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Nutrients Mar 2010Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is an unresolved health issue, and responsible for 15% of all deaths in Western countries. Epidemiologic evidence, as well as evidence from... (Review)
Review
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is an unresolved health issue, and responsible for 15% of all deaths in Western countries. Epidemiologic evidence, as well as evidence from clinical trials, indicates that increasing intake and high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) protect from SCD and other major adverse cardiac events. Levels of EPA+DHA are best assessed by the Omega-3 Index, representing the red cell fatty acid content of EPA+DHA. Work is in progress that will further define the value of the Omega-3 Index as a risk factor for SCD, other cardiac events, and as target for treatment with EPA+DHA.
Topics: Animals; Death, Sudden, Cardiac; Dietary Supplements; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Humans; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 22254028
DOI: 10.3390/nu2030375 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Jul 2020Oxidation of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) and membranes is causally related to atherosclerosis. The omega-3 fatty acid (FA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA,...
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has optimal chain length and degree of unsaturation to inhibit oxidation of small dense LDL and membrane cholesterol domains as compared to related fatty acids in vitro.
BACKGROUND
Oxidation of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) and membranes is causally related to atherosclerosis. The omega-3 fatty acid (FA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, ω-3) significantly reduced oxidized LDL in patients with hypertriglyceridemia by unknown mechanisms. We compared EPA effects to related FAs of varying chain length and unsaturation on oxidation of sdLDL and model membranes, and on cholesterol crystal domains. We compared EPA to the FAs: stearic (SA, 18:0), oleic (OA, 18:1, ω-9), linoleic (LA, 18:2, ω-6), alpha-linolenic (ALA, 18:3, ω-3), eicosanoic (EA, 20:0), eicosatrienoic (ETE, 20:3, ω-3), arachidonic (AA, 20:4, ω-6), docosapentaenoic (DPA, 22:5, ω-3), and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6, ω-3).
METHODS
Human sdLDL or model membranes of cholesterol and 1,2-Dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine [18:2(cis)PC or DLPC] were preincubated with FAs followed by copper-induced oxidation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) or lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) levels measured oxidation; small-angle X-ray diffraction assessed cholesterol domain formation.
RESULTS
After 40 min, EPA reduced MDA levels 70% compared to vehicle (p < 0.001). Lesser inhibition was observed with DHA, DPA, ETE, and ALA (33%, 34%, 32%, and 16%, respectively; all p < 0.001 versus vehicle). Similar relative FA effects were observed in model membranes where EPA more substantially inhibited cholesterol crystal domain formation.
CONCLUSION
We observed relationships between hydrocarbon length and unsaturation with antioxidant activity and membrane cholesterol domain formation. EPA had the most favorable molecular structure, likely contributing to membrane stability, improved lipoprotein clearance, and reduced inflammation.
GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE
Insight is provided into FA hydrocarbon length and unsaturation relationships with antioxidant activity in lipoproteins and membranes, and cholesterol crystal domains formation.
Topics: Cholesterol; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans; Lipoproteins, LDL; Oxidation-Reduction; Triglycerides
PubMed: 32135144
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183254 -
EuroIntervention : Journal of EuroPCR... Dec 2019We aimed to assess the effect of 10 mg/day of rosuvastatin plus eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) versus 2.5 mg/day of rosuvastatin on the extent of neoatherosclerosis using... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
AIMS
We aimed to assess the effect of 10 mg/day of rosuvastatin plus eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) versus 2.5 mg/day of rosuvastatin on the extent of neoatherosclerosis using optical coherence tomography (OCT).
METHODS AND RESULTS
We randomly assigned 50 patients with non-obstructive neoatherosclerotic plaques detected on OCT to receive either rosuvastatin 10 mg/day and EPA 1,800 mg/day (intensive therapy group) or rosuvastatin 2.5 mg (standard therapy group). Follow-up OCT was performed one year later to evaluate serial changes in neoatherosclerosis. The serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level decreased significantly from baseline to 12-month follow-up in the intensive therapy group (89 mg/dL to 70 mg/dL; p<0.001), while no change occurred in the standard therapy group. Lipid index change and percent changes in macrophage grade were significantly lower in the intensive therapy group than in the standard therapy group (-53.6 vs 310.1, p=0.001; -37.0% vs 35.3%, p<0.001; respectively). Percent changes in lipid index and macrophage grade were positively correlated with the changes in serum LDL-C and C-reactive protein levels, and negatively correlated with the change in serum EPA/arachidonic acid and 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (EPA bioactive metabolite) level.
