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Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2016The increasing number of law-evading drug users in Japan is becoming a serious social problem. Previous studies have shown that law-evading drug users are younger,... (Review)
Review
The increasing number of law-evading drug users in Japan is becoming a serious social problem. Previous studies have shown that law-evading drug users are younger, more educated, and less antisocial than methamphetamine users. They also tend to have some type of psychiatric disorder before starting drug use; therefore one of the reasons that they start using drugs may be to alleviate certain psychiatric symptoms. Furthermore, if drug users are successful in avoiding arrest, they often lack the motivation to stop, which makes treatment difficult. Therapists are required to be non-confrontational, to keep pace with their patients, and to take their patients' other existing disorders into account. Recently, the Matrix Model has shown promise as a new treatment strategy for drug abusers in Japan. The Matrix Model, which was originally developed in response to the 1980s cocaine epidemic in the USA, is an intensive outpatient treatment approach for drug abuse and dependence. The Matrix Model integrates cognitive-behavioral therapy, contingency management, motivational interviewing, 12-step facilitation, family involvement, and so on, with a directive, non-confrontational approach, and this style of therapy seems to fit with law-evading drug users. A Matrix Model-based treatment program was first established in Japan in 2006. The aim of this report is to introduce and assess the benefits of the TAMA Mental Health and Welfare Center Relapse Prevention Program, a Matrix Model-based treatment program established at the Tama Mental Health and Welfare Center in 2007.
Topics: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Family; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Japan; Mental Disorders; Motivational Interviewing; Social Facilitation; Social Problems; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 26725673
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00228-4 -
Journal of the Royal College of... Apr 1970
Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Barbiturates; Brain; Cannabis; Central Nervous System; Cocaine; Drug Tolerance; Guinea Pigs; Heroin; Humans; Hypothalamus; Ileum; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Morphine; Morphine Dependence; Nerve Endings; Opium; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 5521571
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment Dec 2016This study examined stressful life events and other predictors associated with remission from DSM-IV drug dependence involving cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, heroin,...
This study examined stressful life events and other predictors associated with remission from DSM-IV drug dependence involving cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, non-heroin opioids, sedatives, stimulants, tranquilizers, or other drugs. Waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions were used to examine the prevalence and predictors of past-year remission status. Among U.S. adults with previous (i.e., prior-to-past-year) drug dependence (n=921) at baseline (wave 1), the prevalence of past-year remission status at wave 1 was: abstinence (60.5%), asymptomatic drug use (18.8%), partial remission (7.1%), and still drug dependent (13.5%). Similarly, the prevalence of past-year remission status three years after baseline at wave 2 was: abstinence (69.1%), asymptomatic drug use (15.5%), partial remission (8.4%), and still drug dependent (7.0%). Remission three years after baseline at wave 2 was much more likely among formerly drug dependent U.S. adults who abstained from drug use at baseline (wave 1) relative to those who reported asymptomatic drug use, partial remission, or remained drug dependent. Design-based weighted multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that relative to abstinence, past-year stressful events at baseline (wave 1) predicted higher odds of partial remission and drug dependence at both waves 1 and 2. This is the first national study to examine the potential role of stressful life events associated with remission from drug dependence. Although the majority of those who reported previous drug dependence transitioned to full remission, a sizeable percentage were either still drug dependent or in partial remission. Higher levels of stressful life events appear to create barriers to remission and should remain a focus for relapse prevention programs.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Remission Induction; Stress, Psychological; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 27776676
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.08.008 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Feb 1968
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amphetamine; Barbiturates; Culture; Drug Prescriptions; Family Practice; Female; Humans; Long-Term Care; Male; Social Problems; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders; United Kingdom
PubMed: 4966127
DOI: No ID Found -
Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao... Jun 2009The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between depression and illicit drug dependence among a Latin-American population.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between depression and illicit drug dependence among a Latin-American population.
METHOD
illicit drug dependent patients (n = 137) and controls (n = 274) were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies, in order to detect lifetime and current depressive disorder and illicit (cocaine, cannabis or inhalants) substance dependence. A regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio for drug dependence according to the diagnosis of depression.
