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American Journal of Preventive Medicine Apr 2023E-cigarette use is associated with pulmonary inflammation, functional respiratory changes, and chronic lung disease. Most population-level E-cigarette research has...
INTRODUCTION
E-cigarette use is associated with pulmonary inflammation, functional respiratory changes, and chronic lung disease. Most population-level E-cigarette research has utilized point-in-time measures of E-cigarette exposures, which may not generalize to adults who transition between cigarettes and E-cigarettes.
METHODS
Data obtained from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study were collected from 2013 to 2019 and analyzed in 2022. Three observations were created per respondent, with exposure intervals assessed over Waves 1-2, 2-3, and 3-4. Each wave of the exposure interval was classified as nonuse, exclusive E-cigarette use, exclusive smoking, or dual use, producing 16 possible cigarette‒E-cigarette transitions. The association between transitions and both dry nighttime cough and wheeze symptom development during follow-up were assessed using mixed-effects Poisson models.
RESULTS
Among 33,231 observations from 13,528 unique participants, transitioning from nonuse to exclusive E-cigarette use was associated with 1.62 times higher incidence rate of wheeze (incident rate ratio=1.62; 95% CI=1.12, 2.34) than persistent nonuse. There was no change in reported dry nighttime cough (incident rate ratio=0.84; 95% CI=0.52, 1.35) or wheeze (incident rate ratio=0.87; 95% CI=0.52, 1.46) in individuals who switched from cigarettes to E-cigarettes, whereas transitioning from dual use to E-cigarette use was associated with large reductions in both symptoms (incident rate ratio=0.58; 95% CI=0.39, 0.87 and incident rate ratio=0.36; 95% CI=0.20, 0.63, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
E-cigarette initiation among nonusers is associated with increased respiratory morbidity. Further research should assess the risks and benefits of E-cigarette‒assisted cigarette cessation given the reduction in symptom development rates among dual use to E-cigarette switchers.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Cough; Tobacco Products; Smoking; Vaping
PubMed: 36470837
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.10.006 -
Indian Heart Journal 2020Cough is one of the common adverse effects in patients receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). This review presents the current evidence on incidence... (Review)
Review
Cough is one of the common adverse effects in patients receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). This review presents the current evidence on incidence and mechanisms of cough associated with ACEIs use, and proposes a practical approach for managing the same for optimal cardiovascular (CV) risk reduction. The incidence of dry cough in patients receiving ACEIs vary among individual ACEIs, and is the lowest with perindopril. Cough is thought to originate from multiple mechanisms, bradykinin theory is the most commonly appealed hypothesis. The strategies for optimal management could be temporarily discontinuation of ACEI upon a reported incidence of cough and reintroduction after its remission. However, studies have reported disappearance of cough despite continuing treatment. Another important approach could be adding calcium channel blockers to ACEIs. Switching to alternative drugs such as angiotensin receptor blockers should be suggested in case intolerable symptoms recur and after exclusion of all other possible causes of cough.
Topics: Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Cardiovascular Diseases; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior
PubMed: 33189192
DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2020.08.007 -
Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.) Nov 2020COVID-19 rapidly turned to a global pandemic posing lethal threats to overwhelming health care capabilities, despite its relatively low mortality rate. The clinical... (Review)
Review
COVID-19 rapidly turned to a global pandemic posing lethal threats to overwhelming health care capabilities, despite its relatively low mortality rate. The clinical respiratory symptoms include dry cough, fever, anosmia, breathing difficulties, and subsequent respiratory failure. No known cure is available for COVID-19. Apart from the anti-viral strategy, the supports of immune effectors and modulation of immunosuppressive mechanisms is the rationale immunomodulation approach in COVID-19 management. Diet and nutrition are essential for healthy immunity. However, a group of micronutrients plays a dominant role in immunomodulation. The deficiency of most nutrients increases the individual susceptibility to virus infection with a tendency for severe clinical presentation. Despite a shred of evidence, the supplementation of a single nutrient is not promising in the general population. Individuals at high-risk for specific nutrient deficiencies likely benefit from supplementation. The individual dietary and nutritional status assessments are critical for determining the comprehensive actions in COVID-19.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Cough; Disease Management; Fever; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Innate; Immunologic Factors; Micronutrients; Olfaction Disorders; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Respiratory Insufficiency; SARS-CoV-2; Severity of Illness Index; Trace Elements; Vitamins
PubMed: 32710937
DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108545 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread worldwide and is characterized by different presentations ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. COVID-19...