CONCLUSIONS
Compared with rosuvastatin 2.5 mg/day, rosuvastatin 10 mg/day and EPA 1,800 mg/day significantly stabilised non-obstructive neoatherosclerotic plaques.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
UMIN ID: UMIN000012576. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000014711.
Topics: Anticholesteremic Agents; Atherosclerosis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Prospective Studies; Rosuvastatin Calcium; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31334703
DOI: 10.4244/EIJ-D-18-01073 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Dec 2021The eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play a substantial role in Periodontal Disease (PD) due to their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory actions....
The eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play a substantial role in Periodontal Disease (PD) due to their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory actions. However, their antimicrobial mechanism of action against bacteria involved in PD remains unclear. We aimed to estimate the probable targets of EPA and DHA against the seven periodontopathogens. Through in silico analyses, the protein-acids interactions, protein characterization, and molecular docking were performed. We identified 165 proteins from periodontopathogens that may interact with EPA and DHA. Fusobacterium nucleatum has the highest number of predicted proteins among analyzed bacteria (n = 43, 26.06%). The EPA shows more interactions than DHA. The EPA and DHA interact mainly with proteins involved in the metabolism (n = 69, 41.81%). Also, the EPA and DHA interact with proteins located in any subcellular location. The affinities between acids and pathogenic proteins were moderate (binding energy was lower than -4.0 kcal/mol). The interactions between EPA and DHA and periodontopathogens occur in multiples proteins. There is not a predilection about the functional class of pathogenic proteins targeting EPA and DHA. However, there are moderate binding affinities between EPA or DHA and essential pathogenic proteins (TolC, CRISPR, FusA).
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Molecular Docking Simulation
PubMed: 34699926
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105266 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2021The major polyunsaturated fatty acids in krill oil extracted from Euphausia pacifica, known as Isada on the Sanriku coast, are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and...
The major polyunsaturated fatty acids in krill oil extracted from Euphausia pacifica, known as Isada on the Sanriku coast, are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid. A kinetic model was proposed to explain the relationship between the fractions of unoxidized EPA (Y ) and unoxidized DHA (Y ) in the oil spray-dried with maltodextrin and stored at 25, 50, and 70℃. The relationship between Y and Y during storage was independent of the temperature and could be expressed using the proposed model. This indicated that the oxidation of EPA and DHA in krill oil was interdependent.
Topics: Animals; Desiccation; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Euphausiacea; Food Storage; Oxidation-Reduction; Plant Oils; Polysaccharides; Temperature
PubMed: 33952788
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21009 -
British Journal of Cancer Nov 2011Cancer cachexia is characterised by a progressive loss of muscle, resulting in functional impairment and shorter survival. Eicosapentaenoic acid, an n-3 polyunsaturated... (Review)
Review
Cancer cachexia is characterised by a progressive loss of muscle, resulting in functional impairment and shorter survival. Eicosapentaenoic acid, an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish, has been studied for its role as an anti-cachexia therapy. Initial results of eicosapentaenoic supplementation in advanced cancer were promising with improvements in lean body mass (LBM), appetite and quality of life. However, subsequent larger phase III clinical trials reported minimal benefits of supplementation. Recently, several studies have used different study designs, which may provide insight on the effectiveness of eicosapentaenoic in cancer cachexia and also on potential sources of divergent results in previous trials. This review examines the potential benefit of eicosapentaenoic supplementation on LBM and discusses limitations with current studies to identify methods which may aid in progressing the research of future clinical trials.
Topics: Body Composition; Cachexia; Clinical Trials as Topic; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 21970879
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.391 -
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and... Dec 2022Clinical studies have demonstrated that decreasing linoleic acid (LA) while increasing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in diets evokes an...
