impaired OxPhos could increase susceptibility to breast cancer via suppression of the p53 pathway, which plays a critical role in preventing tumorigenesis. OxPhos is sensitive to a large number of factors intrinsic to the host (e.g. inflammation) as well as environmental exposures (e.g. pesticides, herbicides and other compounds). Polymorphisms in over 143 genes can also influence the OxPhos system. Therefore, declining mitochondrial oxidative metabolism with age due to host and environmental exposures could be a common mechanism predisposing to cancer.
Topics: Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinogens, Environmental; Disease Susceptibility; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mammary Glands, Human; Mitochondria; Oxidative Phosphorylation
PubMed: 23269521
DOI: 10.1007/s10911-012-9271-3 -
Poultry Science Aug 2000The resolution of genes that determine resistance to disease is described using chicken lines maintained at the Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory (ADOL). This... (Review)
Review
The resolution of genes that determine resistance to disease is described using chicken lines maintained at the Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory (ADOL). This description includes a summary 1) of existing selected and inbred lines differing for resistance to viral-induced tumors, i.e., Marek's disease (MD) and lymphoid leukosis (LL), and of the use of inbred and line crosses to define relevant disease-resistant genes, e.g., TV, ALVE, B, R, LY4, TH1, BU1, and IGG1; 2) of the development of TVB*/ALVE congenic lines to establish the affects of endogenous virus (EV) expression on resistance to avian leukosis virus (ALV), and methods to detect ALVE expression; 3) of the development of B congenic lines to define the influence of the MHC on MD resistance and vaccinal immunity, for producing B antisera, and for evaluating DNA sequences of Class I and II genes; and 4) of the current development of 6C.7 recombinant congenic strains (RCS) to define the role of non-MHC genes influencing susceptibility to MD and LL tumors, immune competence, and epistatic effects of genes. The procedures of pedigree mating, to avoid or maintain inbreeding, and of blood-typing, to ensure genetic purity of the lines, are also described.
Topics: Animals; Breeding; Chickens; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Immunity, Innate; Inbreeding; Tumor Virus Infections; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 10947175
DOI: 10.1093/ps/79.8.1082