BACKGROUND
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread worldwide and is characterized by different presentations ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. COVID-19 affects all age groups, including pediatric patients. We observed numerous children complaining of a cough post-COVID-19, even if it was trivial. The most reported persistent symptoms after recovery from COVID-19 were insomnia, coughing, fatigue, dyspnea, loss of taste and/or smell, and headache. To date, residual cough post-COVID-19 has been reported in pediatrics and adolescents.
METHOD
we conducted a retrospective study, with a self-administered questionnaire by the patient or caregiver, 12 months post-COVID-19-infection.
RESULT
A total of 94.8% of patients were Saudi citizens and were mainly from the southern region of Saudi Arabia (50.0%). Mothers (64.4%) submitted most of the results. The ages were as follows: 6-14 years (51.0%), 3-5 years (32.3%), and younger than 2 years of age (only 16.7%). Females accounted for 41.7% of those studied. Nearly half of the patients (48.5%) had had a previous COVID-19 infection in 2022, with only 2.1% infected in 2019. Only 27/194 (13.9%) patients required hospital admission, and 7 of them (4.2%) required intensive care treatment. A total of 179 (92.2%) patients still reported persistent symptoms 4 weeks post-COVID-19-infection. A cough was reported in 69.8% of patients, followed by cough and wheezing in 12.3%. The cough was described as dry in 78.0% and nocturnal in 54.1%, while 42.5% did not notice any diurnal variation. For those reporting residual cough, 39.3% found that it affected school attendance and daily activities, 31.1% reported associated chest pain, 51.9% associated it with wheezing, and 27.1% associated it with shortness of breath. For 54.4%, the residual cough lasted less than one month, while 31.4% reported a 1-2 month duration. Only 1.0% had a duration of cough of more than 3 months. For cough relief, 28.2% used bronchodilators, 19.9% used cough syrup, 16.6% used a combination of bronchodilators and steroid inhalers, and 1.7% used antibiotics. Surprisingly, 33% attempted herbal remedies for cough relief. Sesame oil was used the most (40.0%), followed by a mixture of olive oil and sesame oil (25.0%), and 21.7% used male frankincense. The majority (78.4%) sought medical advice for their post-infection cough, either from general pediatricians (39.5%) or via specialist pediatric pulmonology consultations (30.9%). A total of 11.0% with a residual cough reported having pets at home, while 27.2% reported secondhand smoke exposure in the household. Before infection with COVID-19, only 32.6% were diagnosed with asthma, while 68.2% reported a diagnosis of atopic skin.
CONCLUSIONS
There was a high prevalence of residual cough post-COVID-19, extended for a minimum of two months, and the characteristics of the cough were very similar to those of asthmatic patients. There was still a high prevalence of using cough syrup and herbal remedies, especially olive oil, sesame oil, and male frankincense. A residual cough adversely affected school attendance in daily activities, and there was a high prevalence of other siblings in the family being affected. The study showed that a minority of patients were seen by the pulmonologist; luckily, long COVID was rare in our study, and so further studies are highly needed to confirm the association with asthma. More educational programs are highly needed regarding herbal remedies and cough syrup.
PubMed: 37371263
DOI: 10.3390/children10061031 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Apr 2009Chronic non-specific cough is a chronic, dry cough of in the absence of identifiable respiratory disease or known aetiology. Although it is usually not reflective of an... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Chronic non-specific cough is a chronic, dry cough of in the absence of identifiable respiratory disease or known aetiology. Although it is usually not reflective of an underlying severe illness, it does cause significant morbidity, and as such relief from it is often sought. The use of honey and lozenges to soothe upper respiratory tract irritation is common, inexpensive, and potentially more effective in treating the symptoms than pharmacological interventions.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the efficacy of honey and/or lozenges in the management of children with chronic non-specific cough.