RESULTS
The lifetime diagnosis of depression (p = 0.001; OR = 4.9; 95% CI, 1.9-12.7) predicts illegal drugs dependence. Sociodemographic variables such as male gender (p < 0.001; OR = 36.8; 95% CI, 11.8-114) and occupational situation (p = 0.002; OR = 5.0; 95% CI, 1.8-13) as well as alcohol dependence (p = 0.01; OR = 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3-8.7) significantly influenced depression and drug dependence. Additional influent factors detected were having parents (p = 0.006; OR = 18.9; 95% CI, 2.3-158) or friends (p < 0.001; OR = 64.4; 95% CI, 6.5-636) who are illicit drugs dependents.
CONCLUSION
although a causal relationship between dependence on illicit drugs and depression cannot be determined, comparison of the sequence of events point to the occurrence of depression later in life than dependence. It remains to be determined whether depression is a comorbidity of dependence, sharing etiological factors, or a consequence of drug abuse and/or abstinence.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Brazil; Case-Control Studies; Depressive Disorder; Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); Female; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Odds Ratio; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult
PubMed: 19578681
DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462009000200005 -
Psychopharmacology Nov 2012Social factors are important determinants of drug dependence and relapse. (Review)
Review
RATIONALE
Social factors are important determinants of drug dependence and relapse.
OBJECTIVES
We reviewed pre-clinical literature examining the role of social experiences from early life through the development of drug dependence and relapse, emphasizing two aspects of these experiences: (1) whether the social interaction is appetitive or aversive and (2) whether the social interaction occurs within or outside of the drug-taking context.
METHODS
The models reviewed include neonatal care, isolation, social defeat, chronic subordination, and prosocial interactions. We review results from these models in regard to effects on self-administration and conditioned place preference established with alcohol, psychostimulants, and opiates.
RESULTS
We suggest that in general, when the interactions occur outside of the drug-taking context, prosocial interactions are protective against drug abuse-related behaviors, whereas social stressors facilitate these behaviors. By contrast, positive or negative social interactions occurring within the drug-taking context may interact with other risk factors to enhance or inhibit these behaviors.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite differences in the nature and complexity of human social behavior compared to other species, the evolving animal literature provides useful models for understanding social influences on drug abuse-related behavior that will allow for research on the behavioral and biological mechanisms involved. The models have contributed to understanding social influences on initiation and maintenance of drug use, but more research is needed to understand social influences on drug relapse.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Addictive; Conditioning, Operant; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Recurrence; Self Administration; Social Behavior; Species Specificity; Stress, Psychological; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 22955569
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2853-3 -
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal =... May 2017Substance use is a public health problem worldwide. According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates, there has been an increase of more than 10%...
Substance use is a public health problem worldwide. According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates, there has been an increase of more than 10% over recent years in cannabis use in 9 countries in the Region; while the prevalence of opiate use in Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan is among the highest in the world. The estimated prevalence for drug dependence in the North Africa and Middle East region is 0.29%, which is 1.3 times higher than the global prevalence. Emergencies and civil unrest are known as important factors in the exacerbation of the situation.
Topics: Capacity Building; Humans; Mediterranean Region; Prevalence; Public Health; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 30378673
DOI: No ID Found -
Medicine Apr 2023In the past, the problem of sedation drug dependence has been reported in psychological counseling cases, but it is rare to use the rapid reconstruction method for...
INTRODUCTION
In the past, the problem of sedation drug dependence has been reported in psychological counseling cases, but it is rare to use the rapid reconstruction method for psychological emergency intervention. This article reports the applying of rapid reconstruction method in the intervention of sedation drug dependence during psychological emergency in the context of the Corona Virus Disease-2019 public health events.
THE MAIN THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS
Firstly present the problem including presenting experiences related to psychological stress, troubles of events, core problems and self-assessment based on a score of 0 to 10, secondly transfer information including normalizing relevant reactions and providing useful knowledge, thirdly cope with strategies of seeking internal and external resources, reassessing and making improvement plans, at last improve the summary which includes reviewing the process to summarize gains, initiate actions and commit.