Clinical studies have demonstrated that decreasing linoleic acid (LA) while increasing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in diets evokes an analgesic effect in headache sufferers. We utilized a rat chronic monoarthritis model to determine if these analgesic effects can be reproduced in rats and to and further probe potential analgesic mechanisms. We fed 8 rats a control diet (with fatty acid levels similar to standard US diets) and 8 rats a low LA diet with added EPA and DHA (H3L6 diet) and after 10 weeks, performed a unilateral intraarticular injection of Complete's Freund Adjuvant (CFA). We evaluated thermal and mechanical sensitivity as well as hind paw weight bearing prior to and at 4 and 20 days post CFA injection. At 28 days post CFA injection rats were euthanized and tissue collected. H3L6 diet fed rats had higher concentrations of EPA and DHA, as well as higher concentrations of oxidized lipids derived from these fatty acids, in hind paw and plasma, compared to control fed rats. LA and oxidized LA metabolites were lower in the plasma and hind paw of H3L6 compared to control fed rats. Diet did not affect thermal or mechanical sensitivity, nor did it affect hind paw weight bearing. In conclusion, the H3L6 diet evoked biochemical changes in rats but did not impact pain related behavioral measures in this chronic monoarthritis model.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Linoleic Acid; Diet; Fatty Acids
PubMed: 36347090
DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102512 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2022Nowadays, diet and breast cancer are studied at different levels, particularly in tumor prevention and progression. Thus, the molecular mechanisms leading to better... (Review)
Review
Nowadays, diet and breast cancer are studied at different levels, particularly in tumor prevention and progression. Thus, the molecular mechanisms leading to better knowledge are deciphered with a higher precision. Among the molecules implicated in a preventive and anti-progressive way, n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) are good candidates. These molecules, like docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids, are generally found in marine material, such as fat fishes or microalgae. EPA and DHA act as anti-proliferative, anti-invasive, and anti-angiogenic molecules in breast cancer cell lines, as well as in in vivo studies. A better characterization of the cellular and molecular pathways involving the action of these fatty acids is essential to have a realistic image of the therapeutic avenues envisaged behind their use. This need is reinforced by the increase in the number of clinical trials involving more and more n-3 LC-PUFAs, and this, in various pathologies ranging from obesity to a multitude of cancers. The objective of this review is, therefore, to highlight the new elements showing the preventive and beneficial effects of n-3 LC-PUFAs against the development and progression of breast cancer.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35805595
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137936 -
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and... 2010Dietary ingestion of fish is associated with a reduced risk for many common human illnesses. Fish oils are enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic... (Review)
Review
Dietary ingestion of fish is associated with a reduced risk for many common human illnesses. Fish oils are enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Resolvins and protectins are newly discovered mediators that are enzymatically generated from these n-3 fatty acid precursors to orchestrate inflammation resolution. These natural compounds and their mimetics are providing intriguing evidence in model systems and translational research for cellular and molecular mechanisms that are active during catabasis. This review provides information on the biosynthesis and actions of these recently identified chemical mediators with particular reference to resolution of mucosal inflammatory responses.
Topics: Animals; CD59 Antigens; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Humans; Inflammation; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 20227865
DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.003 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2022Although the human lifespan has increased in the past century owing to advances in medicine and lifestyle, the human healthspan has not kept up the same pace, especially... (Review)
Review
Although the human lifespan has increased in the past century owing to advances in medicine and lifestyle, the human healthspan has not kept up the same pace, especially in brain aging. Consequently, the role of preventive health interventions has become a crucial strategy, in particular, the identification of nutritional compounds that could alleviate the deleterious effects of aging. Among nutrients to cope with aging in special cognitive decline, the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have emerged as very promising ones. Due to their neuroinflammatory resolving effects, an increased status of DHA and EPA in the elderly has been linked to better cognitive function and a lower risk of dementia. However, the results from clinical studies do not show consistent evidence and intake recommendations for old adults are lacking. Recently, supplementation with structured forms of EPA and DHA, which can be derived natural forms or targeted structures, have proven enhanced bioavailability and powerful benefits. This review summarizes present and future perspectives of new structures of ω-3 LCPUFAs and the role of "omic" technologies combined with the use of high-throughput in vivo models to shed light on the relationships and underlying mechanisms between ω-3 LCPUFAs and healthy aging.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Cognition; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans
PubMed: 35408832
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073472