SEARCH STRATEGY
The Cochrane Airways Group searched the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, OLDMEDLINE, and EMBASE databases in October 2008.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All randomised controlled trials comparing honey or lozenges with a placebo in treating children with chronic non-specific cough.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The results of the searches were assessed according to the pre-determined criteria. None of the trials identified by the searches were eligible for inclusion, leaving no data available for analysis in this review.
MAIN RESULTS
The search did not provide any applicable randomised controlled trials that investigated the efficacy of honey and lozenges in treating children with non-specific chronic cough. Data from acute studies suggest a potential role for honey in relieving cough, but whether this is applicable to chronic cough is unknown.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Clinically, this review was unable to provide any justifiable recommendation for or against honey and/or lozenges due to the lack of evidence. The absence of applicable studies highlights the need for further research into the area of treating children with chronic non-specific coughs with honey and/or lozenges. These treatments are not recommended when managing very young children (as lozenges are a potential choking hazard, and honey may cause infant botulism in children under 1 year of age).
Topics: Antitussive Agents; Child; Chronic Disease; Cough; Honey; Humans; Tablets
PubMed: 19370690
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007523.pub2 -
Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory... 2022The data in regard of the clinical characteristics and diagnosis of somatic cough syndrome in adults were limited. The aim of this study was to fill that gap.
OBJECTIVE
The data in regard of the clinical characteristics and diagnosis of somatic cough syndrome in adults were limited. The aim of this study was to fill that gap.
METHODS
This was a retrospective analysis of patients with somatic cough syndrome. We described clinical characteristics of adult patients with somatic cough syndrome.
RESULTS
Twenty-three somatic cough syndrome patients were identified in 543 adult patients with chronic cough. Psychiatric disorder of these patients was identified as anxiety ( = 8), obsessive-compulsive ( = 7), somatoform ( = 6), depression ( = 3), and cognitive bias ( = 1). Twelve patients showed abnormal results of investigations related with common causes of chronic cough, including gastroesophageal reflux, sputum eosinophilia, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, or signs of sinusitis but did not respond to the treatments directed to those conditions. All these patients were ever misdiagnosed as other causes of chronic cough. Compared to 520 non-somatic cough syndrome patients, patients with somatic cough syndrome were younger (32 (29.0-43.0) 42.0 (32.0-55.0) years, = 0.013), longer disease duration (48.0 (19.5-102.0) 24.0 (9.0-72.0) months, = 0.037), more common in dry cough (100% 57.6%, < 0.001), and lower proportion of nocturnal cough (13.0% 40.2%, = 0.009). Common cold (60.9%) was the most common initial trigger of cough and itchy throat (60.9%) was the most common accompanying symptom in patients with somatic cough syndrome. Notably, there were similar distribution in cough triggers and accompanying symptoms between two groups.
CONCLUSION
In spite of much higher proportion of dry cough and smaller proportion of nocturnal cough, adult patients with somatic cough syndrome show similar clinical characteristics with other chronic cough patients, in regard of cough triggers, accompanying symptoms as well as abnormal results of investigations, which should be an important reason for misdiagnosis of somatic cough syndrome. Psychiatric disorder should be addressed in clinical management of chronic cough.
Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Cough; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35993575
DOI: 10.1177/17534666221092993 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Jun 2013A 26-year-old man (human immunodeficiency virus-positive and not taking highly active antiretroviral treatment [HAART]) presented to the emergency room with 2 months of...
A 26-year-old man (human immunodeficiency virus-positive and not taking highly active antiretroviral treatment [HAART]) presented to the emergency room with 2 months of malaise, 20 kg weight loss, high spiking fevers, generalized lymph nodes, night sweats, dry cough, and chest pain when swallowing. On physical examination, he had multiple cervical lymphadenopathies. Suspecting a systemic opportunistic infection, a contrasted chest computed tomography (CT) was done, showing an esophageal to mediastinum fistulae. Two days after admission, a fluoroscopic contrasted endoscopy was done that showed two esophageal fistulae from scrofula to esophagus and then, to mediastinum. A bronchoalveolar lavage and a cervical lymphadenopathy biopsy were done, both showing multiple acid-fast bacillae, where cultures grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Topics: Adult; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Biopsy; Bronchoalveolar Lavage; Chest Pain; Cough; Esophageal Fistula; HIV Infections; Humans; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Weight Loss
PubMed: 23740190
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0561 -
Lung India : Official Organ of Indian... 2016Cough is often a distressing feature and may be caused due to varied reasons. A 39-year-old man presented with complaints of cough and had significant pigeon exposure....