OUTCOMES
The author discussed the current psychological crisis with the patient, scored the tense and anxious situation, normalized the response to the patient and passed on the knowledge about controlling Corona Virus Disease-2019 prevention and sedative drugs, helped him find the method to adjust himself and the social resources he confided to his friends during the similar period, scored again, put forward the plan, reviewed the conversation process and made a commitment to not use sedative drugs.
CONCLUSIONS
Through the "simple and quick reconstruction method," the patient was able to solve the problem of dependence on sedative drugs, relieve tension and anxiety, find resources, and keep living.
Topics: Humans; Male; Hypnotics and Sedatives; COVID-19; Substance-Related Disorders; Stress, Psychological; Anxiety Disorders
PubMed: 37115057
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033691 -
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs Sep 2010Not only are substance-use disorders and externalizing disorders frequently comorbid, they often co-occur in families across generations. The current study examined the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
Not only are substance-use disorders and externalizing disorders frequently comorbid, they often co-occur in families across generations. The current study examined the role of genetic and environmental influences in the relationship between paternal histories of drug dependence or alcohol dependence and offspring conduct disorder using an offspring-of-twins design.
METHOD
Participants were male twins (n = 1,774) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, their offspring (n = 1,917), and mothers of the offspring (n = 1,202). Twins had a history of drug dependence, alcohol dependence, or neither. Based on the father's and his co-twin's drug-dependence or alcohol-dependence history and zygosity, risk groups were constructed to reflect different levels of genetic and environmental risk that were then used to predict offspring conduct disorder.
RESULTS
After controlling for potentially confounding variables, the offspring of men with a history of drug dependence or alcohol dependence had significantly higher rates of conduct disorder, compared with offspring of men without this history. Offspring at higher genetic risk had higher rates of conduct disorder. High-risk offspring at lower environmental risk had lower rates of conduct disorder but only in the case of paternal drug-dependence risk. Lower environmental risk did not influence rates of offspring conduct disorder when the father had an alcohol-dependence history.
CONCLUSIONS
Genetic risk associated with both paternal drug-dependence and paternal alcohol-dependence histories predicted offspring conduct-disorder risk, but only risk associated with paternal drug-dependence history was mitigated by having a low-risk environment. These results demonstrated a significant gene-environment interaction effect.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; Child of Impaired Parents; Conduct Disorder; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Parent-Child Relations; Registries; Social Environment; Substance-Related Disorders; Vietnam Conflict; Young Adult
PubMed: 20731970
DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2010.71.652 -
The American Journal of Psychiatry Oct 2002Studies of the neurobiological processes underlying drug addiction primarily have focused on limbic subcortical structures. Here the authors evaluated the role of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Studies of the neurobiological processes underlying drug addiction primarily have focused on limbic subcortical structures. Here the authors evaluated the role of frontal cortical structures in drug addiction.
METHOD
An integrated model of drug addiction that encompasses intoxication, bingeing, withdrawal, and craving is proposed. This model and findings from neuroimaging studies on the behavioral, cognitive, and emotional processes that are at the core of drug addiction were used to analyze the involvement of frontal structures in drug addiction.
RESULTS
The orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate gyrus, which are regions neuroanatomically connected with limbic structures, are the frontal cortical areas most frequently implicated in drug addiction. They are activated in addicted subjects during intoxication, craving, and bingeing, and they are deactivated during withdrawal. These regions are also involved in higher-order cognitive and motivational functions, such as the ability to track, update, and modulate the salience of a reinforcer as a function of context and expectation and the ability to control and inhibit prepotent responses.
CONCLUSIONS
These results imply that addiction connotes cortically regulated cognitive and emotional processes, which result in the overvaluing of drug reinforcers, the undervaluing of alternative reinforcers, and deficits in inhibitory control for drug responses. These changes in addiction, which the authors call I-RISA (impaired response inhibition and salience attribution), expand the traditional concepts of drug dependence that emphasize limbic-regulated responses to pleasure and reward.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Cerebral Cortex; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Compulsive Behavior; Dopamine; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Limbic System; Models, Theoretical; Reinforcement, Psychology; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders; Syndrome; Terminology as Topic; Tomography, Emission-Computed
PubMed: 12359667
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1642