Cough is often a distressing feature and may be caused due to varied reasons. A 39-year-old man presented with complaints of cough and had significant pigeon exposure. His chest X-ray revealed mediastinal enlargement and computed tomography chest revealed air trapping and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Both endobronchial and transbronchial biopsies revealed granulomas. Thus, the patient was diagnosed as a case of sarcoidosis and started on steroids. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis may often mimic sarcoidosis; however, the presence of endobronchial granulomas will diagnose the latter condition.
PubMed: 27890996
DOI: 10.4103/0970-2113.192870 -
BMC Pulmonary Medicine May 2023Most patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) complain of cough. IPF-associated cough is widely characterized as dry or non-productive. The aim of this study...
BACKGROUND
Most patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) complain of cough. IPF-associated cough is widely characterized as dry or non-productive. The aim of this study was to compare chronic cough in early stage IPF patients to cough in subjects with chronic cough from a community-based sample and, especially, to investigate whether cough in IPF is less productive than chronic cough in a community-based sample.
METHODS
The IPF cough population consisted of 46 biopsy-confirmed patients who complained of chronic cough. Control population consisted of subjects with chronic cough, gathered by a community-based email survey sent to public service employees and the Finnish Pensioners' Federation. A case-control setting was applied by having four age, gender, and smoking-status matched subjects from the community sample for each IPF cough patient. A cough specific quality of life questionnaire (Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ)) was filled in by all subjects. The LCQ questionnaire contains 19 questions, each question is scored from 1 to 7 and total score from 3 to 21 with a smaller value indicating more severe impairment.
RESULTS
The sputum production frequency, as assessed by LCQ question 2, was 5.0 (3.0-6.0) in the IPF chronic cough population and 5.0 (3.0-6.0) in the community-based chronic cough population (median and interquartile range p= 0.72). The LCQ total score was 14.8 (11.5-18.1) in the IPF chronic cough population and 15.4 (13.0-17.5) in the community-based chronic cough population (p=0.76). The domain impact scores were physical, 4.9 (3.9-6.1) vs. 5.1 (4.5-5.6) (p=0.80); psychological, 4.6 (3.7-5.9) vs. 4.7 (3.9-5.7) (p=0.90); and social, 5.5 (3.7-6.5) vs. 5.5 (4.5-6.3) (p=0.84), respectively. Furthermore, cough response to paint or fumes, cough disturbing sleep, and cough frequency per day did not differ between the groups.
CONCLUSION
Cough in early stage IPF patients was not distinguishable from chronic cough in the community-based population by LCQ. Especially, there was no difference in the self-reported frequency of cough-associated sputum production.
Topics: Humans; Case-Control Studies; Cough; Quality of Life; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis; Self Report
PubMed: 37221535
DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02476-7 -
Anales Del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra 2005Asbestosis is a diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, secondary to the inhalation of asbestos fibres. There is a dose-response relationship between exposure to...
Asbestosis is a diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, secondary to the inhalation of asbestos fibres. There is a dose-response relationship between exposure to asbestos and the risk of developing asbestosis, in such a way that the greater the exposure, the greater the risk of developing the disease. The time of clinical latency is inversely proportional to the level of exposure. Dyspnoea upon exertion and a dry cough together with end-inspiratory crackles are the most frequent symptoms and signs. Chest radiography is a basic tool in identifying the disease, however high resolution CAT has added greater sensitivity. Tests of the respiratory function show alterations and restrictive ventilations with a reduction of pulmonary spread. Determination of asbestos bodies in BAL is an indicator of exposure, although their absence does not rule out the disease. A histopathological diagnosis is the most reliable, although in the majority of cases the diagnosis is established on the basis of the existence of an antecedent of exposure to asbestos together with suggestive clinical, radiological and functional findings, and a suitable time of latency, without having recourse to a pulmonary biopsy.
Topics: Asbestosis; Biopsy; Cough; Humans; Lung; Risk Factors
PubMed: 15915170
DOI: 10.4321/s1137-66272005000200006